


y % 


















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CICEEO. n-kjiy^ 

From a bronze medal struck by the town of Magrnesia m Lydia. 



Fkontispisce 



SELECT ORATIOI 



MARCUS TULLIUS OICE±v 



EXPLANATORY NOTES, 



AND 



A SPECIAL DIGTIONAEY. 



BY 

ALBERT HARKNESS, LL. D., 

PROFESSOR IN BROWN UNIVERSITY. 
I 

REVISED EDITION. 



NEW YORK : 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

649 & 551 BROADWAY, 
LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN. 

1877. 







Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by 

ALBERT HARKNESS, 

In the oflBice of the Librarian of Congress, at "Washington. 



COPYRIGHT BY 

ALBERT HARKNESS, 

1877. 



PREFAQE 



TO THE REVISED EDITION 



^ 



J^m The first edition of this work was published with- 
out a Vocabulary, as the editor deemed it desirable to 
encourage the student to use a general dictionary. At 
f. . request, however, of numerous teachers, a special 
vocabulary is now added for the benefit of those who 
take only a limited course of Latin study. 

n this edition, as in the former, I have been greatly 
aided by my friend, Mr. Edward H. Cutler, of the 
Providence High School. 

Brown University, July, 1877. 



PREFACE. 



This edition of Cicero's Select Orations has been 
prepared expressly for school use. The ten orations 
which it contains are fine specimens of Eoman elo- 
quence in its various departments — forensic, senatorial, 
and judicial. They are arranged in the order in which, 
'it is thought, they can be read to the best advantage. 

The Is'otes to each oration are preceded bv an in- 
troduction and by an analysis of the argument. They 
are arranged topically in such a manner as to keep the 
general scope of thought as constantly as possible be- 
fore the mind of the student. It is hoped that this 
feature of the work will aid the instractor in his efforts 
to interest his pupils, and to develop in them habits of 
thouo-ht and of critical studv. 



■•©'^ 



It is the aim of the Xotes to give the faithful stu- 
dent the key to all really difficult passages, and, at the 
same time, to furnish him such collateral information 
upon Eoman manners and customs, upon Eoman his- 
tory and life, as will enable him to understand, appre- 
ciate, and enjoy these masterpieces of Eoman oratory. 
In carrying out this purpose, however, care has been 
taken not to interfere with that course of direct instruc- 
tion and illustration which belongs exclusively to the 



yi PREFACE. 

living teacher, but rather to prepare the way for it, and 
to give efficiency to it. 

In the preparation of the Notes, important aid has 
been derived from the excellent editions of Cicero's 
Orations by Halm, Klotz, Criisius, Long, and others. 

The Text is the result of a careful collation of the 
several editions most approved by European scholars. 
It is based, however, chiefly upon the critical labors of 
Halm and Klotz. 

The Illustrations, taken from Forsyth's "Life of 
Cicero," will, it is hoped, be found both interesting and 
instructive. 

In this connection I am happy to acknowledge my 
obligations to my esteemed friend, Mr. Edward H. Cut- 
ler, the accomplished Principal of the Classical Depart- 
ment of the Providence High-School. He has gener- 
ously given me the benefit of his accurate scholar- 
ship and large professional experience, by placing at 
my disposal a valuable collection of notes, suggestions, 
and other materials, which have been of great service 
to me in the preparation of this work. 

In conclusion, I desire to make my grateful ac- 
knowledgments to the classical instructors throughout 
the country who have received my previous works with 
such marked favor, and have used them with such fidel- 
ity and skill. To their hands this volume is now re- 
spectfully committed. 

A. Haekness. 
Brown Universitt, July^ 1873. 



OOKTEH"TS. 



Table op Cicero's Life 

ORATIONS. 

In Catilinam I. 

In Catilinam II. . . 1 

In Catilinam III 2 

In Catilinam IY. I 

Pro Archia Poeta . ^ . 4 

De Imperio Pompeii i 

Pro Marcello . ^ 

Pro Ligario € 

Pro Rege Deiotaro IC 

In Antonium Philippica I. IS 

INTBODUCTIONS AND NOTES, 

To THE First Oration against Catiline . . . . IS 
" " Second Oration against Catiline . . . .16 

" " Third Oration against Catiline . . . . 18 
" " Fourth Oration against Catiline . . . .IS 

" " Oration for the Poet Archias .... 21 

*' " Oration for the Manilian Law 23 

" " Oration for Marcellijs 26 

" " Oration for Ligaritjs 2'? 

" " Oration for King Deiotarus 28 

" " First Philippic . . . . . • . .29 

Dictionary . . • « . • • . - • 3( 



TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 



Tear of 

Cicero's 

ago. 

1-16 



17-25 



17 



18 
19 



CICERO'S BOYHOOD : From the first to the six- 
teenth year of his age ; from 106 to 91 B. C. 

CioERO was born on the 3d of January, 106 B. C, 
at Arpinum, in Latinm. He was sent at an 
early age to Kome to be educated. He studied 
under the ablest teachers. 

Birth of Cn. Pompey. 

Victory of Marius over the Teutones, and of M. 
Antonius, the orator, over the pirates. 

The poet Archias, the instructor of Cicero, cam« 
to Rome. See Introduction, p. 214. 

Victory of Marius and Catulus over the Cimbri. 

Birth of 0. Julius Caesar. 

CICERO'S YOUTH: From the seventeenth to 
the twenty-fifth year of his age ; 90 to 82 B. C. 

Cicero devoted himself especially to the study of 
elocution, rhetoric, philosophy, and law. He 
was a diligent student of Greek literature, and 
an attentive listener in the courts of justice 
and in the Forum. 

Cicero assumed the toga, and was placed under 
the instruction of Q. Mucins Scaevola, the 
augur. 

Beginning of the Social War. 

Cicero served under Cn. Pompeius Strabo. 

Cicero studied philosophy under Philo, from the 
Academy of Athens. 



B.C. 



106-91 



106 
102 



101 
100 



90-82 



90 



89 
88 



Year of 

C.'s age. 

19 



21 
25 



26 

27 
28 

29 

80 
31 

82 

33 

37 
88 



TABLE OF CICEKO'S LIFE. 

End of the Social War. Beginning of the Mith 
ridatic War. 'Beginning of the Civil War be- 
tween Marius and Sulla. 

Death of Marins. Birth of Sallust, the historian. 

Sulla made perpetual Dictator. 

CICERO AT THE BAR : From the twenty-sixth 
to the thirty-first year of his age; from 81 to 
76 B. C. 

Cicero's first appearance as an advocate. He de- 
fended P. Quintius in the course of the year. 

He distinguished himself by the defence of Sex, 
Eosciud. 

He visited Athens, studied philosophy under An- 
tiochus of Ascalon, elocution and rhetoric un- 
der Demetrius, the Syrian. 

Sulla resigned the dictatorship. 

Cicero visited Asia Minor. At Ehodes he heard 
Molo, the rhetorician, and Posidonius, the phi- 
losopher. 

He returned to Eome, married Terentia, and re- 
sumed the practice of the law. 
He defended Q. Eoscius. 

CICERO'S POLITICAL CAREER: From the 
thirty-second to the forty-fourth year of his 
age; from 75 to 63 B. O. 

Cicero, Quaestor in Sicily. He distinguished him- 
self by his fidelity and integrity. 

He returned to Rome and resumed the practice 
of his profession. 

L. Lucullus took command against Mithridates. 

Consulship of Cn. Pompey and M. Crassus. 

Cicero distinguished himself in the prosecution 
of Yerres for extortion. 

Birth of Yirgil, the poet. 

Cicero, Curule Aedile. 



Year of 
C.'s age. 

40 



41 



42 

44 



45 



47 



48 



49 



50 

51 
52 



TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 

On. Pompey was appointed commander in the 
war against the pirates. 

Cicero, Praetor Urbanus. He delivered his Ora- 
tion for the Manilian Law, See Introduction, 
p. 232. 

Cicero declined a provincial government. 

Birth of Horace, the poet. 

Cicero, consul, with C. Antonius as his colleague. 
He delivered his four Orations against Cati- 
line^ suppressed the conspiracy, and was hailed 
Father of his Country. See Introduction, p. 
13T. He opposed the Agrarian Law^ and de- 
fended Z. Murena, the consul-elect. 

Death of Mithridates. 

CICERO AS EX-CONSIIIi: From the forty-fifth 
year of his agre to his death in his sixty-foiirth 
year ; from 63 to 43 B. C. 

Cicero delivered his Oration for the Poet Ar- 
chias. See Introduction, p. 214. He also de- 
fended P. Sulla^ charged with complicity in 
the conspiracy of Catiline. 

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed for mutual 
support the coalition known as ihQ first trium- 
mrate. 

Consulship of Caesar and Bihulus. Cicero de- 
fended L, Flaccus, 

Birth of Livy, the historian. 

Caesar went to Gaul with a commission as pro- 
consul for five years. 

Cicero was driven into exile under a hill pro- 
posed hy his personal foe, P. Clodius. He 
went to Macedonia. 

He was recalled from exile in August hy a vote 
of the people. 

He defended P. Sestius and if. Caelius. 

Cicero wrote his De Oratore, in three books. 



B.C. 

67 
66 

65 
63 



62 



60 



69 



58 



67 

66 
55 



TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 



XI 



Tear of 

C.'s age. 

52 



Caesar's command in Ganl was extended for a 
second period of five years. 

Cicero wrote his Be Eejpublica^ in six books. 

Cicero was elected augur. 

Cicero defended Milo, charged with the murder 
of P. Clodius, and wrote his De Legibus^ prob- 
ably during the year. 

Cicero, Proconsul of Cilicia. He administered 
the government well, and gained some glory in 
the field. He was hailed Imperator. 

Cicero returned to Kome on the 4th of January, 
but did not enter the city, as he hoped to re- 
ceive the honor of a triumph for his victories 
in Cilicia. Civil war was already imminent. 
Soon after, Caesar marched upon Kome, and 
the senatorial party, panic-stricken, fled from 
the city. At first, Cicero attempted to remain 
neutral, but at length, in June, he joined Pom- 
pey in Greece. 

Caesar was made Dictator. 

August 9th, Caesar defeated Pompey in the 
memorable battle of Pharsalia. Soon after 
this, Cicero, who had not been present in the 
battle, returned to Italy. Pompey fled to 
Egypt, where he was put to death. 

Caesar engaged in the Alexandrine War. 

Caesar having brought the Alexandrine War to 
a close, returned to Italy, pardoned Cicero at 
Brundisium, and allowed him to return to 
Eome. 

Caesar gained the victory of Thapsus, in Africa, 
April 6th. 

Cicero wrote his Brutus and his Orator. He 
also delivered his Oration for Marcellus^ and 
his Oration for Ligarius, See Introductions, 
pp. 262 and 271. 



xu 

Tear of 
C.'s age. 

62 



63 



64 



TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 

Gaesar was made consnl for ten years, dictator 
and censor for life. 

Cicero delivered his Oration for King Deiotarus. 
See Introduction, p. 282. He also completed 
several works, as J)e Finihus, De Consolatione^ 
Academicae Quaestiones, and probably tbe Tus- 
culan Disputations. 

Caesar was assassinated on the 15tli of March. 
Cicero wrote several works, as JDe Hatura Deo- 
rum^ De Officiis, De Divinatione, De Senectute, 
De Amicitia, He delivered his First Philip- 
pic against Antony on the 2d of September. 
See Introduction, p. 291. He also wrote the 
Second FMlippic (never delivered), and de- 
livered the TJiird and Fourth. 

Cicero delivered the ten remaining Philippics. 

Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian, formed the 
second triumvirate. A general proscription fol- 
lowed, and, on the 7th of December, Cicero 
was put to death by order of Antony. 



B. a 



45 



44 



43 



<fr- 



M. TULLH CICERONIS 

L. CAT I L I ]^AM 

OEATIO PKIMA, 

HABITA m SEXATU. 



I. QuouSQUE tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nos- 
tra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Qiiem ad 
finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te noc- 
turnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor 
populi, nihil concnrsus bonorum omnium, nihil hie mu- 5 
nitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque 
moverunt ? Patere tua consiha non sentis ? Constrictam 
omnium horum scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non 
vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi 
fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nos- 10 
trum ignorare arbitraris ? 

O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intelligit, con- 
sul videt : hie tamen vivit. Yivit ? Immo vero etiam 
in senatum venit, fit publici consihi particeps, notat et 
designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos 15 
autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius 
furorem ae tela vitemns. 

Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem 
oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos 
machinaris. An vero vir amphssimus, P. Scipio, pontifex 20 
maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum 



s^ IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 

^ rei publicae, privatus interfecit ; Catilinam, orbem terrae 
caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules per- 
feremus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Ser- 
vilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu 
S sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica 
virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum 
quam acerb issimum host em coercerent. Habemus senatus 
consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave; non deest 
rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis : nos, 

10 nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 

II. Deere vit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul 
videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet : nox nulla 
intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum 
suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus ;^ 

15 occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili sena- 
tus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permis- 
sa res publica. Num unum diem postea L. Saturninum 
tributium plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ao rei pul> 
licae poena remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum jam 

20 diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habe- 
mus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum 
in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus 
consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. 
Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam 

25 audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, 
cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum vi- 
deri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno, 

Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etru- 
riae faucibus coUocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium nu- 

30 merus ; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque 
hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus intesti- 
nam aliquam quotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. 
Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, c^ed-^, 
erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a 

55 me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. Verum 
ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, certtt de 




IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 3 

causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn denique inter- 
ficiere, quum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam 
tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fa- 
teatur. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, 
vives, sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis 5 
oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. 
Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut ad- 
huc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 

Ill, Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius ex- 
spectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios lo 
Deque privata domus parietibus continere voces conjura- 
tionis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 
Muta jam istam mentem, milii crede: obliviscere caedis 
atque incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora 
nobis tua consilia omnia, quae jam mecum licet reco- 15 
gnoscas. Meministine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novem- 
bres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies fu- 
turus esset ante diem yi. Kalendas Novembres, C. Man- 
lium, audaciae satellitem atque administnim tuae ? Num 
me fefellit, Gatilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque 20 
incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admirandum, 
dies ? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium con- 
tulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembres, tum quum 
multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi 
quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profuge- 25 
runt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea 
diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam 
non potuisse, quum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui 
remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas ? 

Quid ? quum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembri- 30 
bus occupaturum nocturno inipetu esse confideres, sensis- 
tine illam coloniam meo jussu meis praesidiis, custodiis 
'^'igiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil 
cogi^ as, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam 
plane nue sentiam. 35 

rv^ Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superi- 



si 4 IN CATILINAM ORATIO PEIMA. 

< orem : jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem 
quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte 
venisse inter falcarios — ^non agam obscure — in M. Laecae 
domum; convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae 

I 5 scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? Con- 
vincam, si negas ; video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam, 
qui tecum una fuerunt. 

O dii immortales ! ubinam gentium sumus ? quam rem 
publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? Hie, hie sunt in 

1< 10 nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanc- 
tissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium inter- 
itu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio 
cogitent. Ho see ego video et de re publica sententiam 
rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce 

II 15 vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina ; 
distribuisti partes Italiae ; statuisti quo quemque proficisci 
placeret ; delegisti quos Romae. relinqueres^ quos tecum 
educeres ; discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia ; con&masti 
te ipsum jam esse exiturum; dixisti paululum tibi esse 

2< 20 etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem., Reperti sunt duo 
equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et sese ilia ipsa 
nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse 
pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro 
dimiss^ comperi ; domum meam majoribus praesidiis mu-^ 

2. 25 nivi atque firmavi ; exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum 

mane miseras, quum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis 

ac sum mis viris ad me id temporis ventures praedixeram. 

^ V. Quae quum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti ; 

egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae : proficiscere. 

^" 30 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra de- 
siderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos ; si minus, quam 
plurimos ; purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum 
modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versa ri 
jam diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, non siriam, 

5 S5 Magna diis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovl 
Statori, antiquissimo cusfodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod liani 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 5 

tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae 
pestem toties jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno 
homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu 
miiii, consuli designate, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico 
me praesidio, sed priyata diligentia defend!. Quum proxi- 5 
mis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et compe- 
titores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos ne- 
farios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publico 
concitato ; denique, quotiescumque me petisti, per me tibi 
obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna 10 
calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam. Nunc jam apertc 
rem publicam universam petis ; templa deorum immor- 
talium, tecta urbis, vitam onmium civiimi, Italiam denicjue 
totam ad exitiura ao vastitatem vocas. 

Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod liujus 15 
imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere non- 
dum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad 
communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, resi- 
debit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus : sin tu, 
quod te jam dudum bortor, exieris, exbaurietur ex urbe 20 
tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 
Quid est, Catilina ? Num dubitas id imperante me facere, 
quod jam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe jubet consul 
bostem. Interrogas me: num in exsilium ? Non jubeo, 
sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 25 

VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in Irac urbe 
' deleetare possit, in qua nemo est extra istara conjurationem 
perditorum hominum qui te non raetuat, nemo qui non 
oderit? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta 
vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non 30 
haeret in fama ? Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a 
manibus unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit ? 
Cui tu adolescentulo, quern corruptelarum illecebris irretis- 
ses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem 
praeiulisti ? Quid vero ? Nuper, quum morte superioris 35 
uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio 



6 m CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 

incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego prae- 
termitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti 
facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse 
videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas 
5 omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad ilia 
venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, 
non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed 
ad suramam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam 
salutemque pertinent, 

10 Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus 
esse jucundus, quum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, 
te pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus 
stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum consulum et princi- 
pum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse ? sceleri ac 

15 furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed 
fortunam populi Romani obstitisse ? Ac jam ilia omitto— 
neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa 
postea — quoties tu me designatum, quoties consulem 
interficere voluisti ! Quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, 

20 ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione 
et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil assequeris, neque tarn en 
conari ac velle desistis. Quoties tibi jam extorta est sica 
ista de manibus ! quoties excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est ! 
Quaa quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, 

25 nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore 
defigere. 

VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim jam 
tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, 
sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo 

SO ante in senatum, Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex 
tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum 
memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, 
quum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus ^ Quid, 
quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt? Quod 

S6 omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem eonstituti 
fuerunt, simul atque assedisti, partem istam subselliorv ^ 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 7 

nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc 
tibi ferendum putas ? Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto 
metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam 
relinquendam putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et, 
si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque 5 
oflPensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis 
oculis omnium conspici mallem : tu, quum conscientia 
scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium justum et jam 
diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quonmi mentes sensusque vul- 
neras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te pa- 10 
rentes timerent atque odissent tui nee eos ulla ratione 
placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes : 
nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, 
odit ac metuit et jam diu nibil te judicat nisi de parricidio 
suo cogitare : bujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nee 15 
judicium sequere nee vim pertimesces? Quae tecum, Cati- 
lina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur : '' Nullum 
jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagi- 
tium sine te ; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio 
direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera ; tu non solum 20 
ad negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad ever- 
tendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quam- 
quam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli : nunc vero 
me totam esse in metu pi*opter unum te, quidquid incre- 
puerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium 25 
iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 
Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe ; si 
est verus, ne opprimar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
timere desinam." 

Vni. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne 30 
impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? Quid, 
quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? quod vitandae suspi- 
cionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? 
A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque ut 
domi me^e te asservarem rogasti. Quum a me quoque id 35 
responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse iisdem parietibus 



8 IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 

tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod iisdem 
moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti. 
A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. 
Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum 
6 diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad 
vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe 
videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse 
jam dignum custodia judicarit ? 

Quae quum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo 

10 animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, 
multis suppiiciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitu- 
dinique mandare? "Refer" inquis "ad senatum;" id 
enim postulas, et, si hie ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire 
in exsilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. ;.'Non referam, 

15 id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intei- 
ligas, quid hi de te sentiant, Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, 
libera rem publicam metu, in exsilium, si banc vocem ex- 
spectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? Ecquid attendis, 
ecquid animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. 

20 Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum volunta- 
tem tacitorura perspicis ? 

At si hoc idem huic adolescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si 
fortissimo viro M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc 
ipso in templo jure optimo senatus vim et mxtnus intulisset. 

25 De te autem, Catilina, quum quiescunt, probant, quum pa- 
tiuntur, decernunt, quum tacent, clamant ; neque hi solum, 
quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed 
etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque opvimi viri, 
ceterique fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum 

30 tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo 
ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs to jam diu 
manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, 
quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem^ usque ad 
portas prosequantur. 

So IX. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut ulla re^ frangat ? 
tu ut unquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullara fugam meditere V tu 



«. -^ 



m CATELINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 9 

ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem dii immor- 
tales duint ! etsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in ex- 
silium anixQum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, 
si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum 
tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum 5 
modo ista sit privata calamitas et a rei publicae periculis 
sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum 
poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non 
est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut 
pud or unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio 10 
a furore revocaverit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, 
proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare 
vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium: vix feram sermones 
bominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in ex- 
silium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Siii autem servire 15 
meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna scele- 
ratorum manu; confer to ad Manlium; coneita perditcs 
cives; seceme te a bonis; infer patriae bellum ; exsulta 
impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, vsed in^T^- 
tatus ad tuos esse videaiis. 20 

Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse 
praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 
armati ? cui sciam pactam et constltutam cum Manlio diem ? 
a quo etiam aquilam iilam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis 
omnibus pemiciosam esse conSdo ac funestam futuram, cui 25 
domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, 
sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia diutius carere possis, 
quam* venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cujus 
altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem ci\dum 
transtulisti ? '^"^ 30 

X. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista tita 
cupiditas e&enata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi 
haec res affert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
tatem. Ad banc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 
exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, 35 
sed ne beilum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nactus es 



10 IN CATILINAM OEATIO PRIMA. 

ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam 
spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum. 

Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gaudiis exsultabis ! 
quanta in voluptate bacchabere, quum in tanto numero 
5 tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque 
videbis ! Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui 
feruntur labores tui, jacere humi non solum ad obsidendum 
stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non 
solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis 

10 otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes illam tuam praeclaram 
patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus 
te brevi tempore confectum senties, Tantum profeci tum, 
quum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius tentare quam 
consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod est 

15 abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum 
nominaretur., 

XL Nunc ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope 
justam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, 
quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris 

20 mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae milii 
vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res 
publica sic loquatur : " M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune emn, 
quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurura 
vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium 

25 sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem conjuration is, evocato- 
rem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te 
nan emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? 
Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non sum- 
mo supplicio mactari imperabis ? Quid tandem te impedit ? 

80 Mosne majorum ? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re 
publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. .An leges, quae 
de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At nun- 
quam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium jura 
tenuerunt. i 'An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram 

35 vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, bominem per 
te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad 



M. TULLn CICERONIS 

IN 

L. CAT I L I ^AM 

OEATIO SECUis^DA, 

AD QUIRITES. 



I. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem 
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
tem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex 
urbe vel ejecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum egredieDtem ver- 
bis prosecuti sumus. 'Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Xulla 5 
jam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis 
intra moenia comparabitur. Atque luaic quidem unum 
tujus belli doraestici ducem sine controversia \dcimus. 
Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non 
in campo, non in fore, non in curia^ non denique intra do- 10 
mesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, 
quum ex m'be est expulsus. Palam jam cum hoste nullo 
impediente bellum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus homi- 
nem magniiiceque vicimus, quum ilium ex occultis in- 
sidiis in apertum latrociniura conjecimus. Quod vero non 15 
cruentum mucronem,, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis 
egressus est, quod ei ferrmn e manibus extorsimus, quod 
incolumes cives, quod stantem urbem reiiquit, quanto tan- 
dem illu.ii maerore esse afflictum et proiligatum putatis ? 
Jacet ille niinc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque 20 
abjectum esse sencit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad 



14 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 

lianc urbenij quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget : quae 
quidem laetari mihi videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit 
forasque projecerit. 

II. Ac si quis est talis, quales omnes esse oportebat, 
5 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me 
vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non com- 
prebenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, 
sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravissimo 
supplicio aiFectum jam pridem oportebat, idque a me et 

10 mos majorum et hujus imperii severitas et res publica 
postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui quae ego 
deferrem non crederent, quam multos, qui etiam defende- 
rent ? Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum 
judicarem, jam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae 

15 meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. Sed quum 
viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, 
si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut ejus 
socios invjldia oppressus perseqni non possem, rem hue 
deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, quum hostem aperte 

20 videretis. 

Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer 
foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intelligatis, quod 
etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. 
Utinam ille omnes secum copias suas eduxisset! Ton- 

25 gilium mihi eduxit, quem am are in praetexta coeperat, 
Publicium et Munatium, quorum aes alienum contractum in 
popina nullum rei publicae motum afferre poterat : reliquit 
quos viros ! quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, quam no- 
biles ! 

30 III. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae GaUicanis legioni- 
bus et hoc delectu, quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 
Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis quotidie com- 
parantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus de- 
speratis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, 

35 qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt : 
quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam ,,. 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 15 

si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video 
volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiaiii in senatum 
venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, luallem 
secum suos milites eduxisset: qui si hie permanent, me- 
mentote non tarn exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui 5 
exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam 
sunt timendi magis, quod quid cogitent me scire sentiunt, 
neque tamen permoventur. Video, cui sit Apulia attril^uta, 
quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, 
quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum 10 
depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me 
delata esse sentiunt ; patefeci in senatu hesterno die ; Cati- 
lina ipse pertimuit, profugit. Hi quid exspectant ? Ne ilii 
vehementer errant, si illam meam prist inam lenitatem per- 
petuam sperant futuram. 15 

IV. Quod exspectavi, jam sum assecutus, ut vos omnes 
factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem publieam 
videretis : nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similes cum 
Catilina sentire non putet. Non est jam lenitati locus; 
severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam : 20 
exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam 
miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via pro- 
fectus est ; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 
O fortimatam remi publieam, si quidem hanc sentinam ur- 
bis ejecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto, relevata 25 
mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut ^# 
sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit ? 
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subjector, quis 
circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 30 
mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, quis corriiptus, 
quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non fa- 
miliarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos 
sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 
Jam vero quae tanta unquam in ullo homine juventutis 35 
illecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios amabat ipse tur- 



16 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 

pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fruo 
tum libidiaum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellen- 
do, verum etiam adjuvando poilicebatur. Nunc vero quam 
subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem 
5 numerum perditorum hominum collegerat ! Nemo non 
modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae 
oppressus aere alieno fait, quern non ad hoc incredibile 
sceleris foedus adsciverit. 

V. Atque ut ejus di versa studia in dissimili ratione 

10 perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad 
facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae, nemo in 
scaena levior et nequior, qui se non ejusdem prope sodalem 
fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprdrum et 
scelerum exercitatione assuefactus frigore et fame ac siti et 

15 vigiliis perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, quum in- 
dustriae subsidia atque instrumenta vij^tutis in libidine au- 
daciaque consumerentur. 

Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exi- 
erint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, 

20 o rem publicam fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consula- 
tus mei ! Non enim jam sunt mediocres hominum libidines, 
non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae ; nihil cogitant nisi 
caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua pro- 
fuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt, res eos jam pridem, 

25 fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in 
abundantia, libido manet. Quod si in vdno et alea comis- 
sationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem 
desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc vero quis ferre 
possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos 

30 prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus ? 
qui accubantes in conviviis, complex! mulieres impudicas, 
vino languid!, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, linguentis obliti, 
debilitati stupris, eructant sermonibus suis ca? d( m bono- 
rura atque urbis incendia. 

85 Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam 
jam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 17 

instare jam plane aut certe appropinquare. Quos si meus 
consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve 
nescio qiiod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei pub- 
licae. /Nulla est enim natio, quam pertimescamus, nullus 
rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit ; omnia sunt 5 
externa unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum 
bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum 
est, intus est liostis : cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum . 
scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteer, /^ 
Quirites ; suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum. Quae 10 
sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae resecanda 
erunt, non patiar ad perniciem ci^dtatis manere. Proinde 
aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem 
mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 

VI. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exsilium 15 
ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo assequi possem, 
istos ipsos ejicerem, qui liaec loquuntur. Homo enim vi- 
delicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre 
non potuit ; simul atque ire in exsilium jussus est, paruit 
atque ivit. 20 

Hesterno die, quum domi meae paene interfectus essem, 
senatum in aedem Jo\as Stat oris vocavi, rem omnem ad 
patres conscriptos detuli : quo quum Catilina venisset, quis 
eum senator appellavit? quis salutavit? quis denique ita 
aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissi- 25 • 
mumhostem? Quin etiam principes ejus ordinis partem 
illam subselliorum, ad quam ilJe accesserat, nudam atque 
inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego veliemens ille consul, qui 
verbo cives in exsilium ejicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in noc- 
turne conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Quum ille, 30 
homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus prime reticuisset, 
patefeci cetera : quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam 
constituisset, quern ad modiim esset ei ratio totius belli de- 
?5cripta, edocui. Quum haesitaret, quum teneretur, quaesivi, — 
quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo jam pridem pararet, quum 35 
arma, quum secures, quum fasces, quum tubas, quum signa 



18 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 

militaria, quum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sa- 
crarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. In 
exsilium ejiciebam, quern jam ingressum esse in bellum vi- 
debam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro 
5 Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine 
indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant,, 
et ille ejectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in 
haec castra conferet. 

VII. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, 

10 verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Cati- 
lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac de- 
bilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutayerit, de- 
seruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abjecerit, ex hoc 
cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium con- 

15 verterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis_audaciae, non ob- 
stupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe cona- 
tuque depulsus, sed indemnatus innocens in exsilium ejec- 
tus a consule vi et minis dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc 
fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum 

20 consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint. 
Est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae falsae atque iniquae 
tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis hujus horribilis belli 
ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane ejectus esse 
a me, dum modo eat in exsilium : sed, mihi credite, non est 

25 iturus. Nunquam ego a diis immortalibus optabo, Quirites, 
invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exer- 
citum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed triduo 
tamen audietis ; multoque magis illud tiraeo, ne mihi sit 
invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam 

30 quod ejecerim. Sed quum sint homines, qui ilium, quum 
profectus sit, ejectum esse dicant, iidem, si interfectus 
esset, quid dicerent? 

Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, 
non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum 

85 tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massili- 
enses ire malit. Ille autem, si mehercule hoc quod agit 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 19 

nunquam antea cogit asset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici 
mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, quum ei nihil 
adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, 
nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut 
eat in exsilium quam queramur. 5 

VIII. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo 
hoste, qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod 
semper volui, murus interest, non timeo : de his, qui dis- 
simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil 
dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 10 
tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei pub- 
licae ; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, 
intelligo. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus ge- 
neribus hominum istae copiae comparentur; deinde singulis 
medicinam consilii atque orationis meae, si quarn potero, m, 
afibram, * \^ 

Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno ma- ? 
jores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti 
dissolvi nuUo modo possunt. Horum hominimi species est 
honestissima — sunt enim locupletes — voluntas vero et 20 
causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, 
tu famiiia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et 
dubites de possession e detrahere, acquirere ad fidem ? 
Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ergo, in vastatione 
omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An 25^ 
tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant: 
raeo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctiona- 
riae ; neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione 
ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent 
neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usuris fructi- 30 
bus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 
uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescen- 
dos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permane- 
bunt, magis mihi videmtur vota facturi contra rem publicam 
quam arma laturi. 35 

IX. AJtei'um genus est eorum, qui, quamquam pre- 



20 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 

muntur aere alieno, dominationera tamen exspectant, rerum 
potiri TOlimt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant, 
perturbata- consequi se posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc 
praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem quod reliquis 
5 omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse : 
primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, pro\ddere rei 
publicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viriSj magnam 
concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea co- 
pias militum ; deos denique immortales Luic invicto populo, 

10 clarissimo imperio, pulcberrimae urbi contra tantam vim 
sceleris praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quod si jam sint 
id, quod summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere 
urbis et in sanguine civium, quae mente scelerata ac nefaria 
concupiverunt, se consules aut dictatores aut etiam reges 

15 sperant futures ? Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti 
sint, fugitive alicui Jiut gladiatori concedi sit necesse. 

Tertium genus est aetate jam affectum, sed tamen exer- 
citatione robustum, quo ex genere est i|)se Manlius, cui 
nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas 

20 Sulla constituit : quas ego universas civium esse optimorum 
et fortissimorum vii'orum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni. 
qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius in- 
solentiusque jactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, 
dum praediis, lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis 

25 delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inoiderunt, ut, si salvi 
esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus : qui etiam 
nonnullos agrestes homines tenues atque egentes in eandem 
illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego, 
Quirites, in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque 

30 pono, sed eos hoc m.oneo : desinant furere et proscriptiones 
et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim iIlorum> ten.porum 
dolor inustus est civitati, ut jam ista non inodo itonnnes, 
sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. 

X. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbu- 

85 lentum ; qui jam pridem premuntur, qui nunquam emergunt ; 
qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, pai tira 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 21 

etiam sumptibus in vetere acre alieno vacillant ; qui vadi- 
moniis, judiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum defatigati, per- 
multi et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia ca.stra conferre di- 
cuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acres quam infitiatores 
lent OS esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare 5 
non possunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non modo civ^as, sed ne 
^dcini quid em proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intelligo, 
quam ob rem, si vivere honest^ non possunt, perire turpiter 
velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum niultis, quam 
si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 10 

Quintum genus est parricidaruni, sicarioruin, denique 
omnium facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco ; 
nam neque divelli ab eo possunt et jx^reant sane in latro- 
cinio, quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos career capere non 
possit, 15 

Postremura autem o^cnus est, non solum numero, verum 
etiam genere ipso atquo vita, quod propriuiri Catilinae est, 
de ejus delectu, imnio vero de complexu ejus ac sinu, quos 
pexo capillo, nitiJos, aut iinberbes aut bene barbatos 
\'idetis, manicatis et talarlbus tunicis, velis amictos, non 20 
togis; quorum omnis industriavitae et vigilandi labor in 
antelucanis cenis exproniitur. In Lis gregibus omnes alea- 
tores, omnes adulteri, oniU'S impuri impudicique versantur. 
Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati noii solum amare et amari, 
neque cantare et sal tare, sed etiam sicas yibrare et spar- 25 
gere venena didicerunt: c{ui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, 
etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote lioc in re publica semina- 
rium Catilinarum futurum. Yerum tamen quid sibi isti 
mi'seri volunt ? Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra 
ducturi? Quera ad modum autem iliis carere poterunt, his SO 
praesertini jam noctibus ? Quo autem pacto illi Appenni- 
num atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent ? nisi idcirco se 
facilius hiemem toleraturos j)utant, quod nudi in conyiTdis 
salt are didicerunt. 

XI. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, quum 35 
banc sit habiturus Catilma scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 



32 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 

Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Catilinae 
copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus : et primum 
gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque 
vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum ejectam 
6 ac debilitatam manum florem to tins Italiae ac robur educite. 
Jam vero urbes coloniarum ac mnnicipiorum respondebunt 
Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, 
ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque 
egestate conferre debeo. Sed si, omissis his rebus, quibus 

10 nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, 
urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omni- 
bus, exteris nationibus ; si, his rebus omissis, causas ipsas, 
quae inter se confligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, 
quam valde illi jaceant, intelligere possumus. Ex hac 

15 enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, 
illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, 
illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, 
illinc turpitude ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique 
aequitas, temperantia, fortitude, prudentia, virtutes omnes 

20 certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum 
vitils omnibus; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio 
cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes 
cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In ejus modi 
certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia de- 

25 ficiant, dii ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis 
virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? 

XII. Quae quum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad mo» 
dum jam antea dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque de- 
fendite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tu- 

30 multu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque provisym est. 
Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de 
hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes. suas fines- 
que defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certis- 
simam fore putavit, quam quam anirao meliore sunt quam 

85 pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. 
Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 23 

Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut omnes 
ejus motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autera de 
rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis jam ad senatum 
referemus, quern vocari videtis. 

Nunc illos, qui in urbe reman serunt, atque adeo qui 5 
contra urbis salutem omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina 
relicti sunt, quamquam sunt bostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, 
monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas adhuc si cui 
solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat 
erumperet. Quod reliquum est, jam non possum oblivisci, 10 
meam banc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi 
aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum. NuUus 
est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae ; si qui exire volunt, 
conivere possum : qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cujus 1 
ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve 15 
contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse con- 
sules vigilantes, esse magistratus egregios, esse fortem 
senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefari- 
orum ac manifestorum scelerum ma j ores nostri esse volu- 
erunt. 20 

XIIL Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maxi- 
mae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, hel- 
ium intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam 
ctrudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et impe- 
ratore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si 25 
ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in 
hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifes- 1 
tae audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessa- 
rio de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, 
quod in tanto et tasn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, 30 
ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos 
jam omnes salvi esse possitis. 

Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanis 
consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non 
dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego 35 
ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; qui jam 



>4 IN GATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA, 

Don procnl, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque 
longinquo, sed hie praesentes sue numine atque auxilio sua 
tenipla atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos vos, QuiriteSy 
precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pul- 
5 cberrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, banc, omnibus 
hostium copiis terra marique superatis, a perditissimorum 
civium nefario scelere defendant. 



M. TULLII CICERONIS 

IN 

L. CAT I L I ]^AM 

OEATIO TEETIA, 

AD QUIRITES, 



L Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, 
bona, fortunas, conjuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domi- 
cilium clarissimi imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque 
tirbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos 
amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis e flamma atque g 
ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conserva- 
tarn ac restitutam videtis. Et, si non minus nobis jucundi 
atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, 
quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi 
incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum yolup- lo 
tate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium, qui banc urbem 
condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia famaque sustuli- 
mus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit 
is, qui eandem banc urbem conditam amplificatamque ser- 
vavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus 15 
subjectos prope jam ignes circumdatosque restinximus, 
iidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudim-us mu- 
cronesque eorum a jugulis vestris dejecimus. Quae quo- 
niam in senatu illustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, 
vobis jam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam 20 
manifesta, et qua ratione investigata et comprebensa sint, 
vos, qui ignoratis et exspectatis, scire possitis. 



26 1^ CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 

Principio, ut Catilina panels ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 

quum sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acerrimos 

duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigila\d et providi, Qui- 

rites, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis insidiis 

6 salvi esse possemus. 

II. Nam turn, quum ex urbe Catilinam ejiciebam — non 
enim jam vereor hujus verbi invidiam, quum ilia magis sit 
timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed turn, quum ilium exter- 
minari volebam, aut reliquam con jurat orum manum simul 

10 exituram aut eos, qui restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac 
debiles fore putabam. Atque ego, ut vidi, quos maximo 
furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum 
esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque con- 
sumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac vide- 

15 rem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem mag- 
nitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem 
ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti vestrae 
provideretis, quum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. , 
Itaque ut comperi legates Allobrogum belli transalpini et 

20 tumultus Gallici excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse soUici- 
tatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos cives eodemque itinere 
cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi- 
temque iis adjunctum esse T. Volturcium atque huic ad 
Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam pu- 

25 tavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum quodque ego semper opta- 
bam ab diis immortalibus, tota res non solum a me, sed 
etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 

Itaque besterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum prae- 
tores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad 

80 me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Uli 
autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium 
susceperunt et, quum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 
Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipar- 

35 tito faerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem 
autem et ipsi sine cujusquam suspicione multos fortes viros 



IN CATIUNAM OKATIO TERTIA. 27 

eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures de- 
lectos adolescentes, quorum opera utor assidue in rei publi- 
cae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia fere 
vigilia exacta, quum jam pontem magno comitatu legati 
AUobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos 5 
impetus ; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res 
praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur a ceteris. 

III. Tum interyentu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae 
erat commissa, sedatur, Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo 
comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi com- 10 
prehensi ad me, quum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur. At- 
que horum omnium scelerum improbissimum macbinatorem 
Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihildum suspicantem, 
vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum 
C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod 15 
in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte 
vigilarat, Quum summis et clarissimis hujus civitatis at^-Is, 
qui audita re frequentes ad me mane conven erant, litteras 

a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, si 
nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus injectus 20 
civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum ut de periculo 
publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. 
Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta 
non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae 
periculis esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimescendam. 25 
Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. Atque 
interea statim admonitu AUobrogum C. Sulpicium praeto- 
rem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid te- 
lorum esset, efi*erret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum nu- 
merum et gladiorum extulit. 80 

IV. Introduxi Yolturcium sine Gallis ; fidem publicam 
jussu senatus dedi; liortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine 
timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, quum vix se ex magno 
timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad CatiKnam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad 35 
m^bem quam primiun cum exercitu accederet ; id autem eo 



28 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 

consilio, ut, quum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad 
modum descriptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae- 
demque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et 
fugientes exciperet et se cum bis urbanis ducibus conjunge- 
5 ret. Introducti autem GalK jus jurandum sibi et litteras 
ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 
dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L, Cassio esse prae- 
scriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent ; 
pedestres sibi copias non defuturas ; Lentulum autem sibi 

10 confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se 
esse ilium tertium Cornelium, ad quem regnum hujus urbis 
atque imperium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se 
et Sullam fuisse; eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc esse 
annum ad interitum hujus urbis atque imperii, qui esset 

15 annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii 
autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum 
ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis 
Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, 
Cetheo:o nimium id lona;um videretur. 

20 V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jussi- 
mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus 
Cethego signum : cognovit. Nos linum incidimus ; legi- 
mus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et 
populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse ; 

25 orare ut item illi facerent quae sibi legati eorum recepis- 
sent. Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de 
gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respon- 
disset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum stu- 
diosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abjectus 

30 conscientia repente conticuit. 

Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et signum et ma- 
num suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere senten- 
tiam ; confessus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo et 
quaesivi, cognosceretne signum. Annuit. "Est vero,'' 

35 inquam, "notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi 
"vdri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives sues ; quae quidem 



IN CATILINAM OKATIO TERTIA. 29 

te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit." Leguntur 
eadem ratione ad senatum AUobrogum populumque litterae. 
Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque 
ille primo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto jam 
indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit, quaesivit a Gallis, 5 
quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam venissent, 
itemque a Volturcio. Qui quum illi breyiter constanterque 
respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiesque venissent, quae- 
sissentque ab eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis 
locutus, turn ille subito scelere demens^ quanta conscientiae 10 
vis esset ostendit : nam quum id posset infitiari, repente 
praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non 
modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper 
valuit, sed etiam propter vim manifesti atque deprehensi 
sceleris impudentia, qua superabat omnes, improbitasque 15 
defecit. 

Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri 
jubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. 
Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et 
signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine 20 
nomine, sed ita : " Quis sim, scies ex hoc, quem ad te misi. 
Cura ut vir sis et cogita quem in locum sis progressus : 
vide, quid jam tibi sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi au- 
xilia adjungas, etiam infimorum." Gabinius deinde intro- 
ductus, quum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad 25 
extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. 
Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, quum ilia certissima visa sunt 
argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, 
denique unius cujusque confessio, turn multo certiora ilia, 
color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic ej;iim obstupuerant, 30 
sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnunquam inter se 
aspiciebant, ut non jam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se 
ipsi viderentur. 

VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum 
consului, de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae 35 
sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, 



30 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 

quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam 
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 
vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum 
milii gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, con- 
5 silio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit 
liberata; deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, 
quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito ac jure 
laudantur; atque etiam viro forti, coUegae meo, laus im- 
pertitur, quod eos, qui hujus conjurationis participes fuis- 

10 sent, a suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita 
censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, quum se praetura abdicasset, 
in custodiam traderetur ; item que uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- 
tilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custo- 
diam traderentur ; atque idem boc decretum est in L. Cas- 

15 sium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposce- 
rat ; in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam 
attributam esse erat indicatura ; in P. Furium, qui est de 
iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit ; in Q. Annium 
Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allob- 

20 rogum sollicitatione versatus ; in P. Umbrenum, libertinum 
hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos 
esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus usus est, Qui- 
rites, ut ex tanta conjuratione tantaque hac multitudine 
domesticorum h ostium no vera hominum perditissimorum 

25 poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari 
posse arbitraretur. 

Atque etiam supplicatio diis immortalibus pro singulari 
eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum 
post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis 

30 decreta est : quod urhem incendiis^ caede cives, Italiain 
hello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris supplica- 
tionibus conferatur, hoc, interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, 
haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, 
quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 

S5 Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam, patefactus indiciis et con- 
fessionibus suis, judicio senatus non modo praetoris jus, 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 31 

verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit, 
ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat quo 
minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, 
praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo 
puniendo liberaremur. 5 

VII. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi peri- 
culosissimique belli nefarios duces captos jam et compre- 
hensos tenetis, existimare debetis, omnes Catilinae copias, 
omnes spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, con- 
cidisse. Quem quidem ego quum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 10 
providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse 
P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassii adipes nee C. Cethegi 
furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus 
timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis moeni- 
bus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat; 15 
appellare, tentare, sollicitare poterat, audebat ; erat ei con- 
silium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque lingua neque 
manus deerat. Jam ad certas res conficiendas certos homi- 
nes delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, quum 
ahquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil erat quod non 20 
ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret: frigus, sitim, 
famem ferre poterat. 

Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam para- 
tum, tam caUidum, tarr> in scelere vigilantem, tam in perdi- 
tis rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense 25 
latrocinium compulissem, dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, 
non facile hanc tantam molem mali a vestris cervicibus 
depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset neque 
tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavisset, 
neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes mani- 30 
festi sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic 
gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum unquam sit 
tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re publica conju- 
ratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si 
Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, 35 
quoad fuit, omnibus ejus consiliis occurri atque obstiti, 



32 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 

tamen, iit levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuis- 
set, neque nos unquam, dum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis 
periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio 
liberassemus. 
5 VIII. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me 
administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio 
et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque quum conjectura 
consequi possumus, quod vix videtur liumani consilii tanta- 
rum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum vero ita praesentes 

10 bis temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos 
paeae oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, visas 
nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut 
fulminum jactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam 
cetera, quae ita multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, 

15 quae nuncfiunt, canere dii immortales viderentur, hoc certe, 
quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relin- 
quendum est. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et 
Torquato consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo 
esse percussas, quum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et 

20 statuae veterum hominum dejectae et legum aera liquefacta 
et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, 
quem inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, 
uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem 
tempore quum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, 

25 caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile 
ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum appro- 
pinquare dixerunt, nisi dii immortales omni ratione placati 
suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 

Itaque illorum responsis tum et ludi per dies decern 

80 facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos perti- 
neret, praetermissa est : iidemque jusserunt simulacrum 
Jovis facere majus et in excelso collocare et contra, atque 
ante faerat, ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixe- 
runt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum 

85 curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent 
inita contra salutem urbis atque imperii, illustrarentur, ut 



V 



ly CATILIXAM OEATIO TERTIA. 33 

a senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. Atqiie illud 
signum collocandum consules illi locaverunt, seel tanta fuit 
operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque no- 
bis ante hodiernum diem collocaretiir. 

TX, Hie qiiis potest esse^ Quirites, tam aversus a vero, 5 
tarn praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omniaj 
quae videraus, praecipueque banc urbem deorum immortali- 
um nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim quum asset 
ita responsmn, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com- 
parari, et ea per cives ; quae turn propter magnitudinem 10 
scelerum nonnullis incredibilia . videbantur, ea non mode 
cogitata a nefariis civibus, veram etiam suscepta sensistis. 
Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Jovis Optimi 
Maximi factimi esse videatur, ut, quum bodiemo die mane 
per forum meo jussu et conjurati et eoiaim indices in aedem 15 
Coneordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statuere- 
tur ? Quo coUocato atque ad vos senatumque converso, 
omnia, quae erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, illus- 
trata et patefacta vidistis. 

Quo etiam majore sunt isti odio supplicioque cligni, qui 20 
non solum vestris domiciliis atc{ue tectis, sed etiam deonim 
templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre 
conatl Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mibi 
smnam et non sim ferendus. Hie, ille Juppiter restitit ; 
ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cimctam urbem, ille 25 
vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Diis ego immortalibus duci- 
bus banc mentem voluntatemque suscepi atque ad baec 
tanta indicia perveni. Jam vero ab Lentnlo ceterisque do- 
mesticis bostibus tam dementer tantae res creditae et igno- 
tis et barbaris commissaeque litterae nunquam essent pro- 30 
fecto, nisi ab diis immortalibus buic tantae audaciae con- 
silium esset ereptum. Quid vero ? ut homines Galli ex 
civitate male pacata, C{uae gens una restat, quae bellum 
populo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem 
imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis ho- 35 
minibus oblatam negligerent vestramque salutem suis opi- 



34 ^^ CATILINAM ORATIO TEKTIA. 

bus anteponerent, id non divinitus factum esse putatis, prae- 
sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potue- 
rint ? 

X. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvina- 
5 ria suppiicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum con- 
jugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores diis 
immortalibus justi habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto jus- 
tiores nunquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac mi- 
serrimo interitu : sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, 

10 sine dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore 
vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes civiles dis- 
sension es, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vos- 
met ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium 
oppressit : C. Marium, custodem hujus urbis, multosque 

15 fortes viros partim ejecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. 
Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam : omnis hie 
locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Su- 
peravit postea Cinna cum Mario : tum vero, clarissimis viris 
interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est hujus 

20 victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne dici quidem opus 
est, quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei 
publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo 
viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei publicae 
luctum quam ceterorum. 

25 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quae non ad de- 
lendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinebant — 
non illi nuUam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se 
esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac 
urbe florere voluerunt — ejus modi fuerunt, ut non reconcili- 

30 atione concordiae, sed inter necione civium dijudicatae sint. 
In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo cru- 
delissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla unquam barbaria cum 
sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Cati- 
lina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe 

as salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me 
gessi, Quirites, ut omnes salvi conservaremini ; et, quum 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 35 

hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quan- 
tum infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum 
flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et cives integros 
incolumesque servavi. 

XL Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a 5 
vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum 
monumentum laudis postulo praeterquam hujus diei memo- 
nam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos 
meos, omnia omamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis 
insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest de- 10 
lectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique ejus modi, quod etiam 
minus digni assequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res 
nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumen- 
tis inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel- 
ligo, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad 15 
salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque 
tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum 
alter fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus 
terminaret, alter ejusdem imperii domicilium sedesque 
servaret. 20 

XII. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non 
eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui externa 
bella gesserunt, quod mihi ciim iis vivendum est, quos vici 
ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos relique- 
runt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte pro- 25 
sunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim 
hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis 
nocere possent, ego providi : ne mihi noceant, vestrum est 
providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quid em ipsi nihil 
ab istis jam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis 30 
praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, 
magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defen- 
det, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negligunt, quum me 
violare volent, se indicabunt. 

Est etiam. in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo 35 
nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro 



86 i^ CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 

semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum 
hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis 
erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse ve- 
litis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculis- 
5 que omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi quid est, quod jam ad vitae 
fructum possit acquiri, quum praesertim neque in honore 
vestro neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videam altius, 
quo mihi libeat ascendere ? Iliud profecto -perficiam, Qui- 
j rites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque 

10 ornem, ut, si qua est invidia eonservanda re publica sus- 

cepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita 

me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae 

gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse 

J videantur. 

15 Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, venerati Jovem 

ilium, custodem hujus urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta 

discedite et ea, quamquam jam est periculum depulsum, 

tamen aequo ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. 

2( Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua 

20 pace esse possitis, providebo. 



25 



30 



as i 
I 



M. TULLH CICERONIS 



IN 



L. CATILIJ^AM 

OEATIO QUAKTA, 

HABITA IN SENATU. 



I. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora 
atque oculos esse conversos ; video vos non solum de vestro 
ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo 
periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi jucunda in maiis et grata 
in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed earn, per deos im- 5 
mortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de 
vestris cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data 
est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque per- 
ferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 
dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Eomano digni- 10 
tas salusque pariatur. 

Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, 
in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus, consulari- 
bus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium 
omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 15 
lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris 
unquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego 
multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quo- 
dam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum 
consulatus mei dii immortales esse voluerunt, ut vas popu- 20 
lumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, conjuges liberosque 
3 



38 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 

vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, 
templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium 
nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et 
vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur for- 
5 tuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus suum nomen in- 
ductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae fore pu- 
tavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem 
populi Romani prope fatalem exstitisse ? 

II. Quare, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite 

10 patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos fortunasque 
vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 
parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo 
sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi 
ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam : deinde, si quid obtigerit, 

15 aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors 
forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consulari neque 
misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fra- 
tris carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non mo- 
vear horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum 

20 videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat 
exanimata uxor et abjecta metu filia et parvulus filius, 
quern mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem 
consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans hujus exitum 
diei stat in consnectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omni- 

25 bus, sed in eam partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, 
etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius qimm et illi et 
nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. 

Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei pub- 
licae; circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, 

80 nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus 
plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare 
conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmiura occidit, 
in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis judicium 
adducitur : tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad restram 

35 omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restite- 
runt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cujiis- 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUAKTA. 39 

que confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, 
Catilina arcessitur; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis 
omnibus nemo ne ad depldrandum qiiidem populi Romani 
nomen atque ad lament^dam tanti imperii calainitatem 
relinquatur. f ^ y^ ^ 

III. Haec omnia iMfes^detnlerunt, rei confessi sunt, 
vos multis jam judiciis judicavistis ; primum quod milii 
gratias egistis singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque 
diligentia perditorum hominum eonjurationem patefactam 
esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 10 
praetura coegistis ; turn quod eum et ceteros, de quibus 
judicastis, in ' custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque 
quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis^ qui hones 
togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesteroo die 
praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Yolturcio dedistis am- 15 
plissima. Quae sunt omnia ejus modi, ut ii, qui in custo- 
diam nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis 
damnati esse videantur. 

Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tam- 
quam iritegi'um, et de facto quid judicetis, et de poena 20 
quid censeatis. lUa praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego 
magnum in re publka versari furorem et nova quaedam 
misceri St eoncftari mala "jam pridem videbam, sed banc 
tantam, tam exitiosam baberi conjurationem a civibus nun- 
quam putavi. Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae 25 
mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 
noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. 
Huic si paucos putatis affines esse, vehementer erratis. 
Latins opinione disseminatum est hoc malum: manavit 
non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et 80 
obscure serpens multas jam provincias occupavit. Id op- 
primi Sustentando et prolatando nullo pacto potest : qua- 
cumque ratione placet, ceieriter vobis vindicandum est. 

IV. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. Silani, 

, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse 35 
multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam remo- 



40 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 

vet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes acerbitates amplectitur. 
Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in 
summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui iios omnes vita 
privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Ro^ 
5 mani nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et 
hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere, atque hoc genus 
poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re publica esse 
usurpatum reoordatur. Alter intelligit mortem ab diis im- 
mortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut 

10 necessitatem naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. 
Itaque earn sapientes nun qua m inviti, fortes saepe etiam 
libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, 
certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. 
Municipiis dispertiri jubet. Habere videtur ista res in- 

15 iquitatem, si imperare velis; difficultatem, si rogare : decer- 
natur tameii, si placet. Ego enirn suscipiam, et, ut spero, 
reperiam, qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 
non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adjungit gra • 
vetn poenam municipiis, si quis eoruin vincula ruperit i 

20 horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas soelere hominum 
perditorum. Sancit ne quis eorum poenam, quos con- 
demnat, aut per senatum aut per populum possit levare ; 
eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari 
solet. Bona praeterea publicari jubet: vitam solam re- 

25 linquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multas uno 
dolore animi atque corporis aerumnas et omnes scelerum 
poenas ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido impro- 
bis esset posita, apud inferos ejus modi quaedam illi an- 
tiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod vi- 

30 delicet intelligebant iis remotis non esse mortem ipsam 
pertimescendam. 

V. Nunc ego, patres conscript!, mea video quid inter- 
sit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam banc 
is in re publica viam, quae popular is habetur, secutus est, 

35 fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore hujusce sen- 
tentiae, mihi populares impetus pertimesceadi : sin illam 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 41 

alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contraliatur. Sed 
tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae 
>-ri vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, si cut ipsius dignitas et 
*^ majorum ejus amplitudo postulabat, seutentiam taniquam 
obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellec- 5 
turn est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et 
animum vere popularem, saluti populi consulentem. 

Video de istis, qui se populares liaberi volunt, abesse 
non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum 
sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives 10 
Romanos dedit et supplioationem mibi decrevit et indices 
hesterno die maximis praemiis affecit* Jam hoc nemini 
dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem^ 
indici praemium decrerit, quid de tot a re et causa judicarit. 
At vero C. Caesar intelligit, legem Senijironiain esse de 15 
civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui autem rei publicae sit 
hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse; deniqiie ipsum 
latorem Semproniae legis injussu populi poeaas rei j)ublicae 
j^'-'^dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentuium, largitorem et prodi- 
' gum, non putat, quum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio 20 
liujus urbis tarn acerbe. tarn crudeliter cogitarit, etiam 
appellari posse popularem, Itaque homo mitissimus atque 
lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentuium aeternis tenebris vincu- 
lisque mandare, et sancit in posterum, ne quis hujus sup- 
plicio levando se jactare et in pemiciem populi Romani 25 
posthac popiilaris esse possit : adjungit etiam publicationem 
bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas 
ac mendicitas consequatur. 

VI. Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 
comitem ad contionem populo carum atque jucundum, sive 30 
Silani sententiam sequi raalueritis, facile me atque vos 
crudelitatis vituperatione popuLus Rainanus exsolvet, atque 
obtiuebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres 
conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate 
puijienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu judico. 35 
Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut 



42 * ^^ CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA, 

ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate 
animi moveor — quis est enim me mitior ? — sed singular! 
quadam humanitate et misericordia, Videor enim mihi 
videre banc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem 
5 omnium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem ; cerno 
animo sepulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos 
civium ; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Gethegi et 
furor in vestra caede baccliantis. Quum vero mihi proposui 
regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se sperare ex fatis confessus 

10 est^ purpuratum esse buic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse 
Catilinam, tum lamentationem matrum familias, turn fugam 
virginum atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum Ves- 
talium perhorresco ;\et quia mihi vehementer haec videntur 
misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere 

15 voluerunt,, me severum vehementemque praebeo. ;? Etenim 
quaere, si quis pater fa,milias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, 
uxQre occisa, incensa dome, supplicium de servo non quam 
acerBiSsimbm sumpserit, utrum is demons ac mis:^ricors an 
inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur^^ Mihi 

20 vero importunus ac fe'rreu^, qui non doloro et graciatu 
nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit»-^| Sic ncs in 
his hominibus, qui nos, qui conjuges, qui libefos nostros 
trueidare voluerunt, qui singulas unius cujusque nostrum 
domes et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium .delere 

25 conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in 
vestigiis hujus urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii 
oollocarent, si^:vehementissimi fuerimus,^ kiisericordes ha- 
bebimur: sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis 
crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda 

30 est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et aman- 
tissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius vi^us est, 
quum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem 
et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, quum avum suum. 
jussu consulis interfei^um filiumque ejus impuberem, lega- 

35 tumjKpatre-misSum, &^t?arcere necatum esse dixit.> Quo- 
rum qitod simile factum? quod initum delendae ^i puL> 



IN CATILEnTAIM; oratio quarta. 43 

licae consilium? Largitionis voluntas turn in re publica 
versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo 
tempore hujus avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus Grac- 
clmm est persecutus. Hie etiam grave tum vulnus accepit, 
ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur : hie ad ever- 5 
tenda fundamenta rei publicae Gallos arcessit, servitia 
concitat, Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego 
et ceteros cives interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflamman- 
dam Cassio, Italiam totam vastandam diripiendamque 
Catilinae.' Vereamini, censeo, ne in hoc scelere tam im- lo 
mani ac tam nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse vide- 
amini : multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenae 
crudeliores in patriam, quam ne severitate animadversionis 
nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamini. 

VII. Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimu- 15 
lare non possum. Jaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad 
aures meas, eorum qui vereri videntur, ne non habeam satis 
praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno die, transi- 
gunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, 
patres conscripti, quum mea summa cura atque diligentia, 20 
tum etiam multo majore populi Romani ad summum impe- 
rium retinendum et ad communes fortunas conservandas 
voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, 
omnium generum, omnium denique aetatum ; plenmn. est 
forum, plena templa circum forum, pleni omnes aditus hujus 25 
loci ac templi,,>^«J0ausa est enim post urbem conditam haec 
inventa, sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, 
praeter eos, qui quum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum 
omnibus potius qiiam soli perire voluerunt. Hosce ego 
homines excipio et secerno libenter; neque enim in impro- 30 
borum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero 
habe.ndos puto. : Ceteri vero, dii immortales, qua frequen- 
tia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem digni- 
tatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Romanes 
commemorem ? qui vobis ita summam ordinis consiliique 85 
concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publicae certent; 



44: IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 

quos ex multorum annorum dissensione hujus ordinis ad 
societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobis- 
cum atque haec causa conjungit. Quam si conjunctionem, 
confirmatam in consulatu meo, perpetuam in re publica 
5 tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac 
domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. 
Pari studio defendendae rei publicae convenisse video 
tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scribas item universos, 
quos quum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video 

10 ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse con- 
versos. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitude, etiam tenuis- 
simorum. Quis enim est, cui non haec templa, aspectus 
urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc 
commune patriae solum quum sit carum, tum vero dulce 

15 atque jucundum ? 

Vni. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertino- 

/, rum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam 
hujus civitatis consecuti hanc suam patriam judicant, quam 
quidam hie nati et summo loco nati non patriam suam, sed 

20 urbem hostium esse judicaverunt, Sed quid ego hosce 
homines ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, 
quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae 
dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ? 
Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servi- 

25 tutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec 
stare cupiat, qui non tantum, quantum audet et quantum 
potest, conferat ad communem salutem voluntatis. 

,/ /'\ Quare si quem vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod audi- 
tum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum 

30 tabernas, pretio sperare posse sollicitari animos egentiimi 
atque imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tenia tiun, 
sed nulli sunt invent! tam aut fortuna miseri aut >-oiuntate 
perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus 
quotidiani locum, qui non cubile atque lectulum suum, qui 

35 denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse 
velint.^Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabemis 



IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 4^ 

sunt, imrno vero — id enim potius est dicendum — genus hoc 
universuin amantissimum est otii, Etenim omne instru- 
mentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequentia civium 
sustentatur, alitur otio ; quorum si quaestus occlusis taber- 
nis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? 5 

IX. Quae quum ita sint, patres conscripti, yobis populi 
Eomani praesidia non desunt: vos ne populo TRomano 
deesse yideamini, providete. Habetis consulem ex pluri- 
mis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad vitam 
suam, sed ad salutem yes tram reseryatum ; omnes ordines lO 
ad conseryandam rem publicam ment-e, yoluntate, studio, 
yirtute, yoce consentiunt ; obsessa facibus et telis impiae 
conjurationis yobis supplex manus tendit patria communis ; 
yobis se, yobis yitam omnium ci^-ium, yobis arcem et CajDi- 
toiium, yobis aras Penatium, yobis ignem ilium Vestae 15 
sempiternimi, yobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, 
yobis muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de 
vestra yita, de conjugimi yestrarum atque liberorum anima, 
de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis yestiis hodierno 
die yobis judicandum est. 20 

Habetis ducem memorem yestri, oblitum sui, quae non 
semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes 
homines, uniyersum populum Romanum, id quod in ciyili 
causa hodiemo die primum \ddemus, unum atque idem sen- 
tientem. Cogitate, quantis laboribus fundatimi imperiiun, 25 
quanta yirtute stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benig- 
nitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas ima nox paene 
deleritii^/Id ne unquam posthac non mode confici, sed ne 
cogitari quidem possit a ciyibus, hodierno die proyidendum 
est. Atque haec, non ut yos, qui mihi studio paene prae- 30 
curritis, excitarem, iocutus simi, sed ut mea yox, quae 
debet esse in re publica princeps, officio functa consulari 
yideretur. 

X. Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca 
dicam. Ego, quanta manus est conjuratorum, quam yidetis 35 
esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum midtitudinem sus- 



4G IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA, 

cepisse video ; sed earn judico esse turpem et infirmam et 
contemptam et abjectam. Quod si aliquando alicujus fu- 
rore et scelere coacitata manus ista plus valuerit quam ves- 
tra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum 
5 atque consiliorum nunquam, patres conscripti^ paeuitebit* 
Etenim mors, quam illi mihi fortasse minitantur, omnibus 
est parata : vitae tantam. laudem, quanta vos me vestris de- 
cretis honestastis, nemo est assecutus. Ceteris enim bene 
gestae, mihi uni conservatae rei publicae gratulationem 

^0 decrevistis. 

Sit Scipio clarus ille, cujus consilio atque virtute Han- 

\ nibal in Afrieam re dire atque ex Italia decedere coactus 
est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes 
buic imperio infestissimas, Kartliaginera Numantiamque, 

isdelevit; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cujus currum 
rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses hones- 
tavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione 
et metu ser\dtutis liberavit : anteponatur omnibus Pom- 
peius, cujus res gestae atque virtutes iisdem, quibus solis 

20 cursus, regionibus ac terminis continentur : erit profecta 
inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte 
majus est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus^ 
quam curare, ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores 
revertantur. 

25 Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae vie- 
toriae quam domesticae, quia hostes alienigenae aut op- 
pressi serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se obli- 
gatos putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia 
aliqua depravali, hostes patriae semel esse coepepunt, eos 

30 quum a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nee vi coercete nee 
beneficio placare possis. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus 
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum pericu- 
lorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed 

35 in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper hae- 
rebit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse contldo. 



IN CATILLNAM ORATIO QUARTA. 47 

Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae conjunctio- 
nem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam conspira- 
tionem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. 

XL Quae quum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 
provincia, quam neglexi, pro triimipho ceterisque laudis 5 
insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis 
custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque provinci- 
alibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor 
quam comparo, pro bis igitur omnibus rebus et pro meis in 
vos singularibus studiis et pro hac, quam perspicitis, ad 10 
conservandam rem publicam diligentia nihil sl^y^is nisi 
hujus temporis totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo: 
quae dum erit in vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro 
saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si meam spem vis impro- 
borum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis meum 16 
parvum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum 
ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si ejus, qui haec 
omnia suo solius periculo conservaverit, ilium filium esse 
memineritis. 

Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Romani, 20 
de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis 
ac tempiis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac 
libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re publica decernite 
diligenter, vit instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum con- 
sulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea quae 25 
statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per §e ipsum prae- 
stare possit. 



M. TULLH CICERONIS 

PEO 

A^ LIOIOTO ARCHIA POETA 

ORATIO AD JUDICES. 



I. Si quid est in me ingenii, judices, quod sentio quam sit 
exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non 
infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si hujusce rei ratio 
aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, a 

5 qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse ; 
earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fructum 
a me repetere prope suo jure debet. Nam quoad longis- 
sime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis 
et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repe- 

10 tens hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad 
ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. Quod 
si haec vox hujus hortatu praeceptisque conformata nonnul- 
lis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id accepimus, quo ceteris 
opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic profecto ipsi, quan- 

15 turn est situm in nobis, et opem et salutem ferre debemus. 

Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia 

quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenii neque haec dicendi ratio 

aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus un- 

quam dediti fuimus, Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humani- 

20 tatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vinculimi et 
quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 

II. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur, me in 



PEO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 49 

quaestione legitima et in judicio publico, quum res agatur 
apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud 
severissimos judices, tanto conventu honiinum ac frequentia 
hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a consuetudine 
judiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abborreat ; 5 
quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mibi detis banc veniam, 
accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quein ad modura spero, 
non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo 
boniine dicentem, hoc concursu hominuni litteratissimorum, 
hac vestra humanitate, boo denique praetore exercente ju- lo 
dicium, patiamini de studiis bumanitatis ac litterarum paulo 
loqui liberius et in ejus modi persona, quae propter otium 
ac studium minirae in judiciis periculisque tractat-a est, uti 
prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Quod si 
mibi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto 15 
ut bunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, quimi 
sit ciWs, a numero civium, verum etiam, si non esset, pute- 
tis adsciscendum fuisse. 

IIL Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Arcbias atque 
ab iis artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad himianitatem infor- 20 
mari solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Anti- 
ocbiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobiK — celebri quondam 
urbe et copiosa atque eruditissimis bominibus liberalissi- 
misque studiis affluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus inge- 
nii gloria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cuncta- 25 
que Graecia sic ejus adventus celebrabantur, ut famam 
ingenii exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius adven- 
tus admiratioque superaret. Erat Italia turn plena Graeca- 
rum artiima ac disciplinarum, studiaque baec et in Latio 
vebementius turn colebantur, quam nunc iisdem in oppidis, 30 
et hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non neg- 
ligebantur. Itaque bunc et Tarentiiii et Regini et Neapo- 
litani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt ; et omnes, qui 
aliquid de ingeniis poterant judicare, cognitione atque bos- 
pitio dignum existimarunt. 35 

Hac tanta celebritate famae quum esset jam absentibus 



50 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 

notuSj Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 
primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad scribendum maxi- 
mas, alter quum res gestas, turn etiam studium atque aures 
adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, quum praetextatus etiam 
6 tum x^rcliias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Sed jam 
hoc non solum ingenii ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae 
atque virtutis, ut domus, quae hujus adolescentiae proxima 
fuit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat tempori- 
bus illis jucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et ejus Pio filio ; 

10 audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre 
et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et Drusum et 
Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum domum de- 
vinctam consuetudine quum teneret, afficiebatur summo 
honore, quod eum non solum colebant, qui aliquid percipere 

15 atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte simula- 
bant. 

TV. Interim satis longo intervallo, quum esset cum M. 
LucuUo in Siciliam profectus et quum ex ea provincia cum 
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracliam. Quae quum 

20 esset civitas aequissimo jure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam 
civitatem voluit ; idque, quum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 
tum auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impe- 
travit. Data est civitas Silvani lege etCarbonis: si qui 
foederatis civitatihus ascripti fidssentysi tum^ quum lex 

^^ferehatur^ in Italia domicilimn hahuissent et si sexaginta 
diehiis apud praetorem essent professL Quum hie domicili- 
um Romae multos jam annos haberet, professus est apud 
praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum suum. 

Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dice 

80 amplius ; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari, 
Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse tu eum ascriptum nega- 
bis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M. 
LucuUus, qui se non opinari sed scire, non audivisse sed vi- 
disse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclien- 

S5 ses legati, nobilissimi homines, hujus judicii causa cum 
mandatis et cum publico testiraonio venerunt, qui hunc 



PKO ARCHIA POET A ORATIO. 51 

ascrlptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras 
Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello incenso tabulario 
interisse scimus omnes. Est ridiculum ad ea, quae liabe- 
mus, nihil dicere, reqiiirere, quae habere non possumus, et 
de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare ; 5 
et quum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integerrimi 
municipii jus jurandum fidemque, ea, quae depravari nuUo 
modo possunt, repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis solere 
corrumpi, desiderare. An domicilium Romae non habuit is 
qui tot annis ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum 10 
ac fortunarum suarum Romae collocavit ? An non est pro- 
fessus ? Immo vero iis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia 
professione collegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum 
tabularum auctoritatem. 

Y, Nam quum Appii tabulae negligentius asservatae 15 
dicerentur, Gabinii, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resignas- 
set, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque om- 
nium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem 
et ad judices venerit et unius nominis litura se commotum 20 
esse dixerit. His igitur tabulis nullam lituram in nomine 
A. Licinii videtis. 

Quae quum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate du- 
bitetis, praesertim quum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit 
ascriptus ? Etenim quum mediocribus multis et aut nulla 25<>o 
aut humili aliqua arte praeditis civitatem in Graecia homi- 
nes impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrenses aut Nea- 
politanos aut Tarentinos, quod seaenicis artificibus largiri 
solebant, id huic, summa ingenii praedito gloria, noluisse. 
Quid, quum ceteri non modo post ci^dtatem datam, sed 30 C, 
etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipi- 
orum tabulas irrepserint, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, 
in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse 
voluit, rejicietur ? 

Census nostros requiris. Scilicet ; est enim obscurum 35 
proxirais censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. Lu- 



52 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 

cullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus cum eodem quaes- 
tore fuisse in Asia ; primis, Julio et Crasso, nuUam populi 
partem esse censam. Sed quoniam census non jus civitatis 
confirmat ac tantum modo indicat, eum, qui sit census, ita 
5 se jam turn gessisse pro cive, iis temporibus, quem tu crimi- 
naris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium Romanorum jure 
esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus et 
adiit hereditates civium Romanorum et in beneficiis ad aera- 
rium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro consule. Quaere argu- 

10 menta, si quae potes ; nunquam enim hie neque suo neque 
amicorum judicio revincetur. 

VI. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et animus ex hoc 
forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures convicio defessae conqui- 

15 escant. An tu existimas aut suppetiere nobis posse, quod 
quotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nos- 
tros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse 
contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego 
vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si 

20 qui ita se litteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque 
ad communem afferre fructum neque in aspectum lucemque 
proferre ; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, 
judices, ut a nullius unquam me tempore aut commodo aut 
otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique 

25 somnus retardarit ? 

Quare quis tandem me reprehendat aut quis mihi jure 
succenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quan- 
tum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias 
voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis concedi- 

30 tur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempesti\ds conviviis, 
quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tantum mihi ego- 
met ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc eo 
mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec quo- 
que crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quantacumque in me 

35 est, nunquam amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui leyior 
videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 



I 



PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 53 

hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque 
litteris mihi ab adolescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita 
magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque lionestatem, in 
ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus corporis, omnia 
pericula mortis atque exsilii parvi esse ducenda, nunquam 5 
me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in 
hos profligatorum hominum quotidianos impetus objecissem. 
Sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena 
exemplorum vetustas : quae jacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi 
litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines 10 
non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum fortis- 
simorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini 
reliquerunt ; quas ego mihi semper in administranda re 
publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogita- 
tione hominum excellentium conformabam. 15 

YIL Quaeret quispiam : " Quid ? illi ipsi sum^mi viri, 
quorum \TTtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam 
tu offers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt ? " Difficile est hoc de 
omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certum, quod respondeam. 
Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac \artute fuisse sine 20 
doctrina, et naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se ipsos 
et moderatos et graves exstitisse fateor ; etiam illud ad- 
jungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine 
doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. x\tque idem 
ego hoc contendo, quum ad naturam eximiam atque illus- 25 
trem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, 
turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsis- 
tere : ex hoc esse hunc numerp, quern patres nostri vide- 
runt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, 
L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; 30 
ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis teniporibus doctissimum, 
M. Catonera ilium senem : qui profecto, si nihil ad percipi- 
endam colendamqae virtutem litteris adjuvarentur, nunquam 
se ad eaitmi studium contulissent. 

Quod si non hie tanturs fructus ostenderetur et si ex his 35 
studiis dclectatio sola peteretar,Hamen, ut opinor, banc ani- 



54 PI^O ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 

mi remissionem humanissimam ac liberaKssimam judicaretis. 
Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt rieque aetatum omnium 
neque locorum : at haec studia adolescentiam alunt, senec- 
tutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium 
5 ac solacium praebent ; delectant domi, non impediunt foris, 
pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. 

VIII. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu 
nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam 
quum in aliis videremus. Quis nostrum animo tarn agresti 

10 ac duro fuit, ut Roscii morte nuper non commoveretur ? 
qui quum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem 
artem ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. 
Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a 
nobis omnibus ; nos animorum incredibiles motus celerita- 

16 temque ingeniorum negligemus ? Qaoties ego hunc Archi- 
am vidi, judices — utar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam 
me in hoc novo genere dicendi tam diligenter attenditis — 
quoties ego hunc vidi, quum litteram scripsisset nullam, 
magnum numerum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis rebus, 

20 quae tum agerentur, dicere ex tempore ! quoties revocatum 
eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! 
Quae vero accurate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi pro- 
bari, ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc 
ego non diligam ? rion admirer? non omni ratione defen- 

25 dendum putem ? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditis- 
simisque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et 
praeceptis et arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere et 
mentis viribus excitari et quasi divino quodam spiritu in- 
iiari. Quare suo jure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat 

80 poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere com- 
mendati nobis esse videantur. 

Sit igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos 
homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla unquam barbaria vio- 
lavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, bestiac saepe ; 

35 immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistimt : nos instituti 
rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur ? Homo-um 



PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 55 

Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, 
Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse confirmant, 
itaque etiam delubrum ejus in oppido dedicaverunt ; per- 
multi alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt. 

IX. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem eti- 5 
am expetunt : nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus 
noster est, repudiabimus ? praesertim quum omne olim stu- 
dium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi 
Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam. Nam et Cimbri- 
cas res adolescens attigit et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad 10 
liaec studia videbatur, jucundus fuit, Neque enim quis- 
quam est tam aversus a Musis, qui non mandari versibus 
aeternum suorum laborum praeconium facile patiatur. The- 
mistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, 
quum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama aut cujus yocem 15 
i( libentissime audiret : ejiis^ a quo sua virtus ojytime prae- 
dicareticr. Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium di- 
lexit, cujus ingenio putabat ea quae gesserit posse cele- 
brari. 

Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et in 20 
multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum ab iioc ex- 
pressum est ; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissimum 
et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen 
illustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lucullo im- 
perante Pontum, et regiis quondam opibas et ipsa natura 25 
et regione vallatum ; populi Romani exercitus eodem duce 
non maxima manu innumerabiles Armeniorum copias fudit ; 
populi Romani laus est, urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum 
ejusdem consilio ex omni impetu regio atque e totius belli 
ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra semper 80 
feretur et praedicabitur L. Lucullo dimicante, quum inter- 
fectis ducibus depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud 
Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tropaea, nostra 
-nonumenta, nostri triumplii : quae quonim ingeniis efferun- 
tur, ab iis populi Romani fama celebratur. Cams fuit Afri- 35 
cano superiori noster Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro 



56 FHO ARCHIA POET A ORATIO. 

Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore ; cujus 
laudibus certe non solum ipse, qui laudatur, sed etiam populi 
Romani nomen ornatur. In caelum hujus proavus Cato 
tollitur ;^agnus honos populi Romani rebus adjungitur. 
5 Omnes dSfcque illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii non sine com- 
muni omnium nostrum laude decorantur. 

X. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, 
majores nostri in civitatem receperunt ; nos liunc Heracli- 
ensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus 

10 constitutum, de nostra civitate ejiciemus ? 

Nam si quia minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis 
versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, prop- 
terea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Lati- 
na suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Quare si res eae, 

15 quas gessimus, or bis terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere 
debemus, quo m annum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem 
gloriam famamque penetrare, quod quum ipsis populis, de 
quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn iis certe, qui 
de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et periculorum 

20 ill cit amentum est et laborum. 

Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alex- 
bander secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, qnum in 
Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum adstitisset, " O fortunate " in- 
quit " adolescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum pra^conera 

25 inveneris ! " Et vere : nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem 
tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. 
Quid ? noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam adae- 
quavit, nonne Theophanem Mitjlenaeum, scriptorem rerum 
suarum, in contione militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi 

30 fortes viri, sed rustic! ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae 
commoti, quasi participes ejusdem laudis, m^igno illud cla- 
more approbaverunt ? 

Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non 
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretiir, perficere 

35 non potuit. Sulla quum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, 
hunc petentem repudiasset : quem nos in contione vidimus, 



TRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 57 

quum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subjecisset, quod 
epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternis versibus 
longiusculis, statim ex iis rebus, quas turn vendebat, jubere 
ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scribe- 
ret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tarnen 5 
praemio dignam, hujus ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 
et copiam non expetisset ? Quid, a Q. Metello Pio, familia- 
rissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se neque 
per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim usque eo de 
suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, 10 
pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen aures 
suas dederit. 

XI. Neque enim est hoc dissiraulandum, quod obscurari 
non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum ; trahimur omnes studio 
laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. Ipsi ilK 15 
pliilosophi etiam in illis libellis, quos de contemn enda gloria 
scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, in quo prae- 
dicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari de se ac 
nominari volunt. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et 
imperator, Attii, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum ac 20 
monumentorum aditus exornavit siiorum. Jam vero ille,"^ 
qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Fulvius, non dubita- 
vit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Quare, in qua urbe 
imperatores prope armati poetarum nomen et Musarum de- 
lubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati judices a Musarum 25 
tionore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 

Atque ut id libentius faciatis, jam me vobis, judices, in- 
dicabo et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis aeri fortasse, 
verum tamen honestoy vobis confitebor. Nam quas res nos 
in consulatu nostro vdbiscum simul pro salute hujus urbis 30 
atque imperii et pro vita civium^roque uni versa re publica 
gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit : quibus audi- 
tis, quod mihi magna res et jucunda visa est, hunc ad per- 
ficiendum adhortatus sum. Nullam enim virtus aliam mer- 
cedem laborum periculorumque desiderat praeter hanc lau- 35 
dis et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est quod 



58 PKO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 

in hoc tarn exiguo vitae curriculo et tarn brevi tantis nos in 
laboribus exerceamus ? 

Gerte, si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, et si, 
quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdem 
5 omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se laboribus 
frangeret neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur nee toties de 
ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quo- 
que virtus, quae noctes acdies animum gloriae stimulis con- 
citat atque admonet, non cum vitae tempore esse dimetien- 

10 dam commemorationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni pos- 
teritate adaequandam. 

XII. An vero tarn parvi animi videamur esse omnes. 
qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque 
versamur, ut, quum usque ad extremum spatium nullum 

15 tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum 
simul moritura omnia arbitremur ? An statuas et imagines, 
non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, studiose multi sum- 
mi homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum 
nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis in- 

20 geniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia, quae gere- 
bam, jam tum in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbi- 
trabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero 
sive a meo sensu post mortem abfutura est, sive, ut sapien- 
tissimi homines putaverunt, ad aliquam mei partem pertine- 

25 bit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quad am speque delect or. 

Quare conservate, judices, hominem pudore eo, quern 

amicorum videtis comprobari quum dignitate tum etiam 

vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit ex- 

istimari, quod summorum hominum ifigeniis expetitum esse 

30 videatis ; causa vero ejus modi, quae beneficio legis, auctori- 
tate municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli compro- 
betur. Quae quum ita sint, petimus a vobis, judices, si 
qua non modo humana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis 
commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, qui vestros im- 

85 peratores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit, 
qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domesticis pericu- 



PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 59 

lis aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profite- 
tur, estque ex eo numero, qui semper apud omnes sancti 
sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut 
humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus 
esse videatur. Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine brevi- 5 
ter simpliciterque dixi, judices, ea confido probata esse 
omnibus : quae a forensi aliena judicialique consuetudine 
et de hominis ingenio et communiter de ipsius studio locu- 
tus sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem 
accepta, ab eo, qui judicium exercet, certo scio. 10 



.^ 



M. TULLn CICERONIS 

DE 

IMPERIO CK POMPEII 

SITE 
PRO LEGE MANILIA 

OEATIO AD QUIEITES. 



I. QuAMQUAM mihi semper frequens conspectus vester 
multo jucundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum amplissi- 
mus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, tamen 
hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxim e patuit, 
5 non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab 
ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam quum antea 
per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere aude- 
rem statiieremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elabora- 
tum industria afferri oportere, omne meum tempus amicorum 

10 temporibus trans mitt endum putavi. Ita neque hie locus 
vacuus unquam fuit ab lis, qui vestram causam defenderent, 
et meus labor, in privatorum periculis caste integreque ver- 
satus, ex vestro judicio fructum est amplissimum consecu- 
tus. Nam quum propter dilationem comitiorum ter prae- 

15 tor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, 
Quirites, et quid de me judicaretis et quid aliis praescribere- 
tis. Nunc, quum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum 
vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum facul- 
tatis tantum, quantum homini vigilanti ex forensi usu 

20 prope quotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit afferre, certe et 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 61 

si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar, qui earn mihi 
dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi possum, iis osten- 
dam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fructum suo judicio tribu- 
endum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in primis mihi laetan- 
dum jure esse video, quod in hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco 5 
ratione dicendi causa taHs oblata est, in qua oratio deesse 
nemini possit, Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pompeii singu- 
lari eximiaque virtute ; hujus autem orationis difficilius est 
exitum quam principium invenire. Ita mihi non tarn copia 
quam modus in dicendo quaerendus est. 10 

II. Atque ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde haec 
omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et periculosum vestris 
vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus infer- 
tur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter la- 
cessitus occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam 15 
esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris, 
afferuntur ex Asia quotidie litterae, quorum magnae res 
aguntur, in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui 
ad me pro necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine, 
causam rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt ; 20 
Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos 
esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod finitimum est 
vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate ; L. 
Lucullum magnis rebus gestis ab eo bello discedere ; huic 
qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum 25 
administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id 
bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem hxmc 
unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 

Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit conside- 
rate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de mag- 30 
nitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. Ge- 
nus est belli ejus modi, quod maxime vestros animos excifcare 
atque inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat ; in quo 
agitur populi Romani gloria, quae vobis a majoribus quum 
magna in omnibus rebus, tum summa in re militari tradita 35 
est ; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua multa 
4 



62 BE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

majores vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; aguntur 
certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima, quibus 
amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requiretis ; 
aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis et ip- 
6 sorum et rei publicae causa consulendum. 

III. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cete- 
ras gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis ilia 
macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae penitus 
jam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani nomine ; 

10 quod is, qui uno die tota in Asia, tot in civitatibus, uno 
nuntio atque una significatione litterarum cives Romanos 
necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc poe- 
nam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tem- 
pore annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, 

15 ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris occultare velit, 
sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, 
hoc est in Asiae luce versari. Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum 
illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia vic- 
toriae, non victoriam reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, 

20 triumphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et 
summi imperatores; sed ita triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus 
superatusque regnaret. Verum tamen illis imperatoribus 
laus est tribuenda, quod egerunt, venia dan da, quod reli- 
querunt ; propterea quod ab eo bello SuUam in Italiam res 

25 publica, Murenam Sulla revocavit. 

IV. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad 
oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- 
tulit : qui postea quam maximas aedificasset ornassetque 
classes exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus 

80 posset comparasset et se Bosporanis, finitimis suis, bellum 
inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legatos ac litteras 
misit ad eos duces, quibuscum tum bellum gerebamus, ut, 
quum duobus in locis disjunctissimis maximeque diversis 
uno consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum terra marique 

35 gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione districti de imperio dimi- 
caretis. 



c 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 63 

Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque 
Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac roboris habe- 
bat, Cn. Pompeii divino consilio ac singulari virtute depul- 
sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. LucuUo, summo viro, 
est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque 6 
praeclara non felicitati ejus, sed virtuti, haec autem ex- 
trema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribu- 
enda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et 
ita dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta oratione 
mea neque falsa afficta esse videatur. De vestri imperii 10 
dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus orationis 
meae, videte quem vobis animum suscipiendum putetis. 

V. Majores nostri saepe, mercatoribus aut naviculariis 
nostris injuriosius tractatis, bella gesserunt ; vos, tot mili- 
bus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore ne- 15 
catis, quo tandem animo esse debetis ? Legati quod erant 
appellati superbius, Corinthum pat res vestri, to tins Graeciae 
lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos eum regem inultum 
esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani consularem vin- 
culis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum ne- 20 
cavit ? Dli libertatem civium Romanorum imminutam non 
tulerunt : vos vitam ereptam negligetis ? Jus legationis 
verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt : vos legatum omni sup- 
plicio interfectum relinquetis ? Videte ne, ut illis pulcherri- 
mum fuit tantam vobis imperii gloriam tradere, sic vobis 25 
turpissimum sit id quod accepistis tueri et conservare non 
posse. 

Quid? quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac 
discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis ? Reg- 
no est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Romani at- 30 
que amicus ; imminent duo reges toti Asiae, non solum 
vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque amicis ; 
civitates autem omnes, cuncta Asia atque Graecia, vestrum 
auxilium exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem cogun- 
tur ; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, quum praeser- 35 
tim vos alium miseritis, neque audent neque se id facere 



HH 



64 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident et sentiunt 
hoc idem quod vos, unum virum esse, in quo summa sint 
omnia, et eum propter esse, quoetiam carent aegrius : cujus 
adventu ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bel- 
5 lum venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intelli- 
gunt ac retardates. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, 
tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provinciarui 
socios, dignos existimetis quorum salutem tali viro com-i 
mendetis ; atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in provin-1 

10 ciam ejus modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut, etiam i 
si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbes \ 
sociorum non multum ab hostili expugnatione differant. 
Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident tantal 
temperantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut iij 

15 beatissimi esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime com- 
moratur. 

VI. Quare, si propter socios, nulla ipsi injuria lacessiti,] 
majores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippe, cum Aetolis,! 
cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit, 1 

20 injuriis provocates, sociorum salutem una cum imperii vestri 1 
dignitate defendere, praesertim quum de maximis vestris 
vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vecti- j 
gaUa, Quirites, tanta sunt, ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutan- 1 
das vix contenti esse possimus : Asia vero tam opima est J 

25 ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et] 
magnitudine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum, quae \ 
exportantur, facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec ; 
vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dig- 
nitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a i 

30 metu calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in ceteris rebus, : 
quum venit calamitas, turn detrimentum accipitur : at in 
vectigalibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse 
affert calamitatem. Nam quum hostium copiae non longe 
absunt, etiam si irruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecua relin- 

35 quuntur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio con- 
quiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque ex 



i 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 65 

! script ura vectigal conservari potest : quare saepe totius anni 
fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur. 

Quo tandem animo esse existimatis aut eos, qui vecti- 
galia nobis pensitant, aut eos, qui exercent atque exigunt, 
quum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter adsint ? quum 5 
una excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore totius anni vectigal 
auferre possit ? quum publicani familias maximas, quas in 
saltibus babent, quas in agris, quas in portubus atque cus- 
todiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur? Putatisne 
vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos, qui vobis fructui sunt, lo 
conservaritis, non solum, ut ante dixi, calamitate, sed etiam 
calamitatis formidine liberates ? 

Vn. Ac ne illud quidem vobis negligendum est, quod 
miM ego extremum proposueram, quum essem de belli 
genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Romanorum 15 
pertinet : quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, ha- 
benda est ratio diligent er. Nam et publicani, homines 
honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in 
illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et 
fortunae vobis curae esse debent ; etenim si vectigalia ner- 20 
vos esse rei pubHcae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, 
qui exercet ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse 
dicemus. 

Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque in- 
dustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absenti- 25 
bus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pe- 
cunias magnas coUocatas habent. Erit igitur humanitatis 
vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate pro- 
hibere, sapientiae videre, multorum civium calamitatem a 
re publica sejunctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud 80 
par\d refert, nos publicanis amissis vectigalia postea victoria 
recuperare ; neque enim iisdem redimendi facultas erit prop- 
ter calamitatem neque aliis voluntas propter timorem. 

Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- 
dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate 85 
docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, quum in Asia 



66 DE IMPEKIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae solutions 
impedita fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in civi- 
tate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum in 
eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo proliibete 
5 rem publicam, et mihi credite, id quod ipsi videtis : haec 
fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in 
foro versatur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et 
cohaeret. Ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labe- 
facta motu concidant. Quare videte num dubitandum vobis 

10 sit omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nomi- 
nis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae pluri- 
morum civium conjunctae cum re publica defendantur. 

VIII. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitu- 
dine pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc dici ; belli genus esse 

15 ita necessarium, ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum, ut 
sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est, ne 
forte ea vobis, quae diligentissime providenda sunt, coritem- 
nenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intelligant me L. 
Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sa- 

20 pienti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico ejus ad- 
ventu maxim as Mithridatis copias omnibus rebus ornatas 
atque instructas fuisse urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobis- 
que amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege 
maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam 

25 L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, consilio summis obsidionis 
periculis liberavit : ab eodem imperatore classem magnam 
et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio in- 
flammata raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam ; mag- 
nas hostium praeter^a copias multis proeliis esse deletas 

80 patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea 
populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ; Sinopen 
atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, 
omnibus rebus ornatas atque refertas, ceterasque urbes 
Ponti et Cappadociae permultas uno aditu adventuque esse 

85 captas ; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios 
se reges atque ad alias gentes suppUcem contulisse : atque 



DE IMPERIO CK POMPEII ORATIO. 67 

haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vecti- 
galibus esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, 
Quirites, ut hoc vos intelligatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic 
obtrectant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc 
loco esse laudatum. 5 

IX Requiretur fortasse nunc, quern ad modum, quum 
haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cog- 
noscite, Quirites ; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur. 
Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem 
Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam prae- 10 
dicant in fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens 
persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum coUectio dispersa mae- 
rorque patrius celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic 
Mithridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pul- 
cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus accepe- 15 
rat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia dineptas in suum 
regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit Haec dum 
nostri coUigunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effu- 
git. Ita ilium in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia 
tardavit. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Arme- 20 
nius, excepit diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit et afflic- 
tum erexit perditumque recreavit. Cujus in regnum postea- 
quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam gentes 
contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat enim 
metus injectus iis nationibus, quas nunquam populus Ro- 25 
manus neque lacessendas bello neque tentandas putavit. 
Erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae animos 
gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locupletissimi et re- 
ligiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nostrum esse exer- 
citum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo 30 
quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem ex- 
ercitus tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno ceperat et proeliis 
usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac 
desiderio suorum commovebatur. 

Hie jam plura non dicam ; fuit enim illud extremum, ut 35 
ex iis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis maturus quam 



68 DE IMPERIO CK POMPEII ORATIO. 

processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam 
manum jam coDfirmarat, eorum, qui se ex ejus regno college- 
rant, et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum regura et 
nationum juvabatur. Nam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepi- 
5 mus, ut regum afflictae fortunae facile multorum opes al- 
liciant ad misericordiam maximeque eorum, qui aut reges 
sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut iis nomen regale magnum et 
sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus efficere potu- 
it, quantum incolumis nunquam est ausus optare. Nam 

10 quum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, 
quod ei praeter spem acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus 
erat, terram unquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum, 
clarum atque victorem, impetum fecit. 

Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poet'ae solent, qui res 

15 Roman as scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae 
tanta fuit, ut eam ad aures imperatoris non ex proelio nun- 
tius, sed ex sermone rumor afferret. Hie in illo ipso malo 
gravissimaque belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua 
ex parte iis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro 

20 jussu coactus, quod imperii diuturnitati modum statuendum 
voter e exempio putavistis, partem militum, qui jam stipen- 
diis confectis erant, dimisit, partem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. 
Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos conjectura perspicite, 
quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod conjungant reges 

25 potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, suscipiant inte- 
grae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat vetere exer- 
citu pulso. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, quare 
esset hoc bellum gen ere ipso necessarium, magnitudine 
periculosum : restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deli- 

80 gendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. 

X. Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocen- 

tium copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio 

difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto 

bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero quum sit unus 

35 Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum, qui nunc 
sunt, gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtute su- 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 69 

peravit, quae res est quae cujusquam animum in hac causa 
dubium facere possit ? Ego enim sic existimo, in summo 
imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere : scientiam rei 
militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, f elicit atem. Quis igitur 
hoc homine scientior unquam aut fuit aut esse debuit ? qui 5 
e ludo atque pueritiae disciplinis, bello maximo atque acer- 
rimis hostibus, ad patris exercitum atque in militiae dis- 
ciplinam profectus est ; qui extrema pueritia miles in exer- 
citu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adolescentia maximi 
ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit 10 
quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella gessit 
quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii 
concupiverunt ; cujus adolescentia ad scientiam rei militaris 
non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperils, non offensionibus 
belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. 15 
Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non ex- 
ercuerit fortuna rei publicae ? Civile, Africanum, Trans- 
alpinum, Hispaniense, mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex 
bellicosissimis nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et 
diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab 20 
hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam rem esse declarant in 
usu positam militari, quae hujus yiri scientiam fugere 
possit. 

XL Jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par 
inveniri ? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum aut 25 
vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit afferre ? Neque 
enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae yulgo 
existimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, indus- 
tria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in pro- 
videndo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus 30 
reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non 
fuerunt. 

Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla hujus 
virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est 
Si cilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore 35 
belli, sed consilii celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, 



70 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum san- 
guine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus 
nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internicione patefactum 
est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos bostes 
5 ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum 
et saepius Italia, quae quum servili bello taetro periculoso- 
que premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit ; quod 
bellum exspectatione ejus attenuatum atque imminutum est, 
adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes nunc vero jam om- 

10 nes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique 
maria omnia, quum uni versa, tum in singulis oris omnes 
sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto mari locus per hos an- 
nos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset, aut 
tam fuit abditus, ut lateret ? Quis navigavit, qui non se 

15 aut mortis aut servitutis periculo committeret, quum aut 
hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret ? Hoc tantum 
bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum atque dis- 
persum, quis unquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus impera- 
toribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore con- 

20 fici posse ? Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus libe- 
ram per hosce annos ? quod vectigal vobis tutum fuit? 
quem socium defendistis ? cui praesidio classibus vestris 
fuistis ? Quam multas existimatis insulas esse desertas ? 
quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas 

25 urbes esse sociorum ? 

XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc 
quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a domo bel- 
lare et propugnaculis imperii sociorum fortunas, non sua 
tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hosce annos 

30 clausum fuisse dicam, quum exercitus vestri n unquam a 
Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui ad vos 
ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos querar, quum legati 
I)opuli Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non 
fuisse dicam, quum duodecim secures in praedonum potes- 

35 tatem pervenerint ? Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, 
nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque alias captas esse com-t 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 71 

memorem, quum yestros portus atque eos portus, quibus 
vitam et spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse potestate 
sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Cajetae celeberrimum 
ac plenissimura navium inspectante praetore a praedonibus 
esse direptum ? ex oVIiseno autem ejus ipsius liberos, qui 5 
cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus 
esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum at- 
que illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, quum 
prope inspectantibus vobis classis ea, cui consul populi Ro- 
mani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa 10 
est ? Pro dii immortales ! tantamne unius hominis incre- 
dibilis ac divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem afferre rei 
publicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum 
classem hostium videbatis, nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium 
praedonum navem esse audiatis ? Atque haec qua celeri- 15 
tate gesfca sint, quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo 
praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim unquam aut obeundi 
negotii aut consequendi quaestus studio tam bre^d tempore 
tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter 
Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit ? qui non- 20 
dum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam adiit, Afri- 
cam exploravit, in Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec 
tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis 
classibusque munivit. Inde quum se in Italiam recepisset, 
duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transalpina praesidiis ac navibus 25 
confirmata, missis item in oram IlljTici maris et in Achaiam 
omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae duo maria maximis 
classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse autem, 
ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam 
ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adjunxit : omnes, qui 30 
ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique sunt, 
partim unius hujus se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. 
Idem Cretensibus, quum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam lega- 
tes deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit 
obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, 35 
cam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac 



72 BE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme appa- 
ravit, ineunte vere snscepit, media aestate confecit. 

XIII. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus iinpera- 
toris. Quid ? ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare coepe- 
6 ram, quantae atque quam multae sunt ! Non enim bel- 
landi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore quae- 
renda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae hujus administrae 
comitesque virtutis. Ac primum quanta innocentia debent 
esse imperatores ! quanta deinde in omnibus rebus tempe- 

10 rantia ! quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, quan- 
ta humanitate ! Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio 
consideremus ; summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea 
magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosei 
atque intelligi possunt. 

15 Quem enim imperatorem possumus uUo in numero pu- 
tare, cujus in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? 
Quid hunc Lominem magnum aut amplum de re publica 
cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum 
administrandum aut propter cupiditatem provinciae magis- 

20 tratibus diviserit aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu 
reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnos- 
cere videamini, qui haec fecerint : ego autem nomino nemi- 
nem ; quare irasci mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se 
voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter banc avaritiam impera- 

25 torum quantas calamitates, quocumque ventum est, nostri 
exercitus ferant, quis ignorat? Itinera, quae per hosce 
annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum. 
nostri imperatores fecerint, recordamini : tum facilius statu- 
etis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. Utrura 

30 plures arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis 
hostium urbes an hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas ? 
Neque enim potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui 
se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in judicando, qui 
alios in se severos esse judices non \ailt, 

35 Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 
cujus legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo ma- 



DE IMPERIO CK. POMPEII ORATIO. ^3 

nus tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
pacato nocuisse dicatur. Jam vero quem ad modum milites 
hibernent, quotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur. Non 
modo ut sumptum faciat in militem nemini vis affertur, sed 
ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, 5 
non avaritiae perfugium majores nostri in sociorum atque 
amicorum tectis esse voluerunt, 

XIV. Age vero ceteris in rebus qua ille sit temperan- 
tia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam 
incredibilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enira ilium lo 
eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi 
aut venti aliqui novi tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertu- 
lerant, sed eae res, quae ceteros remorari solent, non retar- 
darunt : non avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam 
devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad 15 
delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non 
denique labor ipse ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas 
ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri 
tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem ex- 
istimavit. Itaque omnes nunc in iis locis Cn. Pompeium 20 
sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delap- 
sum intuentur ; nunc denique incipiunt credere, fuisse homi- 
nes Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod jam nation- 
ibus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videba- 
tur. Nunc imperii vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem 25 
afferre coepit ; nunc intelligunt non sine causa majores suos 
tum, quum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire 
populo Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. 

Jam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae 
querimoniae de aliorum injuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dig- 30 
nitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse videatur. 
Jam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et copia 
valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, vos, 
Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero 
ejus quantam inter socios existimari putatis, quam hostes 83 
omnes omnium generum sanctissimam judicarint ? Humani- 



74 DS IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

tate jam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit, utrum hostes magis 
virtutem ejus pugaantes tiinuerint an mansuetudinem victi 
dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tan turn bel- 
lum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella 
5 conficienda divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur ? 

XV. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis- 
trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemi- 
ni dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum 
possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminis- 

10 tranda, quid liostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris ex- 
istiment, quis ignorat, quum sciamus homines in tantis 
rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant, aut oderint aut 
ament, opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione 
certa commoveri? Quod igitur nomen unquam in orbe 

15 terrarum clarius fuit ? Cujus res gestae pares ? De quo 
homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tam 
praeclara judicia fecistis? An vero uUam usquam esse 
cram tam desertam putatis, quo non illius diei fama perva- 
serit, quum universus populus Rom anus referto foro com- 

20 pletisque omnibus templis, ex quibus hie locus conspici 
potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. 
Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? Itaque, ut plura non 
dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem, quantum auctori- 
tas valeat in bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum 

25 egregiarum exempla sumantur : qui quo die a vobis mariti- 
mo bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas 
annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae con- 
secuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in 
summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 

30 Jam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo vos 
paulo ante invitus admonui, quum socii pertimuissent, hos- 
tium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium 
provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad 
ipsum discrimen ejus temporis divinitus Cn. Pompeium ad 

85 eas regiones fortuna populi Romani attulisset. Hujus ad- 
ventus et Mithridatem insolita inflatum victoria continuit 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 75 

et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retard a vit. 
Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui 
tantum auctoritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio 
atque exercitu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui 
ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ? 5 

XYL Age vero ilia res quantam declarat ejusdem homi- 
nis apud hostes populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex 
locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis tarn brevi tempore 
omnes huic se uni dediderunt : quod Cretensium legati, 
quum in eorum insula noster imperator exercitusque esset, 10 
ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt eique 
se omnes Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt! 
Quid ? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pom- 
peium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit? eum quem 
Pompeius legatum semper judica\dt, ii, quibus erat moles- 15 
tum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam 
legatum judicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur jam constitu- 
ere, Quirites, banc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus ges- 
tis magnisque vestris judiciis amplificatam, quantum apud 
illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse 20 
existimetis. 

Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se ipso 
nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero possu- 
mus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, timide 
et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo : Maximo, Mar- 26 
cello, Scipioni, Mario et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non 
solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius 
imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. Fuit 
enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad ampli- 
tudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas di- 80 
vinitus adjuncta fortuna. De hujus autem hominis felici- 
tate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione dicendi, 
non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, 
sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, no 
?,ut invisa diis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse 35 
videatur. 



Y6 DE IMPERIO CK. POMPJSII ORATIO. 

Itaque non sum praedicaturus, quantas ille res domi mi- 
litiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut ejus 
semper voluntatibus non modo cives assenserint, socii ob- 
temperarint, hostes obedierint, sed etiam venti tempesta- 
5 tesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dicam, neminem 
unquam tam impudentem fuisse, qui ab diis immortalibus 
tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas dii 
immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi 
proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, quum communis salu- 

10 tis atque imperii, tum ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, 
velle et optare debetis. 

Quare quum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut negligi 
non possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime sit administran- 
dum, et quum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit 

15 eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctori- 
tas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum 
boni, quod vobis ab diis immortalibus oblatum et datum 
est, in rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam 
conferatis ? 

20 XYII. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset 
hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus 
atque mittendus. Nunc, quum ad ceteras summas utili- 
tates haec quoque opportunitas adjungatur, ut in iis ipsis 
locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab iis qui habent accipe- 

25 re statim possit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus 
diis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei 
publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium com- 
mittamus? 

At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, ves- 

80 tris beneficiis amplissimis affectus, Q. Catulus, itemque 
summis orn amen tis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingenii prae- 
ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt : quorum 
ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse 
et valere oportere confiteor, sed in hac causa, tametsi cog- 

35 noscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et 
clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ra- 



BE IMPEEIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 77 

tione exquirere possumus veritatem; atque hoc facilius, 
quod ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, iidem isti vera 
esse conceduiit, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum et 
in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 

Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tribuenda 5 
sint, unum dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum ta- 
men omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit jam ista oratio, 
re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, Q. 
Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari facultate 
dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, 10 
graviter ornateque dixisti, quum is de uno imperatore con- 
tra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc 
ipso loco permulta item contra eam legem verba fecisti. 
Quid? tum, per deos immortales, si plus apud populum 
Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Romani salus 15 
et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis 
terrae imperium teneremus? An tibi tum imperium hoc 
esse videbatur, quum populi Romani legati, quaestores 
praetoresque oapiebantur? quum ex omnibus provinciis 
commeatu et privato et publico prohibebamur ? quum ita 20 
clausa nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem 
transmarinam neque publicam jam obire possemus ? 

XVin. Quae civitas antea unquam fuit — non dico Athe- 
niensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuis se dicitur, 
non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac maritimis 25 
rebus valuerunt, non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram 
memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria remansit — quae civi- 
tas unquam antea tarn tenuis, quae tam parva insula fuit, 
quae non portus sues et agros et aliquam partem regionis 
atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule 30 
aliquot annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille populus 
Romanus, cujus usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invic- 
tum in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna ac multo maxi- 
ma parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperii 
caruit. Nos, quorum majores Antiochum regem classe Per- 35 
semque superarunt omnibusque navalibus pugnis Kartha- 



78 I>E IMPERIO CN. POMPEII OKATIO. 

ginienses, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissinios para- 
tissimosque, vicerunt, ii nuUo in loco jam praedonibus pares 
esse poteramus. Nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam 
habebamus, sed omnes socios in ultimis oris auctoritate nos- 

5 tri imperii salvos praestare poteramus, tum, quum insula 
Delos, tam procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo om- 
nes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, re- 
ferta divitiis, parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, iidem non 
modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus 

10 nostris, sed etiam Appia jam via carebamus. Et iis tem- 

poribus non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in hunc 

ipsum locum escendere, quum eum nobis majores nostri 

exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent. 

XIX. Bono te animo tum, Q. Hortensi, populus Ro- 

15 manus et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere exis- 
timavit ea quae sentiebatis ; sed tamen in salute communi 
idem populus Roraanus dolori suo maluit quam auctoritati 
vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus annus 
non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit, sed etiam 

20 eiFecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gentibus ac 
nationibus terra marique imperare. Quo mihi etiam indig- 
nius videtur obtrectatum esse adhuc, Gabinio dicam anne 
Pompeio an utrique, id quod est verius, ne legaretur A. 
Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, 

25 qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum quem velit, idoneus 
non est qui impetret, quum ceteri ad expilandos socios di- 
ripiendasque provincias quos voluerunt legates eduxerint ; 
an ipse, cujus lege salus ac dignitas populo Romano atque 
omnibus gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae 

30 ejus imperatoris atque ejus exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac 
periculo est consti tutus ? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, 
Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris 
causa nomino, quum tribuni plebis fuissent, anno proximo 
legati esse potuerunt ; in uno Gabinio sunt tam diligentes, 

35 qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia geritur, in hoc impera- 
tore atque exercitu, quem per vos ipse constituit, etiam 



DE DIPERIO ex. POMPEII ORATIO. 79 

praecipuo jure esse deberet ? De quo legando consules 
spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut grara- 
buntur, ego me profiteor relaturum, neque me impediet 
cujusquam iinmicum edictum, quo minus fretus vobis ves- 
tnim jus beneficiumque defendam, neque praeter interces- 5 
sionem quidquam audiam ; de qua, ut arbitror, isti ipsi, qui 
minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat considerabunt. 
Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabinius belli 
maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius adscribi- 
tur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum lo 
vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque con- 
fecit. 

XX. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen- 
tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui quum ex vobis quaere- 
ret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo 15 
factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, cepit magnum 
suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, qunm omnes una prope 
voce in ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis 
est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non 
et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere 20 
possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, 
quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, 
hoc magis res publica, dum per deos immortales licet, frui 
debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 

At enim ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta 25 
majorum. Non dicam hoc loco, majores nostros semper in 
pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati pariiisse, semper ad 
novos casus temporum novorum consiliorura rationes accom- 
modasse ; non dicam, duo bella maxima, Punicum atque 
Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta duasque urbes 30 
potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, 
Karthaginem atque Xumantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse 
deletas ; non commemorabo, nuper ita vobis patribusque 
vestris esse visum, ut in uno 0. Mario spes imperii ponere- 
tur, ut idem cum Jugurtha, idem cum Cimbris, idem cum 35 
Teutonis bellum administraret. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in 



80 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

quo novi constitui niliil vult Q. Catulus, quam multa sint 
nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate const! tuta recordamini. 

XXI. Quid tam novum quam adolescentulum privatum 
exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere ? Confecit. 

6 Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime dactu suo gerere ? 
Gessit. Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam liomini 
peradolescenti, cujus aetas a senatorio gradu longe abesset, 
imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti atque 
Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? Fuit 

10 in his provinciis singular! !nnocent!a, gravitate, v!rtute ; 
bellum in Africa maximum confecit, v!ctorem exercitum 
deportavit. Qu!d vero tam inauditum quam equitem Ro- 
manum triumphare ? At eam quoque rem populus Roma- 
nus non modo v!dit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam et 

15 concelebrandam putavit. Quid tam inusitatum quam, quima 
duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, ut eques Ro- 
manus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro con- 
sule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore quum 
esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret, non oportere mitti 

20 hominem privatum pro consule^ L. Philippus dixisse dici- 
tur, non se ilium sua sententia pro consule^ sed pro con- 
sulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae 
spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius ado- 
lescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tam singulare, quam 

25 ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret, 
quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset? 
quid tam incredibile, quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex 
senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in omnibus homini- 
bus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tam 

30 multa non sunt qilam haec, quae in hoc uno homine \ade- 
mus. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, profecta 
sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum 
ejusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. 

XXII. Quare vddeant, ne sit periniquum et non feren- 
35 dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompeii dignitate a vobis 

comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homi- 



DE IMPERIO CK. POMPEII ORATIO. 81 

ne judicium populique Romani auctoritatem improbari ; 
praesertira quum jam suo jure populus Romanus in hoc 
homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt 
possit defendere ; propterea quod iisdem istis reclamantibus 
vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis, quem bello prae- 5 
donum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere feeistis et rei 
publicae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis 
consiliis regere conantur ; sin autem vos plus tum in re 
publica vidistis, vos his repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos 
dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, 10 
aliquando isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani 
universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. 

Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris 
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quo- 
que virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Diffici- 15 
le est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum nationum 
ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste 
ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt pud ore ac 
temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse tales propter 
multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitratur. Dif- 20 
ficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus apud exteras 
nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum im- 
perio misimus, libidines et injurias. Quod enim fanum 
putatis in illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam 
civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam 25 
fuisse ? Urbes jam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, qui- 
bus causa belli propter diripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. 
TLibenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, sum- 
mis et clarissimis viris, disputarem ; noverunt enim sociorum 
vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. 30 
Pro sociis vos contra hoste s exercitum mittere putatis, an 
hostium simulatione contra socios atque amicos ? Quae 
civitas est in Asia, quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, 
sed unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit ? 

XXni. Quare etiam si quem habetis, qui collatis signis 35 
exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen, nisi erit 



82 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 

idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum conjugibus 
ac liberis, qui ab oniamentis fanorum atque oppidorurn, qui 
ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere pos- 
sit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque 
5 mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse, quae 
locuples sit ? ecquam esse locupletem, quae istis pacata 
esse videatur ? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non 
solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi 
continentiam requisivit. Yidebat enim praetores locuple- 

10 tari quotannis pecunia publica praeter paucos, neque eos 
quidquam aliud assequi classium nomine, nisi ut detrimentis 
accipiendis majore affici turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua 
cupiditate homines in provincias et quibus jacturis, quibus 
condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad 

15 unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ; quasi vero 
Cn. Pompeium non quum suis virtutibus, tum etiam alienis 
vitiis magnum esse videamus. Quare nolite dubitare quin 
huic uni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus inventus 
sit, quem socii in urbes suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. 

20 Quod si auctoritatibus banc causam, Quirites, confirman- 
dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi- 
marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cujus tantae res 
gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut, quum de bello delibe- 
retis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat ; est C. Curio, 

25 summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo 
ingenio et prudentia praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo 
omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consilium, 
summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, in- 
tegritate, virtute, constantia singulari. Quare videte, ho- 

30 rumne auctoritatibus illorum oration i, qui dissentiunt, re- 
spondere posse videamur. 

XXI Y. Quae quum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam 
tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehe- 
mentissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore popu 

35 lo Pomano maneas in sententia neve cujusquam vim aui 
minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perseve- 



DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. g3 

rantiaeque arbitror ; deinde quum tantam multitudinera cum 
tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc in 
eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut de 
re aut de perliciendi facultate dubitemus ? Ego autem, 
quidquid est in me studii, consilii, laboris, ingenii, quidquid 5 
hoc beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoria, 
quidquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad 
banc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac 
defero ; tes torque omnes deos et eos maxime, qui buic loco 
temploque praesident, qui omnium mentes eorum qui ad 10 
rem publicam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque 
rogatu facere cujusquam, neque quo Cn, Pompeii gratiam 
mihi per banc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mibi ex 
cujusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adju- 
menta bonoribus quaeram ; propterea quod pericula facile, 15 
ut homine m praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, 
honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem 
411a nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas 
feret, consequemur. 

Quam ob rem, quidquid in hac causa mihi susceptum 20 
est, Quirites, id omne ego me rei publicae causa suscepisse 
confirmo, tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam 
quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim 
obscuras, partim apertas intelligam, mihi non necessarias, 
vobis non inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore prae- 25 
ditum, tantis vestris beneficiis affectum statui, Quirites, ves- 
tram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et salutem pro- 
vinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus commodis et ra- 
tionibus praeferre oportere. 



\ 



M. TULLII CICERONIS 

PEO 

M. MARCELLO 

OEATIO AD CAESAEEM. 



I. DiUTURNi silentii, patres conscripti, quo eram his tem- 
poribus usus, non timore aliquo, sed partim dolore, partim 
verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit, idemque initium 
quae vellem quaeque sentirem meo pristine more dicendi. 
5 Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusitatam inauditamque 
clementiam, tantum in summa potestate rerum omnium mo- 
dum, tarn denique incredibilem sapientiam ac paene divi- 
nam tacitus nullo modo praeterire possum. M. enim Mar- 
cello vobis, patres conscripti, reique publicae reddito, non 

10 solum illius, sed meam etiam vocem et auctoritatem et vo- 
bis et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam puto. 

Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et vehementer ange- 
bar virum talem, quum in eadem causa, in qua ego, fuisset, 
non in eadem esse fortuna ; nee mihi persuadere poteram 

15 nee fas esse ducebam versari me in nostro veteri cmriculo, 
illo aemulo atque imitatore studiorum ac laborum meorum 
quasi quodam socio a me et comite distracto. Ergo et mihi 
meae pristinae vitae consuetudinem, C. Caesar, interclusam 
aperuisti et his omnibus ad bene de omni re publica spe- 

20 randum, quasi signum aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est 
enim mihi quidem in multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 85 

ante omnibus, quum M. Marcellum senatui populoque Ro- 
mano concessistij commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, 
te auctoritatem hujus ordinis dignitatemque rei publicae 
tuis vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. 

lUe quidem fructum omnis ante actae vitae liodierno die 5 
maximum cepit, quum summo consensu senatus, tum ju- 
dicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex quo profecto intelli- 
gis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, quum in accepto tanta 
sit gloria. Est vero fortunatus ille, cujus ex salute non 
minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum ventura sit, laetitia 10 
pervenerit. Quod quidem ei merito atque optimo jure 
contigit, Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut probitate 
aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo gen ere 
laudis praestantior ? 

II. NuUius tantum flumen est ingenii, nuUius dicendi 15 
aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam exor- 
nare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. Ta- 
men affirmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his esse lau- 
dem ampliorem quam eam quam hodierno die consecutus 
es. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris 20 
usurpare sermonibus, omnes nostrorum imperatorum, omnes 
exterarum gentium potentissimorumque populorum, omnes 
clarissimorum regum res gestas cum tuis nee contentionum 
magnitudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum 
nee celeritate conficiendi nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse 25 
conferri ; nee vero disjunctissimas terras citius passibus 
cujusquam potuisse peragrari, quam tuis non dicam cursi- 
bus, sed victoriis lust.ratae sunt. 

Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix 

cujusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens sim ; 30 

sed tamen sunt alia majora. Nam bellicas laudes solent 

quidam extenuare verbis easque detrahere ducibus, com- 

municare cum multis, ne propriae sint imperatorum. Et 

certe in armis militum virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia 

sociorum, classes, commeatus multum juvant ; maximam 35 

vero partem quasi suo jure fortuna sibi vindicat ; et quid- 
5 



8.6 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 

quid prospere gestum est, id paene omne ducit suum. At 
vero hujus gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante adeptus, 
socium habes neminem. Totum hoc, quantumcumque est, 
quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, tuum. Nihil 
5 sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, nihil cohors, 
nihil turma decerpit. Quin etiam ilia ipsa rerum humana- 
rum domina, Fortuna, in istius se societatem gloriae non 
offert, tibi cedit, tuam esse totam et propriam fatetur, 
Nunquam enim temeritas cum sapientia commiscetur, nee 

10 ad consilium casus admittitur. 

m. Domuisti gentes immanitate barbaras, multitudine 
innumerabiles, locis infinitas, omni copiarum genere abun- 
dantes ; sed tamen ea vicisti, quae naturam et condicionem, 
ut vinci possent, habebant : nulla est enim tanta vis, quae 

15 non ferro ac viribus debilitari frangique possit. Animum 
vincere, iracundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare, adversa- 
rium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem non modo ex- 
tollere jacentem, sed etiam amplificare ejus pristinam dig- 
nitatem ; haec qui faciat, non ego eum cum suramis viris 

20 comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. 

Itaque, C Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur 
illae quidem non solum nostris, sed paene omnium gentium 
litteris atque Unguis ; nee ulla unquam aetas de tuis laudi- 
bus conticescet ; sed tamen ejus modi res nescio quo modo, 

25 etiam quum leguntur, obstrepi clam ore militum videntur et 
tubarum sono. At vero quum aliquid clementer, mansuete, 
juste, moderate, sapienter factum, in iracundia j)raesertim, 
quae est inimica consilio, et in victoria, quae natura inso- 
lens et superba est, audimus aut legimus, quo studio incen- 

30 dimur, non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in flctis, ut eos 
saepe, quos nunquam vidimus, diligamus ! Te vero, quem 
praesentem intuemur, cujus mentem sensusque et os cerni- 
mus, ut quidquid belli fortuna reliquum rei publicae fecerit, 
id esse salvum velis, quibus laudibus eiferemus ? quibus 

85 studiis prosequemur ? qua benevolentia complectemur ? 
Parietes, medius fidius, ut mihi videntur, hujus curiae tibi 



PRO M. MAKCELLO ORATIO. 87 

gratias agere gestiunt, quod brevi tempore futiira sit ilia 
auctoritas in his majorum suonun et suis sedibus. 

rV^. Equidem quum C. Marcelli, viri optimi et commemo- 
rabili pietate praediti, lacrimas modo yobiscum viderem, 
omnium Marcellorum memn pectus memoria obfudit ; qui- 5 
bus tu etiam mortuis M. Marcello eonservato dignitatem 
suam reddidisti, nobilissimamque familiam jam ad paucos 
redactam paene ab interitu vindicasti. Hunc tu igitur diem 
tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratulationibus jure ante- 
pones, Haec enim res unius est propria Caesaris ; ceterae 10 
duce te gestae magnae iUae quidem, sed tamen multo mag- 
noque comitatu. Hujus autem rei tu idem et dux es et 
comes ; quae quidem tanta est, ut tropaeis monumentisque 
tuis allatura finem sit aetas — nihil est enim opere aut manu 
factum, quod non aliquando conficiat et consumat vetustas 15 
— at haec tua justitia et lenitas animi florescet quotidie 
magis, ita ut, quantum operibus tuis diutumitas detrahet, 
tantum aflPerat laudibus. Et C€teros quidem omnes yictores 
bellorum civilium jam ante aequitate et misericordia viceras : 
hodierno vero die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc quod 20 
dicam perinde intelligi possit auditum atque ipse cogitans 
sentio. Ipsam yictoriam vicisse rideris, quum ea quae ilia 
erat adepta victis remisisti. Nam quimi ipsius victoriae 
condicione jure omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae 
judicio conserrati sumus. Recte igitur unus invictus es, a 25 
quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est. 

Y, Atque hoc C. Caesaris judiciimi, patres conscidpti, 
quam late pateat, attendite : omnes enim, qui ad ilia arma 
£ato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero funestoque com- 
pulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur erroris humani, a scelere 30 
certe liberati sumus. Nam quum ]M. ^larcellum deprecan- 
tibus vobis rei publicae conserravit, me et mihi et item rei 
publicae nuUo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos viros et 
sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quoriun et frequentiam et dig- 
nitatem hoc ipso in consessu videtis, non iUe hostes induxit 35 
in ciu^iam, sed judicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius et 



88 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 

falso atque inani metu quam cupiditate aut crudelitate hel- 
ium esse susceptum. Quo quidem in bello semper de pace 
audiendum putavi, semperque dolui non modo pacem, sed 
orationem etiam civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Ne- 
5 que enim ego ilia nee ulla unquam secutus sum arma ci- 
vilia, semperque mea consilia pacis et togae socia, non belli 
atque armorum fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus privato 
officio, non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis 
memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe 

10 quidem prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem 
voluntarium. 

Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum fuit. 
Nam et in hoc ordine integra re multa de pace dixi, et in 
ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo sensi. Ex 

15 quo jam nemo erit tam injustus rerum existimator, q\ii du- 
bitet quae Caesaris voluntas de bello fuerit, quum pacis 
auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit iratior, 
Atque id minus mirum fortasse turn, quum esset incertus 
exitus et anceps fortuna belli: qui vero victor pacis auc- 

20 tores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse non dimicare 
quam vincere. 

VI. Atque hujus quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis. 
Nostri enim sensus, ut in pace semper, sic tum etiam in 
bello congruebant. Quoties ego eum et quanto cum dolore 

25 vidi, quum insolentiam certorum hominum tum etiam ipsius 
victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! Quo gratior tua 
liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. 
Non enim jam causae sunt inter se, sed victoriae comparan- 
dae. Vidimus tuam victoriam praeliorum exitu termina- 

30 tam : gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus, Quos 
amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit, non ir? victoriae ; 
ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin multos, si fieri posset, C. 
Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie conser- 
vat quos potest. Alterius vero partis, nihil amplius dicam 

35 quam id quod omnes verebamur, nimis iracundam futtiram 
fuisse victoriam. Quidam enim non modo armatis, sed in- 



/ 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 89 

terdum etiam otiosis minabantur, nee quid quisque sensis- 
set, sed ubi fuisset, cogitandum esse dicebant ; ut mihi qui- 
dem videantur dii immortales, etiam si poenas a populo 
Romano ob aliquod delictum expetiverunt, qui civile bellum 
tantum et tam luctuosum excitaverunt, vel placati jam vel 5 
satiati aliquando, omnem spem salutis ad clementiam vic- 
toris et sapientiam contulisse. ' m/ 

Quare gaude tuo isto tam excellenti bono, et fruere '' 
quum fortuna et gloria, tum etiam natura et moribus tuis ; 
ex quo quidem maximus est fructus jucunditasque sapienti. 10 
Cetera quum tua recordabere, etsi persaepe virtuti, tamen 
plerumque felicitati tuae gratulabere. De nobis, quos in 
re publica tecum simul salvos esse voluisti, quoties cogita- 
bis, toties de maximis tuis beneficiis, toties de incredibili 
liberalitate, toties de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis ; 15 
quae non modo summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola 
dicere. Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in 
magnitudine animi et consilii dignitas, ut haec a virtute 
donata, cetera a fortuna commodata esse videantur. Noli 
igitur in conservandis bonis viris defatigari, non cupiditate 20 
praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lapsis, sed opinione officii 
stulta fortasse, certe non improba, et specie quadam rei 
publicae ; non enim tua ulla culpa est, si te aliqui timue- 
runt, contraque summa laiis, quod minime timendum fuisse 
senserunt. 25 

VIT. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querelam et atrocissi- 
mam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam 
quum omnibus civibus, tum maxime nobis, qui a te conser- 
vati sumus, providenda est : quam etsi spero esse falsam, 
nunquam tamen extenuabo. Tua enim cautio nostra cautio 30 
est ; ut, si in alterutro peccandum sit, malim videri nimis 
timidus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tam 
demens ? De tuisne ? tametsi qui magis sunt tui quam 
quibus tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? an ex eo nume- 
ro qui una tecum fuerunt ? Non est credibilis tantus in 35 
ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, hujus 



90 P^O M.'TMARCELLO ORATIO. 

vitam non anteponat suae. An si tui nihil cogitant sceleris, 
cavendum est, ne quid inimici ? Qui ? Omnes enim, qui 
fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vitam amiserunt aut tua miseri- 
cordia retinuerunt, ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis, aut 
5 qui superfuerunt sint amicissimi. 

Sed tamen quum in animis hominum tantae latebrae 
sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane suspicionem tuam : 
simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium 
tam ignarus rerum, tam rudis in re publica, tam nihil un- 

10 quam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui non 
intelligat tua salute contineri suam, et ex unius tua vita 
pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies noctesque, ut de- 
beo, cogitans, casus dumtaxat humanos et incertos eventus 
vaietudinis et naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco, 

15 doleoque, quum res publica immortalis esse debeat, eam in 
unius mortalis anima consistere. Si vero ad humanos ca- 
sus incertosque eventus vaietudinis, sceleris etiam acce- 
dat insidiarumque consensio, quem deum, si cupiat, posse 
opitulari rei publicae credamus ? 

20 VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae 
jacere sentis belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, perculsa 
atque prostrata ; constituenda judicia, revocanda fides, com- 
primendae libidines, propaganda suboles, omnia, quae di- 
lapsa jam diffluxerunt, severis legibus vincienda sunt. Non 

25 fuit recusandum in tanto civili bello tantoque animorum 
ardore et armorum, quin quassata res publioa, quicumque 
belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et omamenta dignita- 
tis et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque dux face- 
ret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. Quae 

30 quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sana^ la sunt, quibus 
praeter te mederi nemo potest. 

Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimar.i et sapientissimam 
vocem invitus audivi : " Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel glo- 
riae." Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae ; addo etiam, si 

35 placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. 
Quare omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum hominum in contem- 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 91 

nenda morte prudentiam : noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. 
Saepe enim venit ad aures meas, te idem istud nimis crebro 
dicere, tibi satis te yixisse. Credo, sed turn id audirem, si 
tibi soli vi veres aut si tibi etiam soli natus essesi ; • Omnium 
salutem civium cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae 5 
complexae sunt ; tantum abes a perfectione maximorum 
operum, ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas jeceris. Hie 
tu modum vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequitate 
animi definies ? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae quidem satis 
est ? cujus te esse avidissimum, quamvis sis sapiens, non 10 
negabis. 

Parumne igitur, inquies, gloriam magnam relinquemus ? 
Immo vero aliis quamvis multis satis ; tibi uni parum. 
Quidquid est enim, quam^ds amplum sit, id est parum turn, 
quum est aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum immor- 15 
talium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut devictis adver- 
sariis rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres, in quo nunc est, 
vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis plus sit babi- 
tura quam gloriae ; si quidem gloria est illu&tris ac per- 
yagata magnorum vel in suos vel in patriam vel in omne 20 
genus liominum fama meritorum. 

IX. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est, hie restat actus, in 
hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam constituas, eaque tu 
in primis cum summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare : tum 
te^ si voles, quima et patriae quod debes solveris et naturam 25 
ipsam expleveris satietate vivendi, satis diu vixisse dicito. 
Quid est enim hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum ? 
quod quum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, 
quia postea nulla est fiitura. Quaraquam iste tuus animus . 
nunquam his angustiis, quas natiu^ nobis ad \dvendum 30 
dedit, contentus fuIt, semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. 

Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae corpore et 
spii'itu continetur. Ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae 
vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, 
quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu insm^as, 35 
huic te ostentes oportet ; quae quidem quae mir^tur jam 



92 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 

pridem multa habet, nunc etiam quae laudet exspectat. 
Obstupescent poster! certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, 
Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles vic- 
torias, monumenta, munera, triumphos audientes et legen- 
5 tes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabiKta tuis consiliis et in- 
stitutis erit, vagabitur mode nomen tuym longe atque late, 
sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. Erit 
inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter nos fuit, magna 
dissensio, quum alii laudibus ad caelum res tuas gestas effe- 

10 rent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, idque vel maximum, 
nisi belli civilis incendium salute patriae restinxeris, ut illud 
fati fuisse videatur, hoc consilii. Servi igitur iis etiam ju- 
dicibus, qui multis post saeculis de te judicabunt, et quidem 
baud scio an incorruptius quam nos ; nam et sine amore et 

15 sine cupiditate, et rursus sine odio et sine invidia judica- 
bunt. Id autem etiam si tum ad te, ut quidam falso putant, 
non pertinebit ; nunc certe pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas 
laudes obscuratura nulla unquam sit oblivio,,*^ 

X. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt distractaeque 

20 sententiae ; non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis 
etiam et castris dissidebamus. Erat autem obscuritas quae- 
dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces : multi dubita- 
bant quid optimum esset ; multi quid sibi expediret ; multi 
quid deceret ; nonnulli etiam quid liceret. Perfuncta res 

25 publica est hoc misero fatalique bello : vicit is, qui non for- 
tuna inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate leniret ; neo 
qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem etiam exsilio aut 
morte dignos judicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erep- 
ta sunt. Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui armor um pericu- 

80 lo liberatus animura tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam ille 
melior sit, qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa animara profudit. 
Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadera aliis constantia 
videri potest. Sed jam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, et 
exstincta aequitate victoris : restat ut omnes unum velint, 

35 qui modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam 
sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia qua 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 93 

quum antea, turn hodie vel maxime usus es, manente, salvi 
esse non possumus. Quare omnes te, qui haec salva esse 
volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus, ut vitae tuae et salu- 
ti consulas, omnesque tibi, ut pro aliis etiam loquar quod 
de me ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putas quod 5 
cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custodias, sed etiam 
laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur. 

XI. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur oratio, 
maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, majores 
etiam habemus. ^ Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex omni- 10 
um precibus et lacrimis sentire potuisti ; sed quia non est 
omnibus stantibus necesse dicere, a me certe dici Yolunt, 
cui necesse est quodam modo ; et quod fieri decet M. Mar- 
cello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et rei publicae 
reddito, fieri id intelligo ; nam laetari omnes non de unius 15 
solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentio. Quod autem 
summae benevolentiae est — quae mea erga ilium omnibus 
semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et amantissimo 
fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem nemini — quum id sollici- 
tudine, cura, labore tam diu praestiterira, quam diu est de 20 
illius salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore magnis curis, 
molestiis, doloribus liberatus praestare debeo. Itaque, C. 
Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus a te non 
conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in me 
mium innumerabilia merita, quod fieri jam posse non arbi- 25 
trabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus accesserit. 



P i 



M. TULLII CICERONIS 

PEO 



QUIl^TO LIGARIO 

OEATIO AD CAESAEEM. 



-> I. Novum crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non 
auditum propinquus mens ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Liga- 
rium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, praestanti vir inge- 
nio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea, quae est ei tecmn, ausus 
5 est confiteri : itaque quo me vertam nescio. Paratus enim 
veneram, quum tu id neque per te scires neque audire ali- 
unde potuisses, ut ignoratione tua ad hominis miseri salu- 
tem abuterer. Sed quoniam diligentia inimici investigatum 
est quod latebat, confitendum est, ut opinor, praesertim 

10 quum mens necessarius C. Pansa fecerit ut id integrum jam 
non esset, omissaque controversia omnis oratio ad miseri- 
cordiam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt conservati, 
quum a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam impe- 
travissent. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod est acciisatori maxi- 

15 me optandum, confitentem reum, sed tamen hoc confiten- 
tem, se in ea parte fuisse, qua te, qua virum omni laude 
dignum, patrem tuum. Itaque prius de vestro delicto con- 
fiteamini necesse est, quam Ligarii ullam culpam reprehen- 
datis. 

20 Q. enim Ligarius, quum esset nulla belli suspicio, lega- 
tus in Africam cum C. Oonsidio profectus est ; qua in lega- 
tione et civibus et sociis itaise probavit, ut decedens Con- 



PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 95 

sidius provincia satis facere hominibus non posset, si quem- 
quam alium provinciae praefecisset. Itaque Ligarius, quum 
diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam accepit invitus, 
cui sic praefuit in pace, ut et civibus et sociis gratissima 
esset ejus integritas ac fides. Bellum subito exarsit, quod 5 
qui erant in Africa ante audierunt geri quam parari. Quo 
audito partim cupiditate inconsiderata, partim caeco quo* 
dam timore, primo salutis, post etiam studii sui quaerebant 
aliquem ducem, quum Ligarius domum spectans, ad suos 
redire cupiens, nullo se implicari negotio passus est. Inte- 10 
rim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Africam obtinuerat, Uti- 
cam venit. Ad eum statim concursum est. Atque ille non 
mediocri cupiditate arripuit imperium, si illud imperium 
esse potuit, quod ad privatum clamore multitudinis impe- 
ritae, nullo publico consilio deferebatur. Itaque Ligarius, 15 
qui omne tale negotium cuperet e£Pugere, pauium adventu 
Vari conquievit. 

II. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpa vacat. 
Domo est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne ad 
minimam quidem suspicionem belli ; legatus in pace pro- 20 
fectus in provincia pacatissima ita se gessit, ut ei pacem 
esse expediret. Profectio certe animum tuum non debet 
offendere. Num igitur remansio ? Multo minus ; nam pro- 
fectio voluntatem habuit non turpem, remansio necessitatem 
etiam honestam. Ergo liaec duo tempera carent crimine ; 25 
unum, quum est legatus profectus, alterum, quum efflagita- 
tus a provincia praepositus Africae est. Tertium tempus 
est, quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit, quod si est 
criminosum^ necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis. An 
ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae quam Romae, 30 
cum P. Attio quam cum concordissimis fratribus, cum alie- 
nis esse quam cum suis maluisset? Quum ipsa legatio 
plena desiderii ac soUicitudinis fuisset propter incredibilem 
quondam fratrum amorem, hie aequo animo esse potuit, 
belli discidio distractus a fratribus ? 35 

Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligario signum 



96 Pi^O Q. LIGARIO RATIO. 

alienae a te voluntatis : cujus ego causam animaclverte, 
quaeso, qua fide defendam : prodo meam. O clementiam 
admirabilem atque omnium laude, praedicatione, litteris 
monumentisque decorandam ! Quum M, Cicero apud te 
5 defendit, alium in ea voluntate non fuisse, in qua se ipsum 
confitetur fuisse, nee tuas tacitas cogitationes extimescit, 
nee, quid tibi de alio audienti de se ipso occurrat, reformi- 
dat. 

III. Vide, quam non reformidem ; vide, quanta lux 

10 liberalitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dicenti oboria- 
tur. Quantum potero, voce contendam, ut populus hoc 
Eomanus exaudiat : Suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam ex 
parte magna, nulla vi coactus, judicio ac voluntate ad ea 
arma profectus sum, quae erant sumpta contra te. Apud 

15 quern igitur hoc dico ? Nempe apud eum, qui quum hoc 
sciret, tamen me, antequam vidit, rei publicae reddidit ; 
qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit, ut essem idem qui 
fuissem ; qui, quum ipse imperator in toto imperio populi 
Romani unus esset, esse me alterum passus est ; a quo, hoc 

20 ipso C. Pansa mihi nuntium perferente, concessos fasces 
laureatos tenui, quoad tenendos putavi ; qui mihi tum deni- 
que se salutem putavit dare, si earn nuUis spoliatam orna- 
mentis dedisset. 

Vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut, qui de meo facto non dubi- 

25 tern, de Ligarii non audeam confiteri. Atque haec prop- 
terea de me dixi, ut mihi Tubero, quurn de se eadem dice- 
rem, ignosceret : cujus ego industriae gloriaeque faveo vel 
propter propinquam cognationem, vel quod ejus ingenio 
studiisque delector, vel quod laudem adolescentis propinqui 

30 existimo etiam ad meum aliquem fructura redundare. Sed 
ho^ quaero : Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in Africa ? Nem- 
pe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse voluit et prohibitum 
se a Ligario queritur et certe contra ipsum Caesjirem est 
congressus armatus. Quid enim tuus illc, Tubero, destric- 

35 tus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ? cujus latus ille mu- 
cro petcbat ? ^ui sensus erat armorum tuorum ? quae tua 



PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 97 

mens, oculi, manuSj ardor animi ? Quid cupiebas ? quid 
optabas ? Nimis urgeo, commoveri videtur adolescens — ad 
me revertar. lisdem in armis fui* 

IV. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut, qi^gd bic 
potest, nos possemus ? Quorum igitur impunitas, Caesar, 5 
tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad crudelitatem 
te acuet oratio? Atque in hac causa nonnihil equidem, 
Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis patris tui priidentiam 
desidero, quod homo quura ingenio tum etiam doctrina ex- 
cellens, genus hoc causae quod esset, non viderit ; nam si 10 "4 
vidisset, quovis profecto quam isto modo a te agi maluisset. 

Arguis fatentem ; non est satis : accusas eum, qui cau- \ 
sam habet aut, ut ego dico, meliorem quam tu, aut, ut tu | 
vis, parem. Haec admirabilia, sed prodigii simile est quod 
dicam. Non habet eam vim ista accusatio, ut Q. Ligarius 15 
condemnetur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit civis Romanus 
ante te nemo : externi isti mores, usque ad sanguinem in- 
citari odio, aut levium Graecorum' aut immanium barbaro- 
rum. Nam quid agis aliud ? Romae ne sit ? ut domo ca- ? 
reat ? ne cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho 20 
avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum 
vivat ? ne sit in patria ? Num est ? luim potest magis 
carere his omnibus quam caret? Italia prohibetur, exsu- 
lat. Non tu ergo hunc patria privare, qua caret, sed vita j 
vis. At istud ne apud eum quidem dictatorem, qui omnes 25 
quos oderat morte multabat, quisquam egit isto modo. 
Ipse jubebat occidi nullo postulante, praemiis etiam invita- 
bat ; quae tamen crudelitas ab hoc eodem aliquot annis 
post, quem tu nunc crudelem esse \ds, vindicata est. 

y. Ego vero istud non postulo, inquies. Ita meher- 30 
cule existimo, Tubero; novi enim te, novi patrem, novi 
domum noraenque vestrum ; studia generis ac familiae ves- 
trae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium 
atque optimarum nota mihi sunt omnia. Itaque certo scio 
vos non petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis ; res enim 35 
eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Q. Ligarius est, non 



98 PI^O Q. LIGARIO OEATIO. 

videamini esse contenti. Quae est igitur alia praeter mor« 
tern ? Si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, quid amplius postu- 
latis? Anne ignoscatur? Hoc vero multo acerbius mul- 
toque est durius. Quod nos petimus precibus, lacrimis, 
6 strati ad pedes, non tarn nostrae causae fidentes quam hujus 
humanitati, id ne impetremus oppugnabis et in nostrum 
fletum irrumpes et nos jacentes ad pedes supplicum voce 
probibebis ? Si, quum hoc domi faceremus, quod et feci- 
mus et, ut spero, non frustra fecimus, tu repente irruisses 

10 et clamare coepisses : " Caesar, cave ignoscas, cave te fra- 
trum pro fratris salute obsecrantium misereat," nonne om- 
nem humanitatem exuisses ? Quanto hoc durius, quod nos 
domi petimus, id te in foro oppugnare et in tali miseria 
multorum perfugium misericordiae toUere ! 

16 Dicam plane, Caesar, quod sentio. Si in hac tanta tua 
fortuna lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per te, in- 
quam, obtines — intelligo quid loquar — acerbissimo luctu 
redundaret ista victoria. Quam multi enim esseht de vic- 
toribus, qui te crudelem esse vellent, quum etiam de victis 

20 reperiantur ! quam multi, qui quum a te ignosci nemini vel- 
lent, impedirent clementiam tuam, quum etiam hi, quibus 
ipse ignovisti, nc^int te esse in alios misericord em ! Quod 
si probare Caesari possemus, in Africa Ligarium omnino 
non fuisse, si honesto et misericordi mendacio saluti civi 

25 calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen hominis non esset in tanto 
discrimine et periculo civis refellere et redarguere nostrum 
mendacium, et, si esset alicujus, ejus certe non esset, qui 
in eadem causa et fortuna fuisset^ Sed tamen aliud est 
errare Caesarem nolle, aliud nolle misereri. Tunc diceres : 

30 "Caesar, cave credas; fuit in Africa, tulit arma contra te." 

Nunc quid dicis ? "Cave ignoscas." Haeo nee hominis 

nee ad hominem vox est, qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, 

suam citius abjiciet humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam. 

VI. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec, ut 

35 opinor, fuit, velle se de Q, Ligarii sceiere dicere. Non du- 
bito quin admiratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio, vel quod is, 



PKO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 99 

qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novi afferret. Sce- 
lus tu illud vocas, Tubero ? Cur ? Isto enim nomine ilia 
adhuc causa caruit. Alii errorem appellant, alii timorem ; 
qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam ; qui 
gravissime, temeritatem ; scelus praeter te adhuc nemo. 5 
Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et verum nomen nostri mall 
quaeritur, fatalis quaedam calamitas incidisse videtur et 
improvidas hominum mentes occupavisse, ut nemo mirari 
debeat humana consilia divina necessitate esse superata. 
Liceat esse miseros ; quamquam hoc victore esse non possu- 10 
mus, sed non loquor de nobis, de illis loquor, qui occiderunt. 
Fuerint cupidi, fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces, sceleris vero 
crimine, furoris, parricidii liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat 
mult is aliis carere. Quando hoc quisquam ex te, Caesar, 
atidivit, aut tua quid aliud arma voluerunt nisi a te con- 15 
tumeliam propulsare ? Quid egit tuus invictus exerp^us, 
nisi ut suum jus tueretur et dignitatem tuam? Quid.|.rtu 
quum pacem esse cupiebas, idne agebas ut tibi cum scele- 
ratis, an ut cum bonis civibus conveniret ? 

Mihi vero, Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta certe 20 
non viderentur, si me ut sceleratum a te conservatum puta- 
rem. Quo modo autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, 
quum tot sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses ? Se- 
cessionem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum, 
neque hostile odium, sed civile discidium, utrisque cupien- 25 
tibus rem publicam salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim 
studiis a coramuni utilitate aberrantibus. Principum dig- 
nitas erat paene par, non par fortasse eorum, qui sequeban- 
tur ; causa turn dubia, quod erat aliquid in utraque parte, 
quod probari posset ; nunc melior ea judicanda est, quam 30 
etiam dii adjuverunt. Cognita vero dementia tua quis non 
eam vi 'toriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus ? 

Vn. Sed, ut omittam coramunem causam, veniamus ad • 
nostram. Utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, Tubero, 
Ligarium ex Africa exire an vos in Africam non venire ? 35 
*' Poteramnsne," inquies, ^^ quum senatus censuisset ? " Si 



100 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 

me consulis, nullo modo ; sed tamen Ligarium senatus idem 
legaverat. Atque ille eo tempore ^aruit, quum parere 
senatui necesse erat : vos tunc paruistis, quum paruit nemo 
qui noluit. Reprehendo igitur ? Minime vero ; neque 
5 enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiae, disciplinae. 
Sed hoc non concedo, ut, quibus rebus gloriemini in vobis, 
easdem in aliis repreliendatis. Tuberonis sors conjecta est 
ex senatus consulto, quum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam 

■^ impediretur ; statuerat excusare. Haec ego novi propter 

10 omnes necessitudines, quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone : 
domi una eruditi, militiae contubernales, post affines, in 
omni denique vita familiares ; magnum etiam vinculum, 
quod iisdem studiis semper usi sumus, Scio igitur Tubero- 
nem domi manere voluisse ; sed ita quidam agebat, ita rei 

15 publicae sanctissimum nomen opponebat, ut, etiam si aliter 
sentiret, verborum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere non 
posset. Cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri vel potius paruit. 
Una est profectus cum iis, quorum erat una causa. Tar- 
dius iter fecit, itaque in Africam venit jam occupatam. 

20 Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur vel ira potius. Nam si cri- 
men est voluisse, non minus magnum est, vos Africam, 
arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum contra banc 
urbem gerendum, obtinere voluisse quam aliquem se malu- 
-^^ isse. Atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius non fuit. Varus 

25 imperium se habere dicebat ; fasces certe habebat. Sed 
quoquo modo illud se habet, haec querela vestra quid valet ? 
" Recepti in provinciam non sumus." Quid, si essetis ? 
Caesarme eam tradituri fuistis an contra Caesarem*reten- 
turi? 

SO VIII. Vide, quid licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua liberalitas 
det vel potius audaciae. Si respondent Tubero, Africam, 
quo senatus eum sorsque miserat, tibi patrem suucl tradi- 
turum fuisse, non dubitabo apud ipsum te, cujus id eum 
facere interfuit, gravissimis verbis ejus consihum reprehen- 

85 dere. Non enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, esset etiam 
probata. Sed jam hoc totum omitto, non tarn ne offendam 



PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 101 

tuas patientissimas aures, quam ne Tubero, quod nunquam 
cogitavit, facturus fuisse videatur. Yeniebatis igitiir in 
Africam, provinciam unam ex omnibus huic victoriae maxi- 
me^infestam, in qua erat rex potentissimus inimicus huic 
causae, aliena voluntas conventus firmi atque magni. Quae- 5 
ro : Quid facturi fuistis ? Quaraquam, quid facturi fueri- 
tis, dubitem, quum videam, quid feceritis ? Prohibiti estis 
in provincia vestra pedem pon^e, et prohibiti summa cum 
injuria. Quo modo id tulistis ? acceptae injuriae querelam 
ad quem detulistis ? Nempe ad eum, cujus auctoritatem 10 
secuti in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si Caesaris causa 
in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi provincia 
venissetis. Venistis ad Pompeium. Quae est ergo apud 
Caesarem querela, quum eum accusetis, a quo queramini 
prohibit OS esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum? At- 15 
que in hoc quidem vel cum mendacio, si vultis, gloriemini 
per me licet, vos provinciam fuisse Caesari tradituros. 
Etiam si a Varo et a quibusdam aliis prohibiti estis, ego 
tamen confitebor culpam esse Ligarii, qui vos tantae laudis 
occasione privaverit. 20 

IX. Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam ornatissimi 
viri, Tuberonis, quam ego, quamvis ipse probarem, ut probo, 
tamen non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem in primis 
cam virtutem solere laudarL Quae fuit igitur unquam in 
ullo homine tanta constantia ? Constantiam dico ? nescio 25 
an melius patientiam possipa dicere. Quotus enim istud 
quisque fecisset, ut, a quibus partibus in dissensione civili 
non esset receptus, esset etiam cum crudelitate rejectus, ad 
eos ipscs rediret ? Magni cujusdam animi atque ejus viri 
est, quem de suscepta causa propositaque sententia nulla 30 
contimaelia, nulla \ds, nullum periculum possit depellere. 
Ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, honos, 
nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt, hoc 
certe praecipuum Tuberonis fuit, quod justo cum imperio 
ex senatus consulto in pro\dnciam suam venerat. Hinc 35 
prohibitus non ad Caesarem, ne iratus, non domum, ne 



102 PRO Q, LIGARIO ORATIO. 

iners, non in aliquam regionem, ne condemnare causam 
illam, quam secutus erat, videretur : in Macedonian! ad Cn. 
Pompeii castra venit, in earn ipsam causam, a qua erat re- 
jectus injuria. Quid ? quum ista res nihil commovisset ejus 
6 animum, ad quern veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio in 
causa fuistis ; tantummodo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero 
a causa abhorrebant : an, ut fit in civilibus bellis — nee in 
vobis magis quam in reliquis, omnes enim vincendi studio 
tenebamur. Pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed turn 

10 sero ; erat enim amentis, quum aciem videres, pacem cogi- 
tare. — Omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus, tu certe prae- 
cipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi tibi esset pereundum, 
nisi vicisses. Quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito 
quin banc salutem anteponas illi victoriae. 

15 X. Haec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si aut vos const antiae 
vestrae aut Caesarem beneficii sui paeniteret. Nunc quaero, 
utrum vestras injurias an rei publicae persequamini. Si rei 
pubiicae, quid de vestra in ilia causa perseverantia respon- 
debitis ? Si vestras, videte ne erretis, qui Caesarem vestris 

20 inimicis iratum fore putetis, quum ignoverit suis. 

Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligarii esse occupatus ? 
num de ejus facto dicere ? Quidquid dixi, ad unam sum- 
mam referri volo vel humanitatis vel clementiae vel miseri- 
cordiae. Causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem tecum, dum 

25 te in foro tenuit ratio lionorum tuorum, certe nunquam hoc 
modo : " Ignoscite, judices : erravit, lapsus est, non puta- 
vit ; si unquara posthac." Ad parentem sic agi solet, ad 
judices : " Non fecit, non cogitavit ; falsi testes, fictum 
crimen." Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligarii judicem esse ; 

80 quibus in praesidiis fuerit, quaere : taceo, ne haec quidem 
coUigo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud judicem : " Lega- 
tus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello oppressus, 
in eo ipso non acerbus, jam est totus animo ac studio tuus." 
Ad judicem sic agi solet, sed ego apud parentem loquor : 

35 " Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet ; ad clementiam tuam con- 
fugio, delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatur oro." Si nemo 



PRO Q. LIGAPtIO ORATIO. 103 

impetravit, arroganter ; si plurimi, tu idem fer opem, qui 
spem dedisti. An sperandi Ligario causa non sit, quum 
mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi ? Quam- 
quaija nee in hac oratione spes est posita causae nee in 
eorum studiis, qui a te pro Ligario petunt, tui necessarii. 5 

XI. Yidi enim et cognovi, quid maxime spectares, quum 
pro alicujus salute multi laborarent : causas apud te rogan- 
tium gratiosiores esse quam vultus, neque te spectare, quam 
tuus esset necessarius is, qui te oraret, sed quam iliius, pro 
quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa, ut 10 
mihi beatiores illi videantur interdum, qui tua liberalitate 
fruuntur, quam tu ipse, qui illis tam multa concedas ; sed 
video tam en apud te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam 
preces, ab iisque te moveri maxime, quorum justissimum 
videas dolorem in petendo. 15 

In Q. Ligario conservando multi s tu quidem gi-atum 
facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod 
soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, tibi probatissimos, 
totumque agrum Sabinum, florem Italia e ac robur rei pub- 
licae, proponere ; nosti optimos homines. Animadverte 20 
horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem : hujus T. Brocchi, 
de quo non dubito quid existimes, lacrimas squaloremque 
ipsius et filii yides. Quid de fratribus dicam ? NoH, Cae- 
sar, putare de unius capita nos agere : aut tr^ tibi Ligarii 
retinendi in civitate sunt aut tres ex civitate exterminandi. 25 
Nam quodvis exsihum his est optatius quam patria, quam 
domus, quam dii penates, uno illo exsulante. Si fraterne, 
si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, moveant te horum lacrimae, 
moveat pietas, moveat germanitas ; valeat tua vox ilia, quae 
vicit. Te enim dicere audiebamus, nos omnes adversarios 30 
putare, nisi qui nobiscum essent, te om.nes, qui contra te 
non essent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splendorem omnium, 
hauc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Caesetium, 
L. Corfidium, hos omnes equites Romanos, qui ad sunt veste 
mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam probatos viros, 35 
qui tecum fuerunt ? Atque his irascebamur, hos require- 



104 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 

bamus, his nonnuUi etiam minabantur. Conserva igitur 
tuis suos, ut, quern ad modum cetera, quae dicta sunt a te, 
sic hoc verissimum reperiatur. 

XII. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam Li- 
5 gariorum, omnes fratres tecum judicares fuisse. An potest " 
quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia esse potu- 
isset, in eadem sententia fuerit futurus, in qua fratres fue- 
runt ? Quis est qui horum consensum conspirantem et 
paene conflatum in hac prope aequaiitate fraterna hoverit, 

10 qui hoc non sentiat, quidvis prius futurum fuisse, quam ut 
hi fratres diversas sententias fortunasque sequerentur? 
Voluntate igitur omnes tecum fuerunt, tempestate abreptus 
est unus : qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, 
quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. Sed ierit ad bellum, 

15 dissenserit non a te solum, verum etiam a fratribus : hi te 
orant tui. Equidem, quum tuis omnibus negotiis interes- 
sem, memoria teneo, qualis T. Ligarius quaestor urbanus 
fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. Sed parum est me hoc 
meminisse ; spero etiam te, qui oblivisci nihil soles nisi 

20 injurias, quoniam hoc est animi, quoniam etiam ingenii tui, 
te aliquid de hujus illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis qui- 
busdam quaestoribus reminiscentem, recordari. Hie igitur 
T. Ligarius, qui turn nihil egit aliud — neque enim haec 
divinabat — nisi ut tui eum studiosum et bonum virum judi- 

25 cares, nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit. Quam hujus 
admonitus officio quum utrisque his dederis, tres fratres 
optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi ipsos neque his tot 
ac talibus viris neque nobis necessariis suis, sed etiam rei 
publicae condonaveris. 

30 Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et clarissimo 
fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimis et huic 
omni frequentiae probatissimis fratribus. Ut concessisti 
ilium senatui, sic da hunc populo, cujus voluntatem caris- 
simam semper habuisti, et, si ille dies tibi gloriosissimus, 

35 populo Romano gratissimus fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare, 
C. Caesar, similem illi gloriae laudem quam saepissime 



• PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATia. 105 

quaerere. Nihil est tam populare quam bonitas, nulla de 
virtutibus tuis plurimis nee admirabilior nee gratior miseri- 
cordia est. Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius acce- 
dunt'quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee for- 
tuna tua majus, quam ut possis, nee natura melius, quam 5 
ut velis servare quam plurimos. Longiorem orationem 
causa forsitan postularit, tua certe natura breviorem. Quare, 
quum utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam me aut quemquam 
loqui tecum, finem jam faciam : tantum te admonebo, si 
illi absenti salutem dederis, praesentibus his omnibus da- 10 
turum. 

I' 



y 









M. TULLH CICERONIS 

PKO 



REj&E DEIOTARO 

OEATIO AD CAESAEEM. 



I. QuTJM in omnibus causis gravioribus, C. Caesar, initio 
dicendi commoveri soleam vehementius, quam videtur vel 
usus vel aetas mea postulare, turn in hac causa ita me 
multa perturbant, ut, quantum mea J&des studii mihi afferat 

5 ad salutem regis Deiotari defendendam, tantum facultatis 
timor detrabat. Primum dico pro capite fortunisque regis, 
quod ipsum etsi non iniquum est in tuo dumtaxat periculo, 
tamen est ita inusitatum regem reum capitis esse, ut ante 
hoc tempus non sit auditum. Deinde eum regem, quern 

10 ornare antea cuncto cum senatu solebam pro perpetuis ejus 
in nostram rem publicam meritis, nunc contra atrocissimum 
crimen cogor defendere. Accedit ut accusatorum alterius 
crudelitate, alterius indignitate conturber. Crudelem Cas- 
torem, ne dicam scel^ratum et inipium, qui nepos avum in 

15 capitis discrimen adduxerit adolescentiaeque suae terrorem 
intulerit ei, cujus senectutem tueri et tegere debebat, com- 
mendationemque ineuntis aetatis ab impietate et scelere 
duxerit ; avi servum corruptum praemiis ad accusandura 
dominum impulerit, a legatorum pedibus abduxerit. Fugi- 

20 tivi autem dominum accusantis, et dominum absentem et 
dominum amicissimum nostrae rei publicae, quura os vide 



PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 107 

bam, quum verba audiebam, non tarn afflictam regiam con- 
dicionem dolebam quam de fortunis communibus extimesce- 
bam. Nam quum more majorum de servo in dominum ne 
tormentis quidem quaeri liceat, in qua quaestione dolor 
elicere veram vocem possit etiam ab invito, exortus est ser- 5 
Yus, qui, quem in eculeo appellare non posset, eum accuset 
solutus. 

II. Perturbat me, C. Caesar, etiam illud interdum, quod 
tamen, quum te penitus recognovi, timere desino ; re enim 
iniquum est, sed tua sapientia fit aequissimum. Nam dicere 10 
apud eum de facinore, contra cujus vitam consilium facino- 
ris inisse arguare, quum per se ipsum consideres, grave 
est ; nemo enim fere est, qui sui periculi judex non sibi se 
aequiorem quam reo praebeat : sed tua, Caesar, praestans 
singularisque natura hunc mihi metum minuit. Non enim 15 
tam timeo, quid tu de rege Deiotaro, quam intelligo, quid 
de te ceteros velis judicare. Moveor etiam loci ipsius inso- 
lentia, quod tantam causam, quanta nulla unquam in dis- 
ceptatione versata est, dico intra domesticos parietes, dico 
extra conventum et earn frequentiam, in qua oratorum studia 20 
niti solent : in tuis oculis, in tuo ore vultuque acquiesce, 
te unum intueor, ad te unum omnis mea spectat oratio : 
quae mihi ad spem obtinendae veritatis gravissima sunt, ad 
motum animi et ad omnem impetum dicendi contentionem- 
que leviora. 25 

Hanc enim causam, C. Caesar, si in foro dicerem, eodem 
audiente et disceptante te, quantam mihi alacritatem populi 
Romani concursus afferret ! Quis enim civis ei regi non 
faveret, cujus omnem aetatem in populi Romani bellis con- 
sumptam esse meminisset ? Spectarem ciniam, intuerer 30 
forum, caelum denique testarer ipsum. Sic, quum et deo- 
rum immortalium et populi Romani et senatus beneficia in 
regem Deiotanmi recordarer, nullo mpdo mihi deesSe posset 
oratio. Quae quoniam angustiora parietes faciunt actioque 
maximae causae debilitatur loco, tuum est, Caesar, qui pro 35 
multis saepe dixisti, quid mihi nunc animi sit, ad te ipsum 



108 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 

referre, quo facilius quum aequitas tua, turn audiendi dili- 
gentia minuat hanc perturbationem meam. 

Sed antequam de accusatione ipsa dico, de accusatorum 
spe pauca dicam : qui quum videantur nee ingenio nee usu 
5 atque exercitatione rerum valere, tamen ad hane causam 
non sine aliqua spe et cogitatione venerunt. 

III. Iratum te regi Deiotaro fuisse non erant nescii ; 
affectum ilium quibusdam ineommodis et detrimentis prop- 
ter offensionem animi tui meminerant 5 teque quum huic 

10 iratum, tum sibi amicum esse cognoverant ; quumque apud 
ipsum te de tuo perieulo dieerent, fore putabant ut in exul- 
cerato animo facile fictum crimen insideret. Quam ob rem 
hoc nos primum metu, Caesar, per fidem et constantiam et 
clementiam tuam libera, ne residere in te ullam partem ira- 

15 cundiae suspicemur. Per dexteram istam te oro, quam regi 
Deiotaro hospes hospiti porrexisti, istam, inquam, dexteram, 
non tam in bellis neque in proeliis quam in promissis et fide 
firmiorem. Tu illius domum inire, tu vetus hospitium reno- 
vare voluisti ; te ejus dii penates acceperunt, te amicum et 

20 placatum Deiotari regis arae focique viderunt. y_ 

Quum facile orari, Caesar, tum semel exorari soles. 
Nemo unquam te placavit inimicus, qui ullas resedisse in . 
te simultatis reliquias senserit. Quamquam cui sunt inau- 
ditae cum Deiotaro querelae tuae ? Nunquam tu ilium 

26 accusavisti ut hostem, sed ut amicum officio parum functum, 
quod propensior in Cn. Pompeii amicitiam fuisset quam in 
tuam ; cui tamen ipsi rei veniam te daturum fuisse dicebas, 
si tum auxilia Pompeio vel si etiam filium misisset, ipse 
aetatis exeusatione usus esset. Ita quum maximis eum 

80 rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas. 
Itaque non solum in eum non animadvertisti, sed omni metu 
liberavisti, hospitem agnovisti, regem reliquisti. Neque 
enim ille odio tui progressus, sed errore communi lapsus 
est. Is rex, quern senatus hoc nomine saepe honorificentis- 

85 simis decretis appellavisset quique ilium ordinem ab adoles- 
centia gravissimum sanctissimumque duxisset, iisdem rebus 



PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 109 

est perturbatus, homo longinquus et alienigena, quibus nos 
in media re publica nati semperque versati, 

IV. Quum audiret senatus consentientis auctoritate arma 
sumpta, consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis piebis, nobis im- 
peratoribus rem pubKcam defendendam datam, movebatur 5 
animo, et vir hnic imperio amicissimus de salute populi Ro- 
mani extimescebat, in qua etiam suam esse inclusam yide- 
bat. In summo tamen timore quiescendum sibi esse arbi- 
trabatur. Maxime vero pertiubatus est, ut audivit consules 
ex Italia profugisse omnesque consulares — sic enim ei nun- lo 
tiabatur — cunctum senatum, totam Italiam esse effusam ; 
talibus enim nimtiis et rumoribus patebat ad orientem via 
nee ulli veri subsequebantur. Nihil ille de condicionibus 
tuis, nihil de studio concordiae et pacis, nihil de conspira- 
tione audiebat cert or um hominum contra dignitatem tuam, 15 
Quae quum ita essent, tamen usque eo se tenuit, quoad a 
Cn. Pompeio ad eum legati Utteraeque venerunt. 

Ignosce, ignosce, Caesar, si ejus viri auctoritati rex 
Deiotarus cessit, quem nos omnes secuti sumus ; in quem 
quum dii atque homines omnia ornamenta congessissent, 20 
turn tu ipse plurima et maxima. Neque enim, si tuae res , 
gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco 
Cn. Pompeii memoriam amisimus. Quantum nomen ejus 
fuerit, quantae opes, quanta in omni gen ere bellorum glo- 
ria, quanti honores populi Romani, quanti senatus, quan- 25 
ti tui, quis ignorat ? Tanto ille superiores vicerat gloria, 
quanto tu omnibus praestitisti. Itaque Cn. Pompeii bella, 
victorias, triumphos, consulatus admirantes numerabamus, 
tuos enumerare non possumus. 

Y. Ad eum igitur rex Deiotarus venit hoc misero fatali- 30 
que bello, quem antea justis hostilibusque bellis adjuverat, 
quocum erat non hospitio solum, verum etiam familiaritate 
conjunctus, et venit vel rogatus ut amicus, vel arcessitus 
ut socius, vel evocatus ut is, qui senatui parere didicisset ; > 
postremo venit ut ad fugientem, non ut ad insequentem, id 35 
est ad periculi, non ad victoriae societatem. Itaque Phar- 
6 



110 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 

salico proelio facto a Pompeio discessit, spem infinitam 
persequi noluit ; vel officio, si quid debuerat, vel errori, si 
quid nescierat, satis factum esse duxit : domum se contulit 
teque Alexandrinuin bellum gerente utilitatibus tuis paruit. 
5 nie exercitum Cn. Domitii, amplissimi viri, suis tectis et 
copiis sustenta\dt ; ille Ephesum ad eum, quern tu ex tuis 
fidelissimum et probatissimum omnibus delegisti, pecuniam 
misit ; ille iterum, ille tertio auctionibus factis pecuniam 
dedit, qua ad bellum uterere ; ille corpus suum periculo 

10 objecit tecumque in acie contra Pharnacem fuit tuumque 
hostem esse duxit suum. Quae quidem a te in eam partem 
accepta sunt, Caesar, ut eum amplissimo regis honore et 
. nomine affeceris. 

Is igitur, non modo a te periculo liberatus, sed etiam 

15 honore amplissimo ornatus, arguitur domi te suae interficere 
voluisse : quod tu, nisi eum fiuiosissimum judicas, profecto 
suspicari non potes. Ut enim omittam, cujus tanti sceleris 
:^erit in conspectu deorum penatium necare hospitem, cujus 
tantae importunitatis omnium gentium atque omnis memo- 

20 riae clarissimum lumen exstinguere, cujus tantae ferocitatis 
victorem orbis terrarum non extimescere, cujus tam inbu- 
mani et ingrati animi, a quo rex appellatus esset, in eo 
tyrannum inveniri : ut haec omittam, cujus tanti furoris 
fuit omnes reges, quorum multi erant finitimi, omnes liberos 

25 populos, omnes socios, omnes provincias, omnia denique 
omnium arma contra se unum excitare ! Quonam ille modo 
cum regno, cum domo, cum conjuge, cum carissimo filio 
distractus esset, tanto scelere non modo perfecto, sed etiam 
cogitato ! 

30 VI. At, credo, haec homo inconsultus et temerarius non 
videbat. Quis consideratior illo ? quis tectior ? quis pru- 
dentior ? Quamquam hoc loco Deiotarum non tam ingenio 
et prudentia quam fide et religione vitae defendendum puto, 
Nota tibi est hominis probitas, C. Caesar, noti mores, nota 

35 constantia. Cui porro, qui modo populi Romani nomen 
audivit, Deiotari integritas, gravitas, virtus, fides non au- 



PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. HI 

dita est ? Quod igitur facinus nee in hominem impruden- 
tem caderet propter metum praesentis exitii, nee in facino- 
rosum, nisi esset idem amentissimus, id yos et a viro optimo 
et ab homine minime stulto cogitatum esse coniingitis ? 
At quam non modo non credibiliter, sed ne suspiciose qui- 5 
dem ! " Quum," inquit, " in castellum Peium venisses et 
doraum regis, hospitis tui, devertisses, locus erat quidam, in 
quo erant ea composita, quibus te rex munerare constitu- 
erat. Hue te e balneo, priusquam accumberes, ducere 
volebat ; erant enim armati, qui te interficerent, in eo ipso 10 
loco coUocati." En crimen, en causa, cur regem fugitivtis, 
dominum servus accuset ! Ego mebercules, Caesar, initio, 
quum est ad me ista causa delata, Phidippum medicum, 
servum regium, qui cum legatis missus esset, ab isto 
adolescente e§se corruptum, hac sum suspicione percussus : 15 
" Medicum indicem subornavit ; finget videlicet aliquod cri- 
men veneni." Etsi a veritate longe, tamen a consuetudine* 
criminandi non multum res abborrebat. 

Quid ait medicus ? Nihil de veneno. At id fieri potuit 
primum occultius in potione, in cibo ; deinde etiam impu- 20 
nius fit, quod quum est factum, negari potest. Si palam te 
interemisset, omnium in se gentium non solum odia, sed 
etiam arma convertisset ; si veneno, Jovis ille quidem hos- 
pitalis numen nunquam celare potuisset, homines fortasse 
celasset. Quod igitur et conari occultius et efficere cautius 25 
potuit, id tibi, et medico callido et servo, ut putabat, fideli, 
non credidit ; de armis, de ferro, de insidiis celare te noluit ? 
At quam festive crimen contexitur ! " Tua te," inquit, 
" eadem quae semper fortuna servavit : negavisti tum te 
inspicere velle." SO 

VII. Quid postea ? An Deiotarus re illo tempore non 
perfecta continue dimisit exercitum ? Nullus erat alius 
insidiandi locus ? At eodem te, quum cenavisses, reditu- 
•rum dixeras, itaque fecisti. Horam unam aut duas eodem 
loco armatos, ut coUocati fuerant, retinere magnum fuit ? So 
Quum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses, tum illuc isti, 



112 PP^O REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 

ut dixeras. Quo in loco Deiotarum talem erga te cogno- 
visti, qualis rex Attains in P. Africannm fuit, cui magnifi- 
centissima dona, nt scriptum legimus, usque ad Numantiam 
misit ex Asia, quae Africanus inspectante exercitu accepit. 
5 Quod quum praesens Deiotarus regio et animo et more fe- 
cisset, tu in cubiculum discessisti. 

Obsecro, Caesar, repete illius temporis memoriam, pone 
ilium ante oculos diem, vultus hominum te intuentium atque 
admirantium recordare. Num quae trepidatio ? num qui 

10 tumultus ? num quid nisi moderate, nisi quiete, nisi ex 
hominis gravissimi et sanctissimi disciplina ? Quid igitur 
causae excogitari potest, cur te lotum voluerit, cenatum 
noluerit occidere ? " In posterum," inquit, " diem distulit, 
ut, quum in castellum Blucium ventum esset, ibi cogitata 

15 perficeret." Non video causam mutandi loci, sed tamen 
aota res criminose est. " Quum," inquit, " vomere post 
cenam te velle dixisses, in balneum te ducere coeperunt ; 
ibi enim erant insidiae. At te ilia tua fortuna servavit : 
in cubiculo malle dixisti." Dii te perduint, fugitive ! ita 

20 non modo nequam et improbus, sed etiam fatuus et amens 
es. Quid ? ille signa aenea in insidiis posuerat, quae e 
balneo in cubiculum transferri non possent ? 

Habes crimina insidiarum ; nihil enim dixit amplius. 
" Horum," inquit, " eram conscius." Quid tum ? Ita ille 

25 demens erat, ut eum, quem conscium tanti sceleris haberet, 
a se dimitteret ? Romam etiam mitteret, ubi et inimicis- 
simum sciret esse nepotem suum et C. Caesarem, cui fecis- 
set insidias, praesertim quum is unus esset, qui posset de 
absente se indicare ? " Et fratres meos," inquit, " quod 

30 erant conscii, in vincula conjecit." Quum igitur eos vin- 
ciret, quos secum habebat, te solutum Romam mittebat, 
qui eadem scires, quae illos scire dicis ? 

Yin. Reliqua pars accusationis duplex fuit : una, regem 
in speculis fuisse semper, quum a te animo esset alieno,* 

85 altera, exercitum eum contra te magnum comparasse. De 
exercitu dicam breviter, ut cetera. Nunquam eas copias 



PRO EEGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 113 

rex Deiotarus habuit, quibus inferre bellum populo Romano 
posset, sed quibus fines suos ab excursionibus et latrociniis 
tueretur et imperatoribus nostris auxilia mitteret. Atque 
antea quidem majores copias alere poterat, nunc exiguas 
vix tueri potest. At misit ad Caecilium nescio quern, sed 5 
eos, quos misit, quod ire noluerunt, in vincula conjecit. 
Non quaero, quam veri simile sit aut non babuisse regem 
quos mitteret, aut eos, quos misisset, non paruisse, aut, qui 
dicto audientes in tanta -re non fuissent, eos vinctos potius 
quam necatos. Sed tamen quum ad Caecilium mittebat, 10 
utrum causam illam victam esse nesciebat an Caecilium 
istum magnum hominem putabat ? quem profecto is, qui 
optime nostros homines novit, vel quia non nosset, vel si 
nosset, contemneret. Addit etiam illud, equites non op- 
timos misisse. Credo, Caesar, nihil ad tuum equitatum, 15 
sed misit ex iis, quos habuit, electos. Ait nescio quem ex 
eo numero servum judicatum. Non arbitror, non audivi ; 
sed in eo, etiam si accidisset, culpam regis nullam fuisse 
arbitrarer. 

IX Alieno autem a te animo quo modo fuit ? Speravit, 20 
credo, difficiles tibi Alexandriae fore exitus propter regio- 
num naturam et fluminis. At eo tempore ipso pecuniam 
dedit, exercitum aluit, ei, quem Asiae praefeceras, in nulla 
re defuit : tibi victori non solum ad hospitium, sed ad pericu- 
lum etiam atque ad aciem praesto fuit. Secutum est bel- 25 
lum Africanum : graves de te rumores, qui etiam furiosum 
ilium Caecilium excitaverunt. Quo turn rex animo fuit ? 
qui auctionatus sit seseque spoliare maluerit quam tibi pe- 
cuniam non subministrare. At eo, inquit, tempore ipso 
Nicaeam Ephesumque mittebat, qui rumores Africanos ex- 30 
ciperent et celeriter ad se referrent. ' Itaque quum esset ei 
nuntiat-um Domitium naufragio perisse, te in castello cir- 
curasederi, de Domitio dixit versum Graecum eadem sen- 
tent ia, qua nos habemus Latin um : 

" Pereant araici, diim inimici una intercidant ; '* 35 

quod ille, si esset tibi inimicissimus, nunquam tamen dixis- 



114 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 

set ; ipse enim mansuetus, versus immanis. Qui autetn 
Domitio poterat esse amicus, qui tibi esset inimicus ? Tibi 
porro inimicus cur esset, a quo quum vel interfici belli 
lege potuisset, regem et se et filium suum constitutes esse 
5 meminisset ? 

Quid deinde ? Furcifer quo progeditur ? Ait hac 
laetitia Deiotarum elatum vino se obruisse in convivioque 
nudinn saltavisse. Quae crux huic fugitive potest satis sup- 
plicii afferre ? Deiotarum saltantem quisquam aut ebrium 

10 vidit unquam ? Omnes in iilo sunt regiae virtutes, quod te, 
Caesar, ignorare non arbitror, sed praecipue singularis et 
admiranda frugalitas ; etsi hoc verbo scio laudari regem non 
solere. Frugi hominem dici non multum habet laudis in 
rege : fortem, justum, severum, gravem, magnanimum, lar- 

15 gum, beneficum, liberalem, hae sunt regiae laudes, ilia pri- 
vata est, Ut volet quisque, accipiat ; ego tamen frugalita- 
tem, id est modestiam et temperantiam, virtutem maximam 
judico. Haec in illo est ab ineunte aetate quum a cuncta 
Asia, quum a magistratibus legatisque nostris, turn ab 

20 equitibus Romanis, qui in Asia negotiati sunt, perspecta et 
cognita. Multis ille quidera gradibus officiorum erga rem 
publicam nostram ad hoc regium nomen ascendit ; sed ta- 
men quidquid a bellis populi Romani vacabat, cum homini- 
bus nostris consuetudines, amicitias, res rationesque junge- 

25 bat, ut non solum tetrarches nobilis, sed etiam optimus 
pater familias et diligentissimus agricola et pecuarius habe- 
retur. Qui igitur adolescens, nondum tanta gloria prae- 
ditus, nihil unquam nisi severissime et gravissime fecerit, 
is ea existimatione eaque aetate saltavit ? 

80 X. Imitari, Castor, potius avi mores disciplinamque de- 
bebas quam optimo et clarissimo viro fugitivi ore male dice- 
re. Quod si saltatorem avum habuisses neque eum virum, 
unde pudoris pudicitiaeque exempla peterentur, tamen hoc 
maledictum minime in illam aetatem conveniret. Quibus 

35 ille studiis ab ineunte aetate se imbuerat, non saltandi, sed 
bene ut armis, optim.e ut equis uteretur, ea tamen ilium 



PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 115 

cuncta jam exacta aetate defecerant. ' Itaque Deiotarum 
quum plures in equum sustulissent, quod haerere in eo 
senex posset, admirari solebamus. Hie vero adolescens, 
qui meus in Cilicia miles, in Graecia commilito fuit, quum 
in illo nostro exercitu equitaret cum suis delectis equitibus, 5 
quos una cum eo ad Pompeium pater miserat, quos concur- 
sus facere solebat, quam se jactare, quam ostentare, quam 
nemini in ilia causa studio et cupiditate concedere ! Quum 
vero exercitu amisso ego, qui pacis semper auctor fui, jDost 
Pharsalicum proelium suasor fuissem armorum non depo- 10 
nendorum, sed abjiciendonim, iiimc ad meam auctoritatem 
non potui adducere, quod et ipse ardebat studio illius belli 
et patri satis faciendum esse arbitrabatur. Felix ista do- 
mus, quae non impunitatem solum adepta sit, sed accusandi 
etiam licentiam : calamitosus Deiotarus, qui quod in iisdem 15 
castris fuerit, non modo apud te, sed etiam a suis accusetur ! 
Yos vestra secunda fortuna, Castor, non potestis sine pro- 
pin quorum calamitate esse content! ? 

XI. Sint sane inimicitiae, quae esse non del^ebant — rex 
enim Deiotarus vestram familiam abjectam et obscuram e 20 
tenebris in lucem evocavit : quis tuum patrem an tea, quis 
ess.et, quam cujus gener esset, audivit ? — sed quam^-is in- 
grate et impie necessitudims nomen repudiaretis, tamen 
inimicitias hominum more gerere poteratis, non ficto crimine 
insectari, non expetere vitam, non capitis arcessere. Esto, 25 
concedatur iiaec quoque acerbitas et odii magnitudo : ade- 
one, ut omnia vitae salutisque communis at que etiam bu- 
mauitatis jura violent ur ? Servum sollicitare verbis, spe 
promissisque corrumpere, abducere domum, contra dominum 
armare, hoc est non uni propinquo, sed omnibus familiis 30 
nefarium bellum indicere. Nam ista corruptela servi si non 
modo impunita fuerit, sed etiam a tanta auctoritate appro- 
bata, nulli parietes nostram salutem, nullae leges, nulla 
jura custodient. Ubi enim id, quod intus est atque nostrum, 
impune evolare potest contraque nos pugnare, fit in domi- 35 
natu servitus, in servitut^ dominatus. 



116 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 

O tempora ! O mores ! Cn. Domitius ille, quern nos 
pueri consulem, censorem, pontificem maximum vidimus, 
quum tribunus plebis M. Scaurum, principem civitatis, in 
judicium populi vocavisset Scaurique servus ad eum clam 
5 domum venisset et crimina in dominum delatm-urii se esse 
dixisset, prehendi hominem jussit ad Scaurumque deduci. 
Vide quid intersit, etsi inique Castorem cum Domitio com- 
paro ; sed tamen ille inimico servum remisit, tu ab avo ab- 
duxisti : ille incorruptum audire noluit, tu corrupisti ; ille 

10 adjutorem servum contra dominum repudiavit, tu etiam 
accusatorem adhibuisti. 

At semel iste est corruptus a vobis. Nonne, quum esset 
productus et quum tecum fuisset, refugit ad legatos ? Non- 
ne ad hunc Cn. Domitium venit ? Nonne audiente hoc Ser. 

15 Sulpicio, clarissimo viro, qui tum casu apud Domitium cena- 

bat, et hoc T. Torquato, optimo adolescente, se a te corrup- 

tum, tuis promissis in fraudem impulsum esse confessus est ? 

XII. Quae est ista tam impotens, tam crudelis, tam im- 

moderata inhumanitas ? Idcirco in hanc urbem venisti, ut 

20 hujus urbis jura et exempla corrumperes domesticaque im- 
manitate nostrae civitatis humanitatem inquinares ? 

At quam acute coUecta crimina ! " Blesamius," inquit 
—ejus enim nomine, optimi viri nee tibi ignoti, male dice- 
bat tibi — " ad regem scribere solebat, te in invidia esse, 

25 tyrannum existimari, statua inter reges posita animos homi- 
num vehementer offensos, plaudi tibi non sol ere." Nonne'- 
intelligis, Caesar, ex urbanis malevolorum sermunculis haec 
ab istis esse collecta ? Blesamius tyrannum Caesarem scribe- 
ret ? Multorura enim capita civium viderat, multos jussu 

80 Caesaris vexatos, verberatos, necatos, multas afflicta^ et 
eversas domos, armatis militibus refertum forum. Quae 
semper in civili victoria sensimus, ea te victore non vidi- 
mus. Solus, inquam, es, C. Caesar, cujus in victoria ce- 
ciderit nemo nisi armatus. Et quem nos liberi, in summa 

35 populi Romani libertate nati, non modo non tyrannum, sed 
etiam clementissimum in victoria ducem vidimus, is Blesa- 



PKO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 117 

mio, qui vivat in regno, tyrannus videri potest ? Nam 
de statua quis queritur, una praesertim, quum tarn multas 
videat ? Valde enim invidendum est ejus statuis, cujus tro- 
paeis non invidemus ! Nam si locus affert invidiam, nullus 
locus est ad statuam quidem rostris clarior. De plausu 5 
autem quid respondeam ? qui nee desideratus unquam a te 
est et nonnunquam obstupefactis hominibus ipsa admira- 
tione compressus est et fortasse eo praetermissus, quia 
nihil vulgare te dignum videri potest. 

Xni. Nihil a me arbitror praeteritum, sed aliquid ad 10 
extremum causae reservatum. Id autem quid est ? Te ut 
plane Deiotaro reconciliet oratio mea. Non enim jam 
metuG ne tu illi succenseas, illud vereor ne tibi ilium succen- 
sere aliquid suspicere : quod abest longissime, mihi crede, 
Caesar. Quid enim retineat per te meminit, non quid amise- 15 
rit, neque se a te multatum arbitratur, sed, quum existi- 
mares multis tibi multa esse tribuenda, quo minus a se, qui 
in altera parte fuisset, ea sumeres non recusavit. Etenim 
si Antiochus Magnus ille, rex^Asiae, quum posteaquam a 
L. Scipione devictus est, Tauro tenus regnare jussus esset 20 
omnemque banc Asiam, quae est nunc nostra provincia, 
amisisset, dicere est solitus benigne sibi a populo Romano 
esse factum, quod nimis magna procuratione liberatus modi- 
cis regni terminis uteretur, potest multo facilius se Deiota- 
rus consolari. Ille enim furoris multam sustulerat, hie 25 
erroris. Omnia tu Deiotaro, Caesar, tribuisti, quum et ipsi 
et filio nomen regium concessisti. Hoc nomine retento at- 
que servato nullum beneficium populi Romani, nullum ju- 
dicium de se senatus imminutum putat. Magno animo et 
erecto est, nee unquam succumbet inimicis, ne fortunae 30 
quidem. Multa se arbitratur et peperisse ante factis et ha- 
bere in animo atque virtute, quae nullo modo possit amit- 
tere. Quae enim fortuna aut quis casus aut quae tanta 
possit injuria omnium imperatorum de Deiotaro decreta 
delere ? Ab omnibus enim est ornatus, qui, posteaquam 35 
in castris esse potuit per aetatem, in Asia, Cappadocia, 



118 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 

Ponto, Cilicia, Syria bella gesserunt. Senatus vero judicia 
de illo tarn multa tamque honorifica, quae publicis populi 
Romani litteris monumentisqiie consign ata sunt, quae un- 
quam vetustas obruet aut quae tanta delebit oblivio ? Quid ^ 
5 de virtute ejus dicam ? de magnitudine animi, gravitate, 
constantia ? quae omnes docti atque sapientes summa, qui- 
dam etiam sola bona esse dixerunt, bisque non modo ad 
bene, sed etiam ad beate vivendum contentam esse virtu- 
tem. Haec ille reputans et dies noctesque cogitans non 

10 modo tibi non succenset — esset enim non solum ingratus, 
sed etiam aniens — verum omnem tranquillitatem et quietem 
senectutis acceptam refert clementiae tuae. 

XIV. Quo quidem animo quum antea fuit, turn non du- 
bito quin tuis litteris, quarum exemplum legi, quas ad eum 

15 Tarracone huic Blesamio dedisti, se magis etiam erexerit 
ab omnique sollicitudine abstraxerit. Jubes enim eum bene 
sperare et bono esse animo, quod scio te non frustra soribere 
solere. Memini enim iisdem fere verbis ad me te scribere 
meque tuis litteris bene sperare non frustra esse jussum. 

20 Laboro equidem regis Deiotari causa, quocum mihi ami- 
citiam res publica conciliavit, hospitium voluntas utriusque 
conjunxit, familiaritatem consuetudo attulit, summam vero 
necessitudinem magna ejus officia in me et in exercitum 
meum effecerunt : sed quum de illo laboro, tum de multis 

25 amplissimis viris, quibus semel ignotum a te esse oportet, 
nee beneficium tuum in dubium vocari, nee haerere in ani- 
mis hominum sollicitudinem sempiternam, nee accidere ut 
quisquam te timere incipiat eorum, qui sint semel a te libe- 
rati timore. Non debeo, C. Caesar, quod fieri solet in tan- 

80 tis periculis, tentare, quonam modo dicendo misericordiam 
tuam commovere possim. Nihil opus est. Occurrere solet 
ipsa supplicibus et calamitosis, nullius oratione evocafca. 
Propone tibi duos reges et id animo contemplare, quod 
ocuiis non potes. Dabis profecto id misericordiae, quod 

35 iracundiae denegasti. Multa sunt monumenta tuae clemen- 
tiae, sed maxima eorum incolumitates, quibus salutem de- 

J 






PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 119 

disti. Quae si in privatis gloriosa sunt, multo magis com- 
memorabuntur in regibus. Semper regium nomen in hac 
civitate sanctum fuit, sociorum vero regum et amicorum 
sanctissimum. 

XV, Quod nomen hi reges ne amitterent te vie tore 6 
timuerunt : retentum vero et a te confirm atum posteris 
etiam suis tradituros se esse confidunt. Corpora sua pro 
salute regum suorum hi legati tibi regii tradunt, Hieras et 
Blesamius et Antigonus, tibi nobisque omnibus jam diu 
noti, eademque fide et virtute praeditus Dorjlaus, qui nuper 10 
cum Hiera legatus est ad te missus, quum regum amicis- 
simi, tum tibi etiam, ut spero, probati. Exquire de Blesa- 
mio, num quid ad regem contra dignitatem tuam scripserit. 
Hieras quidem causam omnem suscipit et criminibus illis 
pro rege se supponit reum : memoriam tuam implorat, qua 15 
vales plurimum : negat unquam se a te in Deiotari tetrar- 
chia pedem discessisse; in primis finibus tibi se praesto 
fuisse dicit, usque ad ultimos prosecutum ; quum e balneo 
exisses, tecum se fuisse, quum ilia munera inspexisses cena- 
tus, quum in cubiculo recubuisses, eandemque assiduitatem 20 
tibi se praebuisse postridie. Quam ob rem si quid eorum, 
quae objecta sunt, cogitatum sit, non recusat quin id suum 
facJaus judices. Quocirca, C. Caesar, velim existimes hodi- 
erno die sententiam tuam aut cum summo dedecore miser- 
rimam pestem importatui^m esse regibus aut incolumem 25 
famam cimi salute : quorum alterum opt are illorum crudeli- 
tatis est, alterum conservare clementiae tuae# 



M. TULLII CICERONIS 

IN 

M. AIN^TO^IUM 

OEATIO PHILIPPICA PEIMA, 



I. Ante quam de re publicay patres conscripti, dicam ea^ 
quae dicenda hoc tempore arbitror, exponam vobis breviter 
consilium et profectionis et reversionis meae. Ego quum 
sperarem aliquando ad vestrum consilium auctoritatemque 
5 rem publicam esse revocatam, manendum mihi statuebam 
quasi in vigilia quadam consulari ac senatoria. Nee vera 
usquam discedebam nee a re publica dejiciebam oculos ex 
eo die, quo in aedem Telluris convocati sumus. In cfHo 
templo, quantum in me fuit, jeci fundamenta pacis Athe- 

10 niensiumque renovavi vetus exemplum ; Graecum etiam 
verbum usurpavi, quo tum in sedandis discordiis usa erat 
civitas ilia, atque omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione 
sempiterna delendam censui. 

Praeclara tum oratio M. Antonii, egregia etiam volun- 

15 tas ; pax denique per eum et per liberos ejus cum praestan- 
tissimis civibus confirmata est. Atque his principiis reli- 
qua consentiebant. Ad deliberationes eas, quas habebat 
domi de re publica, principes civitatis adhibebat ; ad hunc 
ordinem res optimas deferebat ; nihil tum, nisi quod erat 

20 notum omnibus, in C. Caesaris commentariis reperiebatur ; 
summa constantia ad ea, quae quaesita erant, responde- 



m AKTONIUM ORATIO PKIMA. 121 

bat. Num qui exsules restituti ? Unum aiebat, praeterea 
neminem. Num immunitates datae ? Nullae, respondebat. 
Assentiri etiam nos Ser. Sulpicio, clarissimo viro, voluit, ne 
qua tabula post Idus Martias ullius decreti Caesaris aut 
beneficii figeretur. Multa praetereo eaque praeclara; ad & 
singulare enim M. Antonii factum festinat oratio. Dicta- 
turam, quae jam vim regiae potestatis obsederat, funditus 
ex re publica sustulit, de qua ne sententias quidem dixi- 
mus : scriptum senatus consultum, quod fieri vellet, attulit, 
quo recitato auctoritatem ejus summo studio secuti sumus 10 
eique amplissimis verbis per senatus consultum gratias 
egimus. 

II. Lux quaedam videbatur oblata, non modo regno, 
quod pertuleramus, sed etiam regni timore sublato, mag- 
num que pignus ab eo rei publicae datum, se liberam civi- 15 
tatem esse velle, quum dictatoris nomen, quod saepe jus- 
turn fuisset, propter perpetuae dictaturae recentem memo- 
riam funditus ex re publica sustulisset. Liberatus periculo 
caedis paucis post diebus senatus ; uncus impactus est 
fugitivo illi, qui in Marii nomen invaserat. Atque haec 20 
omnia communiter cum coUega ; alia porro propria P. Dola- 
bellae, quae, nisi coUega abfuisset, credo iis futura fuisse 
communia. Nam quum serperet in urbem infinitum malum 
idque manaret in dies latius, iidemque bustum in foro 
facerent, qui illam insepultam sepulturam effecerant, et 25 
quotidie magis magisque perditi homines cum sui similibus 
servis tectis ac templis urbis minitarentur, talis animad- 
versio fuit Dolabellae quum in audaces sceleratosque ser- 
vos, turn in impuros et nefarios liberos, talisque eversio 
illius exsecratae columnae, ut mihi mirum videatur tam 30 
valde reliquum tempus ab illo uno die dissensisse. 

Ecce enim Kalendis Juniis, quibus ut adessemus edix- 
erant, mutata omnia : nihil per senatum, multa et magna 
per populum, et absente pojiulo et invito. Consules desig- 
nati negabant se audere in senatum venire ; patriae libera- 35 
tores urbe carebant ea, cujus a cervicibus jugum servile 



122 I^ ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 

dejecerant, quos tamen ipsi consules in contionibus et in 
omni sermone laudabant ; veterani qui appellabantur, qui- 
bus hie ordo diligentissime caverat, non ad conservationem 
earum rerum, quas habebant, sed ad spem novarum prae- 

'5 darum incitabantur. Quae quum audire mallem quam 
videre haberemque jus legationis liberum, ea mente dis- 
cessi, ut adessem Kalendis Januariis, quod initium senatus 
cogendi fore videbatur. 

III. Exposui, patres conscripti, profectionis consilium ; 

10 nunc reversionis, quae plus admirationis habet, breviter 
exponam. Quum Brundisium iterque illud, quod tritum in 
Graeciam est, non sine causa vitavissem, Kalendis Sextili- 
bus veni Sjracusas, quod ab ea urbe transmissio in Grae- 
ciam laudabatur; quae tamen urbs mihi conjunctissima 

15 plus una me nocte cupiens retinere non potuit. Yeritus 
sum ne mens repentinus ad meos necessarios adventus sus- 
picionis aliquid afferret, si essem commoratus. Quum 
autem me ex Sicilia ad Leucopetram, quod est promonto- 
rium agri Regini, venti detulissent, ab eo loco conscendi, 

20 ut transmitterem ; nee ita multum provectus rejeetus austro 
sum in eum ipsum locum, unde conscenderam, Quumque 
intempesta nox esset mansissemque in villa P. Yalerii, 
comitis et familiaris mei, postridieque apud eundem ven- 
tum exspectans manerem, munieipes Regini complures ad 

25 me venerunt, ex iis quidam Roma recentes ; a quibus pri- 
mum aeeipio M. Antonii contionem, quae mihi ita placuit, 
ut ea leeta de reversione primum coeperim cogitare. Nee 
ita multo post edictum Bruti affertur et Cassii, quod quidem 
mihi, fortasse quod eos plus etiam rei publicae quam fami- 

80 liaritatis gratia diligo, plenum aequitatis videbatur. Ad- 
debant praeterea — fit enim plerumque ut ii, qui boni quid 
volunt afferre affingant aliquid, quo faciant id quod nun- 
tiant laetius — rem conventuram ; Kalendis senatum fre- 
quentem fore; Antonium repudiatis malis suasoribus, re- 

35 missis provinciis Galliis, ad auctoritatem senatus esse redi- 
turum. 



IN ANTOXIOf ORAno PRDLL I03 

IV. Turn Tero tanta sran cupiditate incensos ad reditum, 
ot mihi nuHi neque remi neque Tenti satis fiacerent, non 
quo me ad tempus occursunim non putarem, sed ne tardios 
quarn caperem rei public^e gratularer. Atque ego celeri- 
ty' Veliam devectus Bnitam vidi ; qoanto meo dolore, non 5 
diax Torpe Tnilii ipsi videbatur in earn nrbem me audere 
reirerti, ex qua Brutus cederet^ et ibi velle tuto esse, ubi 
ille non posset. K^eque vero ilium similiter atque ipse 
eram commotum esse vidi : erectus enim maximi ac pul- 
cherrimi facti sui conscientda nihil de suo casu, muha de 10 
vestro querebatur. Exque eo primum cognovi quae Ela- 
lendis Sextilibus in senatu fuisset L. Piscmis oratio: qui 
quamquam parum erat, id enim ipsom a Bruto audieram, a 
quibus debuerat adjutus, tamen et Bmti testimonio — quo 
quid potest esse graTius ? — et omninm praedicatione, qoos 15 
postea vidi, magnam mihi videbatur gloriam oonsecutus. 
Hunc igitor ut sequerer properavi^ quem praesentes non 
sunt secuti ; non ut proficerem aliquid, nee enim sperabam 
id nee praestare poteram, sed ut, si quid mihi humanitus 
accidisset — ^multa antem impendere Tidentur praeter natu- 20 
ram etiam praeterque £atum — hujus tamen diei vocem 
testem rei pubUc^ie relinquerem meae perpetuae erg^i se 
Yoluntatis. 

Quoniam utriusque consilii cansam, patres oonscripti, 
probatam vobis esse confido, prius quam de re pnblica 25 
dicere incipio, pauca qnerar de hestema M. Antonii injuria : 
cm sum amicus, idque me nonnullo ejus officio debere esse 
prae me semper tulL 

Y. Quid tandem erat causae cur in senatu::: i:es:erTio 
die tam acerbe cogerer? Solusne aberam ? an : :: -3-epe 30 
minus frequentes fuistis? an ea res ageb :: :. : etiam 
aegrotos deferri oporteret? Hannibal, credo, er.u ad por- 
tas, ant de Pjrrhi pace agebatur, ad qnam causam etiam 
Appium iQum, et caecum et senem, delar^::: esse n:emoriae 
proditom est. De supplicationibus refer ev :^no in 35 
genere senatores deesse non solent. Cog im non 



124 IN ANTOmUM ORATIO PRIMA. 

pignoribus, sed eorum, de quorum honore agitur, gratia ; 
quod idem fit, quum de triumpho refertur, Ita sine cura 
consules sunt, ut paene liberum sit senatori non adesse. 
Qui quum mihi mos notus esset quumque e via languerem 
6 et mihimet displicerem, misi pro amicitia qui hoc ei diceret. 
At ille vobis audientibus cum fabris se domum meam ven- 
turum esse dixit. Nimis iracunde hoc quidem et valde in- 
temperanter. Cujus enim maleficii tanta ista poena est, ut 
dicere in hoc ordine auderet se publicis operis disturbatu- 

10 rum -publice ex senatus sententia. aedificatam domum ? 
Quis autem unquam tanto damno senatorem coegit? aut 
quid est ultra pignus aut multam ? Quod si scisset quam 
sententiam dicturus essem, remisisset ahquid profecto de 
severitate cogendi. 

15 VI. An me censetis, patres conscripti, quod vos inviti 
secuti estis, decreturum fuisse, ut parentaha cum suppli-ca- 
tionibus miscerentur ? ut inexpiabiles religiones in rem 
publicam inducerentur ? ut decernerentur supplicationes 
mortuo ? Nihil dico cui. Fuerit ille Brutus, qui et ipse 

20 dominatu regio rem publicam libera vit et ad similem 
virtutem et simile factum stirpem jam prope in quingen- 
tesimum annum propagavit, adduci tamen non possem ut 
quemquam mortuum conjungerem cum immortalium religi- 
one, ut, cujus sepulchrum usquam exstet ubi parentetur, 

25 ei publice supplicetur. 

Ego vero eam sententiam dixissem, ut me adversus 
populum Romanum, si qui accidisset gravior rei publicae 
casus, si bellum, si morbus, si fames, facile possem defen- 
dere ; quae partim jam sunt, partim timeo ne impendeant. 

80 Sed hoc ignoscant dii immortales velim et populo Romano, 
qui id non probat, et huic ordini, qui decrevit invitus. 
Quid ? de reliquis rei publicae malis licetne dicere ? Mihi 
vero licet et semper licebit dignitatem tueri, mortem con- 
temnere. Potestas modo veniendi in hunc locum sit : di- 

85 cendi periculum non recuso. Atque utinam, patres con- 
scripti, Kalendis Sextilibus adesse potuissem ! non quo 



IN AXTOXITM ORATIO PRIMA. 125 

profici potuerit aliquid, sed ne unus modo consularis, quod 
turn accidit, dignus illo honore, dignus re publica invenire- 
tur. Qua quidem ex re magnum accipio dolorem, homines 
amplissimis populi Romani beneficiis usos L. Pisonem 
ducem optimae sententiae non secutos. Idcircone nos 5 
populus Romanus consules fecit, ut in altissimo gradu dig- 
nitatis locati rem publicam pro nihilo haberemus ? Xon 
modo voce nemo L. Pisoni consularis, sed ne vultu quidem 
assensus est. Quae, malum ! est ista voluntaria servitus ? 
Fuerit quaedam necessaria ; neque ego hoc ab omnibus iis 10 
desidero, qui sententiam consulari loco dicunt : alia causa 
est eorum, quorum silentio ignosco, alia eorum, cjUvorum 
vocem requiro : quos quidem doleo in suspicionem populo 
Romano venire non modo metus, quod ipsum esset turpe, 
sed alium alia de causa deesse dignitati suae. 15 

YII. Quare primum maximas gratias et ago et habeo 
Pisoni, qui non quid efficere posset in re publica cogitavit, 
sed quid facere ipse deberet : deinde a vobis, patres con- 
scripti, peto ut, etiam si sequi minus audebitis orationem 
atque auctoritatem meam, benigne me tamen, ut adhuc 20 
fecistis, audiatis. 

Primum igitur acta Caesaris servanda censeo, non quo 
probem — quis enim id quidem potest ? — sed quia rationem 
habendam maxime arbitror pacis atque otii. Vellem ades- 
set M. Antonius, modo sine adrocatis — sed, ut opinor, licet 25 
ei minus valere, quod mihi heri per ilium non licuit — 
doceret me vel potius vos, patres conscripti, cjuem ad 
modum ipse Caesaris acta defenderet. An in commenta- 
riolis et chirographis et libellis se uno auctore prolatis, ac 
ne prolatis quidem, sed tantum modo dictis, acta Caesaris so 
firma erunt ; quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa 
perpetuasque leges esse voluit, pro nihilo habebuntur ? 
Equidem existimo nihil tam esse in actis Caesaris quam 
leges Caesaris. An, si cui quid ille promisit, id erit fixum, 
quod idem non facere potuit ? ut multis multa promissa 35 
ncm fecit : quae tamen multo plura illo mortuo reperta 



126 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 

sunt, quam a vivo beneficia per omnes annos tributa et 
data. 

Sed ea non muto, non moveo; summo studio illius prae- 
clara acta defendo. Pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret! 
5 cruenta ilia quidem, sed his temporibus, quoniam iis, quo- 
rum est, non redditur, necessaria : quamquam ea quoque 
sit effusa, si ita in actis fuit. Ecquid est quod tarn proprie 
dici possit actum ejus, qui togatus in re publica cum potes- 
tate imperioque versatus sit, quam lex ? Quaere acta 

10 Gracchi, leges Semproniae proferentur: quaere Sullae, 
Corneliae. Quid? Pompeii tertius consulatus in quibus 
actis constitit ? Nempe in legibus. De Caesare ipso si 
quaereres, quidnam egisset in urbe et in toga, leges multas 
responderet se et praeclaras tulisse ; chirographa vero aut 

15 mutaret aut non daret aut, si dedisset, non istas res in actis 
suis duceret. Sed haec ipsa concedo, quibusdam etiam in 
rebus coniveo : in maximis vero rebus, id est legibus, acta 
Caesaris dissolvi ferendum non puto. 

VIII. Quae lex melior, utilior, optima etiam re publica 

20 saepius flagitata, quam ne praetoriae provinciae plus quam 
annum neve plus quam biennium consulares obtinerentur ? 
Hac lege sublata videnturne vobis posse Caesaris acta ser- 
vari ? Quid ? lege, quae promulgata est de tertia decuria 
nonne omnes judiciariae leges Caesaris dissolvuntur ? Et 

25 ^^^ ^cta Caesaris defenditis, qui leges ejus evertitis ? nisi 
forte, si quid memoriae causa rettulit in libellum, id nume- 
rabitur in actis et, quamvis iniquum et inutile sit, defen- 
detur, quod ad populum centuriatis comitiis tulit, id in actis 
Caesaris non habebitur. At quae est ista tertia decuria ? 

30 " Centurionum," inquit. Quid ? isti ordini judicatus lege 
Julia, etiam ante Pompeia, Aurelia non patebat ? " Cen- 
sus praefiniebatur," inquit. Non centurioni quidem solum, 
sed equiti etiam Romano : itaque viri fortissimi atque hon- 
estissimi, qui ordines duxerunt, res et judicant et judica- 

gg verunt. " Non quaero " inquit " istos : quicumque ordi- 
nem duxit, judicet." At si ferretis, quicumque equo meru- 



IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 127 

isset, quod est lautius, nemini probaretis ; in judice enim 
spectari et fortuna debet et dignitas. " Non quaero " in- 
quit " ista : addo etiam judices manipulares ex legione 
Alaudarum ; aliter enim nostri negant posse se salvos esse." 
O contumeliosum honorem iis, quos ad judicandum nee opi- 5 
nantes vocatis ! hie enim est legis index, ut ii res in tertia 
decuria judicent, qui libere judicare non audeant. In quo 
quantus error est, dii immortales, eorum, qui istam legem 
excogitaverunt ! Ut enim quisque sordidissimus videbitur, 
ita libentissime severitate judicandi sordes suas eluet labora- 10 
bitque ut honestis decuriis potius dignus videatur quam in 
turpem jure conjectus. 

IX. Altera promulgata lex est, ut et de vi et majestatis 
damnati ad populum provocent, si velint. Haec utrum tan- 
dem lex est an legum omnium dissolutio ? Quis est enim 15 
hodie, cujus intersit istam legem manere ? Nemo reus est 
legibus illis, nemo quem futm-um putemus; armis enim 
gesta nun quam profecto in judicium vocabuntur. At res 
popularis. Utinam quidem aliquid velletis esse populare ! 
omnes enim jam cives de rei publicae salute una et mente 20 
et voce consentiunt. 

Quae est igitur ista cupiditas legis ejus ferendae, quae 
turpitudinem summam liabeat, gratiam nullam? Quid 
enim turpius quam qui majestafcem populi Romani minuerit 
per vim, eum damnatum judicio ad eam ipsam vim reverti, 25 
propter quam sit jure damnatus ? Sed quid plura de lege 
disputo ? quasi vero id agatur ut quisquam provocet : id 
agitur, id fertur, ne quis omnino unquam istis legibus reus 
. fiat. Quis enim aut accusator tam aniens reperietur, qui 
reo cohdemnato objicere se multitudini conductae velit, aut 30 
judex, qui reum damnare audeat, ut ipse ad operas mer- 
cennarias statim protrahatur ? Non igitur provocatio ista 
lege datur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque 
tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adolescentes, ut turbu- 
lenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse ? Quam 35 
autem ad pestem furor tribunicius impelli non poterit his 



''^ 



128 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 

duabus quaestionibus de vi et majestatis sublatis ? Quid, 
quod obrogatur legibus Caesaris, quae jubent ei, qui de vi, 
itemque ei, qui majestatis damnatus sit, aqua et igni inter- 
dici ? Quibus quum provocatio datur, nonne acta Caesaris 
6 rescinduntur ? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui 
ilia nunquam probavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae 
causa arbitratus sum, ut non modo, quas vivus leges Caesar 
tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas 
quidem, quas post mortem Caesaris prolatas esse et fixas 

10 videtis. 

X. De exsilio reducti a mortuo ; civitas data non solum 
singulis, sed nationibus et provinciis universis a mortuo; 
immunitatibus infinitis sublata vectigalia a mortuo. Ergo 
haec uno, verum optimo auctore domo prolata defendimus : 

15 eas leges, quas ipse nobis inspectantibus recitavit, pro- 
nuntiavit, tulit, quibus latis gloriabatur eisque legibus rem 
publicam contineri putabat, de provinciis, de judiciis, eas, 
inquam, Caesaris leges nos, qui defendimus acta Caesaris, 
evertendas putamus ? 

20 Ac de his tamen legibus, quae promulgatae sunt, sal- 
tem queri possumus : de iis, quae jam latae dicuntur, ne 
id quidem licuit : illae enim sine uUa promulgatione latae 
sunt ante quam scriptae. Quaero autem, quid sit cur aut 
ego aut quisquam vestrum, patres conscripti, bonis tribunis 

25 plebis leges malas metuat. Paratos habemus qui interce- 
dant, paratos qui rem publicam religione defendant ; vacui 
metu esse debcmus. " Quas tu mihi," inquit, " intercessi- 
ones? quas religiones?" Eas scilicet, quibus rei publicae 
salus continetur. " Negligimus ista et nimis antiqua ac 

30 stulta ducimus : forum saepietur, omnes claudentur aditus, 
armati in praesidiis multis locis collocabuntur." Quid 
tum ? Quod ita erit gestum, id lex erit ? et in aes incidi 
jubebitis, credo, ilia legitima : " Consules populum jure 
rogaverunt " — hocine a majoribus accepimus jus rogandi ? 

35 — " populusque jure scivit.J' Qui populus ? isne, qui 
exclusus est? Quo jure? an eo, quod vi et armis omne 



IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 129 

sublatum est ? Atque haec dico de futuris, quod est ami- 
corum ante dicere ea, quae vitari possint : quae si facta non 
erunt, refelletur oratio mea. Loquor de legibus promulga- 
tis, de quibus est integrum vobis, Demonstro vitia ; tol- 
lite ! Denuntio vim, arma ; removete ! 5 

XI. Irasci quidem vos mihi, Dolabella, pro re publica 
dicenti non oportebit. Quamquam te quidem id facturum 
non arbitror, novi facilitatem tuam : collegam tuum aiunt 
in hac sua fortuna, quae bona ipsi videtur — mihi, ne gravius 
quippiam dicam, avorum et avunculi sui consulatum si imi- lo 
taretur, fortunatior videretur — sed eum iracundum audio 
esse factum. Video autem quam sit odiosum habere eun- 
dem iratum et armatum, quum tanta praesertim gladiorum 
sit impunitas, sed proponam jus, ut opinor, aequum, quod 
M. Antonium non arbitror repudiaturum. Ego, si quid in 15 
vitam ejus aut in mores cum contumelia dixero, quo minus 
mihi inimicissimus sit, non recusabo : sin consuetudinem 
meam tenuero, id est, si libere quae sentiam de re publica 
dixero, primum deprecor ne irascatur, deinde, si hoc non 
impetro, peto ut sic irascatur ut civi. 20 

Armis utatur, si ita necesse est, ut dicit, sui defend endi 
causa : iis, qui pro re publica quae ipsis visa erunt dixerint, 
ista arma ne noceant. Quid hac postulatione dici potest 
aequius? Quod si, ut mihi a quibusdam ejus familiaribus 
dictum est, omnis eum quae habetur contra voluntatem 25 
ejus oratio graviter offendit, etiam si nulla inest contumelia, 
feremus amici naturam. Sed iidem illi ita mecum loquun- 
tur : " Non idem tibi, adversario Caesaris, licebit, quod 
Pisoni socero," et simul admonent quiddam, quod cavebi- 
mus ; nee erit jus tier in senatum non veniendi morbi causa 30 
quam mortis. 

XII. Sed per deos immortales — te enim intuens, Dola- 
bella, non possum utriusque vestrum errorem reticere — 
credo enim vos, nobiles homines magna quaedam spec- 
tantes, non pecuniam, ut quidam nimis creduli suspicantur, 35 
quae semper ab amplissimo quoque clarissimoque con- 



130 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PKIMA. 

tempta est, non opes violentas et populo Romano minime 
ferendam potentiam, sed caritatem civium et gloriam con- 
cupivisse. Est autem gloria laus recte factorum magno- 
rumque in rem publicam meritorum, quae quum optimi 
5 cuj usque, turn etiam multitudinis testimonio comprobatur. 
Dicerem, Dolabella, qui recte factorum fructus esset, 
nisi te praeter ceteros paulisper esse expertum viderem. 
Quern potes recordari in vita illuxisse tibi diem laetiorem 
quam quum expiato foro, dissipato concursu impiorum, 

10 principibus sceleris poena affectis, te domum recepisti ? 
Cujus ordinis, cujus generis, cujus denique fortunae studia 
turn laudi et gratulationi tuae se non obtulerunt? Quin 
milii etiam, quo auctore te in his rebus uti arbitrabantur, 
et gratias boni viri agebant et tuo nomine gratulabantur. 

15 Recordare, quaeso, Dolabella, consensum ilium theatri, 
quum omnes earum rerum obliti, propter quas fuerant tibi 
offensi, significarent se beneficio novo memoriam veteris 
doloris abjecisse. Hanc tu, P. Dolabella — magno loquor 
cum dolore — hanc tu, inquara, potuisti aequo animo tantam 

20 dignitatem deponere ? 

XIII. Tu autem, M. Antoni, absentem enim appello, 
unum ilium diem, quo in aede Telluris senatus fuit, non 
omnibus his mensibus, quibus te quidam multum a me dis- 
sentientes beatum putant, anteponis ? Quae fuit oratio de 

25 Concordia ! quanto metu senatus, quanta sollicitudine civi- 
tas tum a te liberata est, quum collegam tuum depositis 
inimicitiis, oblitus auspiciorum a te ipso augure populi Ro- 
mani nuntiatorum, illo primtim die collegam tibi esse volu- 
isti, tuus parvus filius in Capitolium a te missus pacis obses 

30 fuit ! Quo senatus die laetior ? quo populus Romanus ? 
qui quidem nulla in contione unquam frequentior fuit. 
Tum denique liberati per viros fortissimos videbamur, quia, 
ut illi voluerant, libertatem pax consequebatur. Proximo, 
altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus non inter- 

85 mittebas quasi donum aliquod quotidie afferre rei publicae, 
maximum autem illud, quod dictaturae nomen sustulisti. 



m ANTONIUM OEATIO PRIMA. 131 

Haec inusta est a te, a te, inquam, mortuo Caesari nota ad 
ignominiam sempiternam. Ut enim propter unius M. Man- 
lii scelus decreto gentis Manliae neminem patricium Man- 
lium Marcum vocari licet, sic tu propter unius dictatoris 
odium nomen dictatoris funditus sustulisti. 5 

Num te, quum haec pro salute rei publicae tantagessis- 
ses, fortunae tuae, num amplitudinis, num claritatis paeni- 
tebat ? Unde igitur subito tanta ista mutatio ? Non pos- 
sum adduci ut suspicer te pecunia captum: licet quod 
cuique libet loquatur, credere non est necesse ; nihil enim 10 
unquam in te sordidum, nihil humile cognovi. Quamquam 
solent domestici depravare nonnunquam, sed novi firmita- 
tem tuam. Atque utinam ut culpam,sic etiamsuspicionem 
vitare potuisses ! 

XI Y. Illud magis vereor, ne ignorans verum iter glo- 15 
riae gloriosum putes plus te unum posse quam omnes et 
metui a civibus tuis. Quod si ita putas, totam ignoras 
viam gloriae. Carum esse civem, bene de re publica me- 
reri, laudari, coli, diligi gloriosum est : metui vero et in 
odio esse invidiosum, detestabile, imbecillum, caducum. 2a 
Quod videmus etiam in fabula illi ipsi, qui " oderint, dum 
metuant " dixerit, perniciosum fuisse. Utinam, M. Antoni, 
avum tuum meminisses ! de quo tamen audisti multa ex 
me eaque saepissime. Putasne ilium immortalitatem me- 
reri voluisse, ut propter armorum habendorum licentiam 25 
metueretur? Ilia erat vita, ilia secunda fortuna, libertate 
esse parem ceteris, principem dignitate. Itaque, ut omit- 
tam res avi tui prosperas, acerbissimum ejus supremum 
diem malim quam L. Cinnae dominatum, a quo ille crude- 
lissime est interfectus. 30 

Sed quid oratione te flectam ? Si enim exitus C. 
Caesaris efficere non potest ut malis earns esse quam 
metui, nihil cujusquam proficiet nee valebit oratio. Quem 
qui beatum fuisse putant, miseri ipsi sunt. Beatus est 
nemo, qui ea lege vivit, ut non modo impune, sed etiam 35 
cum summa interfectoris gloria interfici possit. Quare 



132 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 

flecte te, quaeso, et majores tuos respice atque ita guberna 
rem publicam, ut natum esse te cives tui gaudeanfc, sine 
quo nee beatus nee clarus nee tutus quisquam esse omnino 
potest. 
5 XY. Populi quidem Romani judicia multa ambo habe- 
tis, quibus vos non satis moveri permoleste fero. Quid 
eniin gladiator ibus clamor es innumerabilium civium ? quid 
populi versus ? quid Pompeii statuae plausus infiniti ? 
quid duobus tribunis plebis, qui vobis adversantur ? Pa- 
lo ramne haec significant incredibiliter consentientem populi 
Romani universi voluntatem ? Quid ? Apollinarium lu- 
dorum plausus vel testimonia potius et judicia populi Ro- 
mani parum magna vobis videbantur ? O beatos illos, 
qui, quum adesse ipsis propter vim armorum non licebat, 
15 aderant tamen et in medullis populi Romani ac visceribus 
haerebant ! nisi forte Attio tum plaudi et sexagesimo post 
anno palmam dari, non Bruto putabatis, qui ludis suis ita 
caruit, ut in illo apparatissimo spectaculo studium populus 
Romanus tribueret absenti, desiderium liberatoris sui per- 
20 petuo plausu et clamore leniret. 

Equidem is sum qui istos plausus, quum a populi parte 

civibus tribuerentm*, semper contempserim ; idemque, quum 

a summis, mediis, infimis, quum denique ab universis hoc 

idem fit, quumque ii, qui ante sequi populi consensum sole- 

25 bant, fugiunt, non plausum ilium, sed judicium puto. Sin 

haec leviora vobis videntur, quae sunt gravissima, num 

etiam hoc contemnitis, quod sensistis, tam caram populo 

Romano vitam A. Hirtii fuisse ? Satis erat enim probatum 

ilium esse populo Romano, ut est, jucundum amicis, in quo 

80 vincit omnes, carum suis, quibus est ipse carissimus ; tan- 

tam tamen soUicitudinem bonorum, tantum timorem in quo 

meminimus ? Certe in nullo. Quid igitur ? Hoc vos, 

per deos immortales, quale sit non interpretamini ? Quid ? 

COS de vestra vita cogitare non censetis, quibus eorum, quos 

85 sperant rei publicae consulturos, vita tam cara sit ? 

Cepi fructum, patres conscripti, reversionis meae, quo- 



m ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 133 

niam et ea dixi, ut quicumque casus consecutus esset, ex- 
staret constantiae meae testimonium, et sum a vobis be- 
nigne ac diligenter auditus. Quae potestas si mihi saepius 
sine meo vestroque periculo fiet, utar ; si minus, quantum 
potero, non tam mihi me quam rei publicae reservabo. 6 
Mihi fere satis est quod vixi vel ad aetatem vel ad glori- 
am : hue si quid accesserit, non tam mihi quam vobis reique 
publicae accesserit. 



'\ 



::soTEs. 



REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS. 



Kumerals with " G.'* refer to the author's Latin Grammar; with ** L. C." 
or "Lat. Comp.," to his Introduction to Latin Composition; with "p." or 
" pp.," to pages in this work. The following abbreviations also occur : 



A Oration for Archias. 

abbr abbreviation. 

abl ablative. 

absol , absolute. 

ace accusative. 

adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 

C. or Cat. . . • Catiline. 
i. C First Oration against 

Catiline. 
ii, C Second Oration against 

Catiline, 
iii. C. .... Third Oration against 

Catiline. 
iv. C Fourth Oration against 

Catiline. 

comp comparative. 

conj conjunction. 

D Oration for Deiotarus. 

dat dative. 

decl declension. 

def. defective. 

dem demonstrative. 

dep deponent. 

dim diminutive. 

distrib distributive. 

e. g., exempli \ _ . 

^ ' > . for example. 

gratia ) 

etc. , et cetera . . and so forth. • 

f. feminine. 

freq frequentative. 

gen genitive. 

i. e., id est . , . that is. 

imperat imperative, 

Impers Impersonal. 



incep inceptive. 

indeel indeclinable. 

indef. indefinite. 

inf infinitive. 

interj interjection. 

intr intransitive. 

L Oration for Ligarius, 

I line. 

lit literally. 

M Oration for Marcellus. 

M. L Oration for the Ma- 
nil ian Law. 

m masculine. 

n neuter. 

nom nominative, 

num numeral. 

obs obsolete. 

p the First Philippic. 

part participle. 

pass passive. 

perf perfect. 

pi plural. 

poss possessive. 

prep preposition. 

pres present. 

pron pronoun. 

Sail Sallust. 

sc, scilicet , . . namely, understood, 
semi-dep. . . . semi-deponent. 

sing singular. 

subj subjunctive. 

8up superlative. 

syn synonymes. 

tr transitive. 

V verb. 

13ft 



NOTES. 



OEATIOXS AGAINST CATILIXE. 
IXTEODUCTIOX. 

L. SEEaiTJS Catilixe, against wiiom these orations were deliv- 
ered, belonged to a patrician family which had become greatly 
impoverished. He was, therefore, the heir to a noble name, but 
to no large estates. Unprincipled and reckless, he early perverted 
to the basest uses the remarkable powers of body and mind 
with which he had been endowed by nature. As a zealous 
partisan o£Sulla, he acted a conspicuous part in the bloody pro- 
scriptions which followed the triumph of the dictator. Among 
the victims who perished at his hands was his own brother-in-law 
Quintus Caecilius. 

Catiline held the office of praetor in the year 68 B. 0., was 
governor of Africa in 6T, and returned to Rome in 66 to canvass 
for the consulship, but was compelled to relinquish his suit by an 
impeachment for maladministration in his province. Burning 
with rage and unable to brook disappointment, he at once entered 
into an alliance with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, a young but profligate 
patrician, and P. Autronius Paetus, who, having been convicted 
of bribery, was disqualified from entering upon the duties of tlie 
consulship to which he had been elected. The plan of the con- 
spirators was to murder the consuls on the first of January, during 
the ceremonies of inauguration, after which Catiline and Autro- 
nius were to seize the consular power, and Piso to take possession 
of the Spanish provinces. The execution of the plan was, how- 
ever, subsequently deferred to the fifth of February, when it was 



138 INTRODUCTION 

fortnnately frustrated by a mistake on the part of Catiliney who 
gave the signal before Ms accomplices were ready for action. 

In June, 64 B. 0., Catiline resumed his revolutionary schemes 
on a larger scale and with renewed energy. Eome at that time 
furnished him abundant materials for such a work in the throngs 
of luxurious spendthrifts, desperate insolvents, and reckless ad- 
venturers, who filled her streets. He soon numbered among his 
accomplices eleven senators, four members of the equestrian order,, 
and several men of position and influence in the provincial towns^ 
Thus strengthened, he boldly presented himself as a candidate for 
the consulship, but defeat awaited him. Marcus Cicero the ora- 
tor and Caius Antonius were elected consuls, the former by an 
overwhelming majority. 

This was a severe disappointment for Catiline, but it only 
rendered him more reckless tban ever in his revolutionary designs. 
He had entered upon a desperate game, and he resolved to hazard 
every thing, to win or die. He established the headquarters of 
his movement at Faesulae, in Etruria, under the command of 
Caius Manlius, an insolvent and revolationist, who had served 
as a centurion under Sulla. He raised money upon his own 
credit and that of his friends, collected stores of arms at conven- 
ient centres in different portions of Italy, and endeavored to en- 
list in his cause the desperate and abandoned of both sexes and 
of all ranks. His audacity aimed at nothing less than the over- 
throw of the government. He proposed to seize all the offices 
of trust and emolument, to cancel debts, to confiscate the prop- 
erty of the rich, and, in fine, to reenact the bloody scenes of 
Sulla's proscriptions. 

It was at such a crisis, that on the first of January in that 
memorable year, 6S B. C, Cicero, the accomplished orator and 
scholar, entered upon the arduous and perilous duties of the con- 
sulship. A base and nefarious conspiracy against the government 
was rapidly consummating its work, a bloody revolution was im- 
minent, and even his own colleague in the consulship, Caius An- 
tonius, was supposed to be more or less in sympathy with the 
treasonable movement. But Cicero proved himself equal to the 
emergency. He secured the passive cooperation of Antonius by 
offering, at the outset, to transfer to him the rich province oi 
Macedonia at the expiration of his term of office. He^ moreover, 



ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE. I39 

opened communication with Quintus Ourius, one of the accom- 
plices of Catiline, and, by means of large promises, engaged him 
to keep the government informed in regard to all the movements 
of the conspirators. Curius proved a faithful and trustworthy 
agent. 

When tlie consular election for 62 B. 0. approached, Catiline, 
once more a candidate, determined not to suffer another defeat. 
He accordingly adopted the bold project of murdering the pre- 
siding consul, and, if need be, the rival candidates, and of carry- 
ing the election by force of arms. In view of these dangers, the 
election was deferred until the twenty-first of October, and, after- 
wards, until the twenty-eighth. On the twenty-first of that month 
the senate assembled to consider the state of the nation, and at 
that session Cicero, in the presence of Catiline, exposed the revo- 
lutionary designs of the conspirators, whereupon tbe senate 
clothed the consuls with dictatorial powers for the safety of the 
republic. On the twenty-eighth, the comitia met according 
to appointment; Cicero appeared in the Campus Martins, sur- 
rounded by a strong body-guard of armed men. The resolute 
bearing of the consul and his formidable guard so overawed the 
conspirators that no disturbance was made. Catilioe was again 
defeated ; Decimus Silanus and Lucius Murena were elected con- 
suls for the ensuing year. 

In the mean time, civil war had already commenced : Manlius 
was in arms against the republic. On the night of the fifth ot 
l^ovember, Catiline met the most prominent of his partisans at 
the house of Marcus Laeca. He announced his purpose to join 
the army at the earliest possible date, assigned to the leaders 
their- several parts in the w^ork of the conspiracy, and urged upon 
them the importance of taking the life of Cicero. Two of his 
agents at once promised to call upon the consul the next morning 
and assassinate him in his own house ; but Cicero, forewarned in 
regard to their purpose, refused to admit them. 

On the seventh of i^ovember, the senate met, for greater se- 
curity, in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, which was guarded by 
Eoman knights, Catiline, contrary to the expectation of all, had 
the effrontery to present himself at the meeting, but no greeting 
welcomed him to his accustomed place ; the seats in his vicinity 
were instantly vacated ; the traitor sat alone, an object of scorn 
and contempt. It was then that Cicero, the consul, giving utter- 



140 INTRODUCTION. 

ance to his indignation in a torrent of invective, pronounced his 
First Oration against Catiline, 

The effect vras perfectly electrical. Catiline was for the mo- 
ment paralyzed, but, quickly recovering his self-possession 
and assuming the tone of injured innocence, he implored the 
senate not to trust the base slanders which the consul had heaped 
upon him ; he even ventured upon harsh and abusive language 
against Cicero, but his voice was at once drowned with cries of 
"Enemy," "Traitor," from the whole assembly. That night he 
left the city. 

On the following day, the eighth of November, Cicero deliv- 
ered his Second Oration against Catiline before the people in the 
Forum. His object was to justify the course which he had pur- 
sued in relation to the conspiracy, to allay the general excite- 
ment, and to intimidate the conspirators who had not yet left the 
city. 

In the mean time, Catiline had repaired to the camp of Man- 
lius, and had assumed the fasces and other insignia of consular 
power. The senate accordingly declared him an outlaw, ordered 
new levies of troops, and dispatched able leaders to different 
parts of the country where danger was apprehended. Cicero 
was directed to guard the city, and Antonius was appointed to 
the command of the army destined against Catiline. 

According to the plan which Catiline unfolded to his associ- 
ates before his departure, Cethegus was to assassinate the consul 
Cicero, the praetor Lentulus was charged with the general man- 
agement of the affairs of the conspiracy in the capital, G-abinius 
and Statilius were to fire tlie city, and, in the midst of the gen- 
eral confusion attendant upon the conflagration, the con^ira- 
tors were to open communication with Catiline. But, while the 
execution of the bloody plot was delayed, a deputation from the 
Allobroges in Gaul, visited Rome to present certain complaints 
against the provincial government. Lentulus, taking advantage 
of their disaffection, endeavored to interest them in the conspir- 
acy, but Cicero finally succeeded in securing their cooperation, 
and, seeing that they could be made very useful to the govern- 
ment, encouraged them to continue their negotiations with the 
conspirators, and obtain from them a written statement of the 
proposition which they were to make to their people. The ex- 
periment was perfectly successful. The required statement, bear- 



ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE. ]^4;|^ 

ing the signatures of Lentulus, Oethegus, and Statilius, was read- 
ily obtained. The Gallic ambassadors, having finished their work 
left Rome on the night of the second of December, accompanied 
by Titus Volturcius, the bearer of dispatches for Catiline, but they 
had proceeded only a short distance beyond the city gate when 
they fell into the hands of an armed force in the employ of the 
government. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius, were 
arrested the next morning. Later in the day, the prisoners were 
all brought before the bar of the senate, then assembled in the 
Temple of Concord. The evidence of their guilt was overwhelm- 
ing, and was finally confirmed by their own confessions. 

After the adjournment of the senate, Cicero addressed the 
people on the great events of the day in his Third Oration 
against Catiline, The indignation against the conspirators be- 
came almost ungovernable; execrations were heaped upon Cati- 
line ; Cicero was the hero of the hour. 

On the fifth of December, the senate met ,in the Temple of 
Concord, to decide the fate of the prisoners. D. Junius Silanus, 
consul-elect, recommended the punishment of death, but C. Julius 
Caesar, praetor-elect, objected to capital punishment as illegal, and 
recommended imprisonment for life. It was in the course of this 
debate that Cicero pronounced his Fourth Oration against Cati- 
line. The sentence of death was decreed by the senate, and ex- 
ecuted that very night, under the direction of the consul himself. 

In the mean time, Catiline was in Etruria at the head of a 
formidable force, where, in the ensuing spring, he was defeated 
in a desperate contest, and fell in the thickest of the fight. 



142 NOTES. 

PAGE 
1 



FIKST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE 
THE SENATE IN THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER STATOR, ON 
THE SEVENTH OF NOVEMBER, 63 B. C. 

ANALYSIS. 
I. Introduction. I. 

II. Catiline deserves the Punishment of Death in Accordance 
WITH THE Laws and Precedents of Rome. II. 

III. Exposure of the Movements and Plans of the Conspira- 
tors. III., IV, 

IV. Exhortation to Catiline to leave the City with his Ac- 
complices. V. — X. 

V. Reasons for allowing such a Criminal to leave the City. 
XI., XIL 

YI. .Conclusion. X.IIL» ^' ■ 



I. introduction. TJie Audacity of Catiline in appearincj 
in the Senate. His Grime merits Death. 

1. Quousque. . .nostra. Observe the abrupt and impassioned be- 
ginning of the oration, explained by the fact that Catiline the conspirator 
had just taken his place in the senate. See Introduction p. 139. — ^ 
Tandem, praij. This idiomatic use of tandem^ expressive of impatience 
and surprise, is not uncommon in Cicero's orations. — Catiiina ; G. 602, 
VI.~Patientia ; G. 419. 

2. Qnam din, qnem ad fineia ; synqnymes with quousque^ refer- 
ring to time. Q^nam diu, how long^ giving prominence to the duration 
of the action, qnem ad finem, like quousque^ how long^ lit. to vnhat end^ 
limit^ calling attention to the end of the action. — Etiam = et jam, evertr 
now— still. Quaia diu etiana, how long stilly i. e., how much longer. — ■ 
Iste tnus, that of yours. G. 4:50.~JEIludet, display its mockery^ syno- 
nyme with sese jadahit^. in the next line, 

3. Nihilne ; G. 380, 2 ; 457, 3. Observe the difference between 
nihilne (not at all ?) and 7i07ine (not ?). — Nihilne, nihil (line 4), nihil 
(line 5) ; a fine example of the figure anaphora. G. 704, II. 3. — Noctur- 
nnm, nightly^ i. e., by night, not, night after night. 

4. Fraesidimn Palatii. The Palatine Hill, south of the Forumy 
was a very commanding position, and was accordingly guarded in times 
of public alarm. — Timor. See Syn. L. C. 305. 

5. Munitissimus locus. The senate was convened in the temple 
of Jupiter Stat or, situated on the ascent to the Palatine. The temple was^ 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 143 

FAGX 

probably guarded, though it was also under the protection of the force 1 
upon the Palatine ; hence inumtisslmus. 

6. Habeiidi senatus ; G. 562 ; 598, 3. — Ora vultnsqtue. Ob- 
serve the diflerence of meaning — ora referring to the features, the face ; 
vultiiSj to the expression of the face, the looks. The looks of surprise 
and indignation with which the senate received Catiline as he took his 
seat in that body are here meant. 

7. Non sentis, non vides (line 8); G. 346, II. 1, 2) — Constric- 
tam teneri, is held in check. 

9. Proxima, superiore uocte, last night,, the night before ; Abl. 
. of Time. One of the events to which Cicero here refers is the meeting 

at the house of Laeca, which took place on the night before the last 
(superiore nocte\ .the other is probably the attempt upon the life of Cicero, 
which may not have been actually made until the next night after the 
meeting, though Catiline's agents offered to make it that very night. It 
is, however, entirely possible that Cicero here refers to some other move- 
ment on the part of Catiline. For an account of the meeting at the house 
of Laeca and of the attempt upon the life of Cicero, see p. 4, and Intro- 
duction, p. 139. — Egeris; G. 525. 

10. Quid consilii=quod consilium ; G. 438, 5 ; 396, m. 2, 3), (3). 
—Nostrum; G. 396, III 1. 

11. Ignorare. Give object; G 525,2. — Arbitraris. Object? G. 550. 

12. O tempora ! G. 381. — Consul. To whom does Cicero refer ? 
Who was the other consul ? See Introduction, p. 138. The consuls, it 
wiU be remembered, were the two chief magistrates, or joint presidents 
of the commonwealth. 

13. Imiuo. . .etiam. Observe the accumulation of particles, with 
the force of each. Immo, nay more,, strengthening the previous state- 
ment, which contained only a part of the truth. 

14. Public! . . .particeps. Catiline, notwithstanding the active 
part which he had taken in the conspiracy, had the effrontery to take 
his seat in the senate. — Consilii. G. 399, 2, 2). 

15. Nos ; expressed because emphatic. G. 446. 

16. Viri fortes. In irony. — Rei publicae; G. 385, 2. — Tide- 
inur=nobis videmur, seem to ourselves,, i. e., think, imagine : — Si vite- 
mus ; Subjunctive by Attraction. The conclusion is satis facere,, not • 
videmur. G. 527, 3.— Istius ; G. 450, 3. 

18. Jussu consulis, by the order of the consid,, i. e., of Cicero. 
This could be done by virtue of a decree of the senate passed on the 
twenty-first of October, which clothed the consuls with dictatorial powers 
for the safety of the republic. See Introduction, p. 139. — Jam pridem 
oportebat. Observe the force of the Imperfect. G. 467, 2, 1). 



144 NOTES. 



PAGX 



1 20. An vero, or did indeed. Observe the ellipsis, readily supplied 
from the preceding sentence: Is not this so? — P. Scipio, P. Scipio 
Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 B. C. ; in 133, the leader in the move- 
ment against Ti. Gracchus, the famous Tribune, who in the interest of 
the poorer classes revived the Agrarian laws for the distribution of the 
public lands. 

21. Mediocriter, in a moderate degree^ i. e., in comparison with the 
treasonable plot of Catiline. 

2 1. Privatus, though a private citizen, i. e., the high-priest was a 
private citizen, as he held no civil office, or magistracy. G. 863, 8. 

3. Ilia nimis antiqua, those well-known cases, as too ancient, G. 
450, 4 ; 442. The plural ilia impUes that Cicero had m mind a class of 
cases of which he gives that of Ahala as an example. — Quod, that, or 
namely that. The clause is in apposition with ilia. G. 363, 5. 

4. Ahala, Maelium. Servilius Ahala, master of the horse under 
the dictator Cinciimatus, was sent in the year 439 B. C. to arrest Spurius 
Maelius, who was suspected of aiming at regal power. Maelius refused 
to obey the summons of the dictator, and was accordingly slain on the 
spot. It is, however, by no means certain that the suspicions against 
Maelius were well founded. By distributing grain among the poorer 
classes at a time of great scarcity, he made himself the idol of the Plebe- 
ians, but an object of hatred and suspicion to the Patricians. It is,' 
accordingly, impossible to say whether he fell as a traitor to his country, 
or as a martyr to his own generosity. Cicero doubtless beheved him 
guilty. — Novis rebus, revolution; lit. 7iew things. G. 384. 

5. Fuit, fuit. An emphatic repetition, to mark the contrast be-, 
tween the past and the present. G. 471, 1. 

7. Hostem. G. 417, 1.— Coercerent. Subj. of Result. G. 494. 
— Senatus consultuin. This refers to the decree passed on the 
twenty-firt?t of October. See note on jussu cojmilis, p. 1, line 18. 

9. Rei publicae. Dative with deest. G. 386, 2. — Neque ; G. 
585, 2. — Hujus ordinis, of this order, i. e., of the senate. This geni- 
tive limits both consilium and auctoritas. The senate had discharged its 
duty, the executive alone was remiss. 

II. The Forbearance of the Consul in Contrast with the 
Usual Policy of the Roman Government. The Reason 
for this, 

11. Quondam. This was in the year 421 B. C. L. Opimlus was 
at that time consul, and was clothed with dictatorial powers for the 
safety of the state. His colleague in the consulship was not included in 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 1^5 

PAGE 

the decree, as he was at the time absent from Rome, commanding in the 2 
Gallic province. — Ut videret ; Mixed Purpose ; G. 492, 3. Ut consul 
(consules) videret (viderent) ne quid res pubJica detrimenti caperet was 
the regular formula by which, in times of great public danger, extraordi- 
nary powers were conferred upon one, or both, of the consuls. 

13. Ne caperet ; G. 492, 1.— Quid detrimenti ; G. 396, HI. 2, 3). 

14. C. Gracchus. Caius Gracchus, the brother of Tiberius Grac- 
chus (see p. 1, line 21), by his bold reforms in the interests of the people 
incurred the enmity of the senate and patricians. — Clarissimo patre, 
avo ; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 428. The father, Ti. Sempronius 
Gracchus, had not only held the offices of censor and consul, but had 
twice enjoyed the honor of a triumph. The maternal grandfather was 
the celebrated Scipio Africanus the elder, the conqueror of Hannibal. 

15. M. Fulvius. M. Fukius Flaccus, a partisan of C. Gracchus, 
consul in the year 125 B. C, put to death with his sons by order of L. 
Opimius. 

16. C. Mario ; Dative. The occasion here referred to was the 
consular election in the year 100 B. C, when the agents of Satuminus 
and Servihus sought to secure the election of Servilius by assassinating 
his rival C. Memmius. 

17. Num. What answer is expected ? G. 346, 11. 1, 3. 

18. Tribunum plebis. The Tribunes of the people were officers 
appointed to defend the rights of the people against the nobles. They 
were at this time ten in number. By their power of veio^ they might at 
any time arrest the action of the magistrates, and even of the senate. — 
Praetorem. The praetors were officers next in rank to the consuls. 
They were eight in number. Rei publicae poena, the punishment 
imposed by the republic^ lit. of the repmUic. Rei publicae ; Subjective 
Genitive. G. 396, L 

19. Remorata est, reprie^e^ or permit to live^ lit. detain^ cause to 
wait. — Nos ; emphatic, in contrast with the consuls mentioned above. — 

^Vicesimum diem. Cicero here speaks in round numbers. It was 
only the eighteenth day since the decree was passed. 

20. Hebescere aciem. Observe the figurative language in which 
the decree of the senate is spoken of as a sword. See also below in 
vagina reconditum. 

21. Hujus modi, of this kind^ i. e., of the same kind as those 
under which the consuls, Opimius, Marius, and Valerius, had acted. 

22. In tabulis, in the records, L e., of the doings of the senate. — 
Quo ex senatus consulto. See Lat. Comp., 189, 2. 

23. Interfectum esse convenit. Convenit is in the Perfect 
tense. Instead of interfectum esse, inteyfci could have been used, as duci 



146 NOTES. 

PAGE 

2 is used p. 1, line 18; dtici opoHehat ; but inter fectiim esse makes the 
completion of the action and its result more prominent ; you ought to have 
been put to deat\ i. e., the work should have been finished. G. 542, 3. 

34. Ad deponendam. . .coniiriiiandam audaciam ; G. 562, 
3 ;. 565, 3. 

25. Cupio, cupio. Observe the repetition of cupio and the omis- 
sion of the conjunction autem^ or vero. G. 587, III. 4; 704, I. 1, and II. 
3. — Patres conscript!, conscript fathers^ i. e., senators. The senators 
were originally called joa^res, fathers, afterwards joaifres cofisci^ipti^ i. e., the 
enrolled fathers, enrolled in the hsts of the senate. Some think upon the 
authority of Livy 11. 1, that the address joa^res conscripti was originally 
patres et conscripti^ fathers and those who were enrolled with them, and 
that conscripti was applied to the new members added to the senate on 
the establishment of the commonwealth. — Me esse clementem. The 
more simple, but less expressive form would be esse clemens. 

2G. Dissolutum, remiss ; a synonyme with negligens, negligent ; 
dissolutiis, very^ or especially negligent^ remiss. 

27. Me inertiae ; G. 410, II. ; 452, 1, — Inertiae, nequitiae, in- 
action, remissness, synonymes of which the latter is the stronger. 

28. Castra. This is the camp of Manlius at Faesulae in Etruria, 
the headquarters of the conspiracy. See Introduction, p. 138. For dif- 
ference of meaning between castrum and castra, see G. 132. 

29. Faucibus, defiles. — In dies singulos. See Syn. L. C. 399. 

30. Eorum; construe with castrorum, of thai mmp. — =- Impera- 
torem, duceni, i. e., Catiline. See Syn. L. C. 145. 

31. Hostium, moenia. See Syn. L. C. 344; 377. — Atqne adeo, 
and even. G. 587, I. 4. 

32. Rei publicae ; Dative. — Molientem ; G. 551, I. 4. 

33. Jam, at once. — Jussero ; Fut. Perfect, because the future ac- 
tion denoted by it must, in point of fact, precede the future action de- 
noted by erit verendum. The Latin in the use of tenses is much more 
exact than the English. — Credo. In irony. — Credo, erit verendum 
milii, / shall have occasion to fear, I suj^pose, i. e., I shall have no occa- 
sion to fear. Observe that credo is parenthetical, and does not, there- 
fore, influence the construction of erit verendum. 

34. Ne non omnes boni ; supply dicayd from dicat below, that all 
fke good may not say. G. 492, 4, 2). — Serins, too late. G. 444, 1 and 4. 

36. Ego; Emphatic. G. 446. — Hoc; object oi faciam. It refers 
to si te. . .jussero above. — Factum esse oportuit. See note on in- 
tcrfectum esse convenit, line 23 above. — Certa de causa. The reason is 
given in the next two sentences. He evidently desired to wait until the 
public sentiment of his fellow-citizens would fully sustain him in the act. 



FIRST GRATIOX AGAINST CATILINE. I47 

PAGE 

3. Tui similis, liJce you, i. e., in character. G. S91, 2, 4) ; 399, 3, 3 
2)._Qui fateatur. Subjunctive of Result. G. 500 ; 500, 2.— Id, this, 

\, e., the execution of Catiline. 

4. Qui audeat; G. 501, 1. 

6. Ne possis; Negative Purpose. G. 491. — Commovere te 
contra, to move in hosfAlity to, lit. to move yourself against. A transitive 
verb with a reflexive pronoun is sometimes best rendered into English by 
an Intransitive verb. 

8. Fecerunt, have done, i. e., have watched and guarded. Observe 
this special use of facio, like the Enghsh verb to do. 

in. lY. Exhortation to CatiUne to ahcmdon Ms Pwpose^ 
as his ATovements and Plans are all Jcnoicn, Attempt 
iipon the Life of the Consul, 

9. Etenim, for. — Quod exspectes ; G. 501, I, 

11. Privata domus. The house of Marcus Laeca, where, two 

days before, Catiliue met the most prominent of his partisans, is here 
meant. The meeting was held at night ,• hence the significance of the 
language in the preceding line — nox tenebris ohsmrare. — Parietibus. 
See Syn. L. C. SIT. — Coiijurationis = conjuratorum, the abstrtictfor 
the concrete. 

12. Illustrantnr, are hrouyht to light, opposed to tenebris ohsciirare, 
Erumpunt, hurst forth, i. e., come forth to public gaze, opposed to 
parietibus continere, 

13. Istam; G. 450.— 31ihi crede, believe me, i. e.^ believe what I 
say and take my advice. — Caedis ; G. 406, II, 

14. Luce ; G. 417. 

15. Quae; object o( .recor/noscas. — Reeognoseas. Ut is omitted, 
G. 495; 496, 1. 

16. Memiuistine. G. 346, II. 1, 1).— Ante diem XII... No- 
vembres, on the twelfth day before the calends of Xovemher, i. e., on the 
twenty-first of October. For the method of obtaining the English date, 
see G. TIO, II. Ante diera XII. Kcdend^is = die duodecimo ante Kalen- 
das, on the twelfth day before, etc. G. 708, III. 3. But the whole expres- 
sion may be regarded as an indeclinable noun in the Ablative of Time. 
G. 708, III. 4; 426. — Novembres; adjective agreeing with Kalendas. 
G. 708, III. 2. 

17. Dicere. The present is here used after meministi in accordance 
with Latin usage, because the memory recalls the past potion and con- 
templates it as present. G. 541, 3. — Fore. The gubject is Manlium 



148 NOTES. 



Pass 



3 below. — Qui dies; G. 445, 8.— Futurns esset ; Cidirect diseonse. 
G. 529. 

18. Ante dieiSL. . . Jfoveinbres ; Indecliiiable noon, predicate nom- 
inatbre after futur^xs esset. G. 708, HL 4. — C. Jlanlius, See note on 
€astr% p. 2, line 28. 

Id. Nam me fefellit, Ron modo res. . .venon. . .diesy did, nci 
to say the fact., hut the day escape me ^ Cicero liad not only aaeerlamed 
the plans of the conspicators, but the very day upon which those plans 
were to be carried into execation. 'Son modo, lit. not onlyy may some- 
times be best rendered not to my,, as rn. this instance. 

21. Id qvod, that which, i. e., the fact that not even the day had 
escaped his notice. G. -t-to, 7. 

22. Dili e^o idem, I said also. Gr, 451, 3. Idem agrees with ego. 
The object of dixi is the clause, eaedem te. . .JSovemhres. — CoBtnllsse 
im. . . JCoTemferes, had appoint€d ffyr the fifth day before th£ Calends of 
JS'member, L e., for the twenty-eighth of October, the day to which the 
consular election had been deferred. See Introduction, p. 139. Ante 

dian ^ovemhres is an iadeclinable noun in the accusative with the 

preposition in. G. 708, HL 4, 

23. TRm qmorn, when^ lit., then when. 

24. Roma ; G. 421 ; 423, L — Non tarn — qvani, net ao mtgeh — 
as. — S«i conservandi : construe with caiisa, for the purpose of pre- 
serving theinselues. On tke form eonservandi, see G. 563, 4. Observe the 
irony witii which Cicero excuses tSis cowardly flight. 

28. Discessii ceterornm, notmthstanding the departure of the 
others. JXseessu may be treated as the ablative of tirne^ though, aa op- 
posed to tameru it also involves a concession. — !?i'ostra, qtti remansis- 
sesfttts, of vs who had remained. The antecedent of qui is Roatri im- 
plied in nostra. G. 44o. 6. 

20. Remaasissemns ; G. 529.— Caede ; G. 419, IV.— Dicebas. 
said repeatedly. Observe the force of the Imperfect. G. 469, 2. 

30. Quid ? what / An exclamatory interrogative. It may be 
treated either as an accusative in exclamations or as the object of a verb 
to be supplied, as ais or censes, G. 381, — Qnam. coitfideres : G. 518. 
n. 1- — ^Praeafiste, Praene^j now Palestrina. a strongly-fonitied town 
in Latium. southeast of Rome. 

32. Jnssa ; Ablairve of Cause. — Praesidiis ; AbL of Means. — 
Praesidiis, eastodiis. Ti^iliis. Observe the difference of meaning . 
ffarrosons, fp.cards, watches. 

36, Tandem, / pray. See note, p. 1, line 1. — JCoctem illam 
saperiorem, that former nighty L e., the night before the last, called on 
the ne^n; page, line 2, priore nocte^ 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 149 

FaGB 

2, Quam te; G. 551, L 5. — Dico. Observe its emphatic position, 4 
G. 594, I. 

3. Inter falcarips, into the street of the scythe-maJcers, lit. among 
the scythe-makers. — In domum, into the house. Domum alone would 
be less definite, to the house. 

5. Socios; Subject of cowz^mme. 

8. Ubinam gentium, where in the world. G. 396, III. 2, 4), (2). 

10. In hoc consiiio, in this comicil^ i. e., the senate. 

11. Nostro omnium inteTitn, the destruction of us all. Omnium 
agrees with the genitive nostri imphed in nostro. G. 397, 3. Instead 
of nostro^ the genitive nostrum might have been us^d. 

13. Cogitent^; Subj. of Result. G. 501, I.— Hosce. Observe 
the force of ce^ these before me^ these here. G. 186, 2. — Sententiam 
rogo, / ask their opinion., i. fe., I invite them in common with other 
senators to participate in the discussion. This was the usual formula in 
calling for the opinion of senators upon any question under discussion. 
G. 374. 

15. Igitur, then^ i. e., to resume. The orator here resumes the 
topic which was interrupted by the exclamation, dii immortales ! 

16. Distribuisti, you assigned^ i. e., to your several accomplices. — 
Quo. . .placeret ; Indirect Question, object of siaticisti. G. 525; 
525, 2. 

17. Romae ; G. 428, II. — Relinqueres ; Potential Subjunctive. 
G. 485. 

20. Etiam nunc, even novj^ i. e., at the time of the remark. These 
words of the direct discourse (paululum mihi est etiam mmc morae) are 
retained m the indirect, instead of being changed to etiam ium^ which 
might have been used. G, 533, 2. — Morae ; Partitive Genitive depend- 
ing Mi^on paidulu7n^ which is the subject of esse. — Quod ego viverem; 
in apposition with paululum. G, 363, 5. On Mood, see G. 529. — Duo 
equites, two knights^ i. e., members of the equestrian order, C. Corne- 
lius and Z. Vargunteius^ according to Sallust, though he calls the latter 
a senator. See Sail. Cat., 38. 

21. Qui liberarent. Explain Mood. G. 501, I.— Te cura. 
Construction? G. 425, 3, 2).— Ilia ipsa nocte. They offered to do it 
that very nighty but whether the attempt was actually made on that night, 
or on the following, is still an unsettled question. 

23. Yixdum etiam, scarcely yet. See note on ciiam^ p. 1, hne 2. 
— Coetu. Construction? G. 431. 

24. Comperi. He obtained his information from Curius. See 
Introduction, p. 138. 

25. Salutatum; G. 569. Distinguished Romans and magistrates 



150 NOTES. 

PAGE 

4 were in the habit of receiving visits at a very early hour, especially from 
their clients. 

26. Quum venissent; G. 518, II.— Multis ac summis, many 
most eminent. G. 440, 1. 

27. Id temporisr=:eo tempore; G. 438, 5 ; 880, 2. 

V. A71 Exhortation to Catiline to leave the City. 

28: Quum sint ; G. 518, I. — Coepisti. Supply jocr^em 

30. Ilia, that^ i. e., the one already mentioned. See note on castra^ 
p. 2, line 28. 

31. Educ; G. 237, 2.-81 minus, if not all, lit., if less, i. e., less 
than all. G. 584, 3. Supply om?ze5 c(7wm.~Quam plurimos; G. 170, 
2, (2). Supply educ. 

32. Metu ; G. 425, 3, 2). 

33. Me atque te. This is the usual Latin order in the arrange- 
ment of pronouns, the first person preceding the second, and the second 
the third.T-Murus ; See Syn. L. C., 377.-— Inter sit ; G. 503, I. 

34. Feram, patiar, sinam. These three synonymes, to bear, 
suffer, j)eTmit, form a climax. The first expresses simple endurance with- 
out assuming any authority, the second endurance with authority, the 
third authority emphatically ; I will not permit it. 

35. Habenda est gratia, gratitude is due, lit, is to he had, i. e,, 
felt, entertained. See Syn. L. C, 548. — Atque, and especially. G. 587, 
I. 2. — Huic ipsi Jovi, tlii^ very Jupiter, i. e., this Jupiter in whose 
temple we are assembled. — Jovi Statori, Jupiter Btator, i. e., Jupiter 
the stayer, so called, according to Livy, because he was supposed to have 
stayed the flight of the Romans under Romulus in their struggle with 
the Sabines. 

5 1. Rei publicae pestem, a curse to the republic, lit,, of. G. 393, 
1 ; 396, II. 

2. Toties. Catiline commenced his revolutionary schemes three 
years before. See Introduction, p. 137.— -In uno homine, in the case 
of one man, i. e., Catiline, though some suppose Cicero is meant. 

5. Proximis comitiis consularibus, at the last consular election, 
Abl. of Time ; G. 426. This election was held on the 28th of October. 
See Introduction^ p. 139. 

6. Campo. The Campus Martins, where the elections were held, 
is meant. Supply Martio. — Competitores tuos. These were D. 
Junius Silanus, L. Licinius Murcna, and Servius Sulpicius. Silanus and 
Murena were elected. 

9. Me petisti, aimed at me, i. e., at me and not at the state. — Per 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 151 



PAGE 



me, hy my own efforts, i. e., without seeking or employing tlie aid of the 5 
state.— Tibi; O. 386. 

11. Rei publicae, to the republic; Objective Genitive, G. 393, 1; 
396 II.— Esse conjunctam, was joined. The perfect participle with 
sum, is sometimes thus used to denote the result of a completed action ; 
it had been joined with, and as a result remained connected mith, G. 575, 
1. — Nunc jam, now already. 

12. tlniversam. Universus denotes the whole as embracing all the 
parts ; totus the whole as a unit without any reference to its parts. ' See 
totam, line 14 below. 

13. Vitam, the lives. Here the Latin uses the singular, though the 
EngUsh requires the plural. ' 

14. Ad exitium vocas, you doom to destruction, lit., call, etc. 

15. Quod est primum, which is first, i. e., the first and most ob- 
vious thing to do, viz., to put Catiline to death. 

16. Hujus imperii, of this authority, i. e., which I possess, refer- 
ring not merely to the consular authority, but also to the extraordmary 
powers recently conferred upon him by the senate for the safety of the 
state. For construction, see G. 399, 3, 3). 

17. Ad, as to, in point of. 

20. Quod ; this pronoun refers to the act of leaving the city, as 
expressed by exieris. For construction, see G. 374, 5. — Jam dudum 
hortor ; G. 46^7, 2. 

21. Tuorum comitum sentina rei' publicae, the dregs of the 
republic (consisting of) your companions. On the use of two genitives 
with the same noun, see G. 89'7, 2. Comitum is a Genitive of Specifica- 
tion, and may be rendered like an Appositive. G, 396, Y. 

23. Quod faciebas, ivhich you were doing, i. e., were preparing to 
do, viz., to leave the city. See p. 4, line 18 ; corifirmasti te ipsum jam 
esse exiturum. — Tua sponte ; G. 414, 2. — Jubet consul hostem ; a 
much more forcible and emphatic command than tejubeo, as it sets forth 
on the one hand the authority of Cicero, and on the other the guilt ot 
Catiline. 

VI. — VIII. Heasons lohy Catiline should go into Exile. 

26. Enim, /or, introdacing the reasons for the advice which Cicero 
gives. — Quod possit ; G. 501, L 

27. Extra, outside of 

29. luusta, burned into; a figurative expression, taken perhaps, 
from the branding of vicious slaves. 

30. Vitae tuae ; G. 386.— Privatarum revum dedecus, du- 
grace resting upon (lit. of) your private life. Frivatae is more com pre- 



152 NOTES. 

PAGE 

5 hensive than domesticae^ used in the line above. Frivaiae res embraces 
the whole private life, while domesticae res is confined to that part of it 
which directly affects the family. 

31. liibido, facinus, flagitium. Observe the force of the words 
in this climax. 

33. Queiii irretisses, whom you had ensnared. G. 501, I. 

34. Ad iibidinem facem, a torch for his lust In the streets of 
Rome a slave usually carried a torch before his master at night, to light 
him on his way. The allusion in the text is doubtless to this custom. 
Catiline, Cicero means to say, is leading the young into scenes of de- 
bauchery and crime. 

35. Quum vacaefecisses ; G. 518, II.— Morte, by the death; Abl. 
of Means, not Time, implying that Catiline murdered her. 

36. Nuptiis ; Dative. — Alio incredibili scelere, i. e., the mur- 
der of his son. 

g 1. Quod ; object oi praetermitto and subject of sileri. 

2. Ne videatur ; Negative Purpose. 

4. Praetermitto. . .omnes, J pass by the complete ruin of your 
fortunes, ichich. Omnes, though agreeing with quaSy really belongs in sense 
to the antecedent. G. 453, 5. 

5. Proximis Idibus, zipon the next IdeSj i. e., in six days. This 
oration was delivered on the seventh of November, accordingly the next 
Ides would be the thirteenth of the same month. Catiline was heavily 
in debt, and would be called upon on the Ides either to pay at once, or, 
at the latest, on the Calends (i. e., the first) of the following month. 

6. Quae. Subject o£ pertinent, 

7. Domesticam diflicultatem, domestic difficulty, i. e., pecuiuary 
embarrassment. 

8. Summam rem publicam, the highest public loelfare. 

10. Spiritus, breath. 

11. Jucuudus. See Syn. L. C. 216. — Horum, of these^ i. e., of 
the senators. — Qui nesciat. The Subjunctive would be required even 
in the direct discourse. G. 501, I. 

13. Pridie Kalendas ; G. 437, 1. — liCpido et Tullo consul!- 
bus; Manius Lepidus and Yolcatius Tullas, consuls in the year 66 B. 0. 

13. Stetisse cum telo, stood armed. He and his accomplices had 
formed the design of assassinating Cotta and Torquatus, the consuls- 
elect. See Introduction, p. 138. — In comitio. The comitium was a 
part of the Roman forum. 

15. Non mentem. . .tuum, no intention or fear on your part. The 
plan failed in consequence of a mistake on the part of Catiline, who gave 
the signal before his accomplices were ready for action. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 153 

rAGB 

17. Commissa; subject of sunt^ with obscura and non multa as g 
predicate, neither obscure nor few. Non multa, not many =few. G. 

nm, Yi. 

18. Designatum. Supply cowswZem. 

19. Petitiones, thrusts^ the technical term for the thrusts of the 
gladiator. 

20. Ut . . . Tiderentur, that it seemed impossible to avoid them^ lit., 
that they seemed not to b^able to be avoided. — Declinatione et corpore 
== declifiatione corporis^ technical language drawn from fencing or from 
the gladiatorial combats. The technical character of the language is 
also shown by the words, uf aiunt. 

22. Tibi de manibus ; Latin idiom instead of de manibus tuis. G. 
398, 6.' 

23. Excidit et elapsa est ; G. '704, lY. 

24. Quae, this; G. 453.— Abs te ; G. 434, 3.—Devota sit; Indi- 
rect Question. Among the ancients, weapons were sometimes thus set 
apart for some definite use by solemn vows and rites. 

25. Necesse ; Predicate adjective with esse^ whose subject is de- 
figere, 

27. Nunc vero, vtow indeed^ in view of what has been said. — Euim, 
/on The impassioned oratory of the preceding chapter now gives place 
to a more calm and argumentative style. 

28. Ut videar ; G. 494. — Permotus esse. Why not permotum 
esse ? G. 647, I. 2. — Quo debeo. Supply permotus esse, 

29. Ut miserieordia. Supply permotus esse videar^ — Quae 
nulla. Quae nulla^ more forcible than quae non, may be rendered, none 
of which, or which not at all. G. 457, 3. — Paulo ante, a litde while 
ago, just now. 

30. Ex hac tanta frequentia, out of this so large assembly, i. e., 
of senators. 

31. Hoc, this, i. e., to receive no greeting. — Post memoriam, 
within the recollection, lit., after, since. 

32. Vocis contumeliam, the disgrace of an expressed rebuke, lit., 
of the voice. 

33. Judicio taciturnitatis. This refers to the fact that no greet- 
ing welcomed him to his accustomed place in the senate. Observe the 
arrangement of the words : vocis co?itumeliam, judicio taciturnitatis. G. 
595.— Quum sis oppressus ; G. 518, IL— Quid, quod, what of the 
fact that. 

34. Ista subsellia, the seats near you ; G. 450. The seats of the 
senators are called subsellia, low seats, in contrast with the high curule 
chair of the consul. — Quod omnes. . .putas. Begin with the interrog- 



154 NOTES. 



PAGB 



ative quo : With what feeling^ pray ? The clauses with quod are in ap- 
position with /ioc, p. '7, line 1. G. 363, 5. 

35. Tibi ; G. 388, 1, 1). — Constituti fuerunt. Here fuerunt is 
used instead of the more common sunt to suggest that these plans of 
Catiline have been defeated. G. 4^1, 1. 

36. Simul atque, as soon as. G. 587, I. 2. 

7 2. Tibi ferendum. Supply esse. G. 388, 1, 1). — Servi mei. 

Why placed before si. G. 602, III. 1.— Si m^uerent ; G. 510.— Isto 
pacto ; more forcible than ita ; Abl. of Manner. — Isto pacto ut, as. 

4. Tibi urbem. Supply relinquendam esse. 

5. Civibus ; dependent upon suspectum and offensum. G. 391. — 
Injuria, unjustly : Abl. of Manner. 

6. Carere aspectu, to he removed from (lit. to he without) the sight. 
— Aspectu ; G. 419, III. 

7. Conscientia, from the consciousness ; Abl. of Cause. 

jj- 8. Agiioscas ; G. 518, 1. — Justum, as just^ predicate adjective. 

^ 11. Odissent. Why Pluperfect? G. 510; 297, I. 2.— Nec = f^ 

non. G. 587, 1. 2. 

12. Alifiuo^ to some place ; adv. 

13. Nunc. Here Cicero sets forth the real case which, it wiU be 
observed, is feonger even than the hypothetical one given above. 

14. Jam diu judicat ; G. 467, 2. — Nihil ; the object of cogitare^ 
of which te is the subject. — Parricidio suo, her destruction. The term 
parricidium is chosen, because the country is here personified as the 
parent of us all, parens omnium nosty^m. 

15. Hujns auctoritatem.^ her authority. Bujus = p&tvisie. 

16. Quae, she. G. 453. 

17. Agit, pleads. The country personified is thus represented as 
pleading with Catiline.— Tacita, though silent. G. 442. 

18. Aliquot aunis, for some years. G. 426, 2, 2), (3).— Per te, 
sine te. Observe the difference in meaning. 

19. Tibi ; dependent upon hnpunita. G. 391.--Multorum civi- 
um neces. Catiline was a zealous partisan of Sulla during his bloody 
proscriptions. — Vexatio direptioque soeiorum ; i. e., while governor 
of Africa in the year 67 B. C. See Introduction, p. 137. 

21. Ad negligendas leges valuisti, you have heen able to disre- 
gard the laivs. — Quaestiones, prosecutions. 

22. Superiora ilia, those former deeds^ in contrast with the present 
conspiracy. 

24. Me totam, that /, the whole state, in contrast with unum te. 
This and the two following infinitive clauses form the subject of est fe- 
rendum. G. 549. — Quidquid increpuerit, whatever may have made a 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 155 

PAGB 

noise, i. e., whenever any noise is heard ; hence on every alarm, however 7 
slight ; a proverbial expression. — Increpuerit ; Potential Subjunctive. 
G. 485. 

26. Abhorreat, is free from. G. 501. 

27. Mihi; G. 384, H.; 386, 2. 

28. Verus, well grounded. Supply timor. 

30. Loquatur, debeat ; G. 509. 

31. Impetrare, to obtain her request, expressed above in discede, 
eripe, etc. — Quid, quod, what of the fact that, Lat. Comp. 482. 

32. In custodiam dedisti. Persons suspected of treasonable 
designs sometimes placed themselves thus voluntarily in the custody 
of some influential citizen until their guilt or innocence could be estab- 
lished. 

33. Ad M'. liepidum, at the house of Manius Lepidus. The usual 
preposition in this sense is apud. Manius Lepidus was consul with Yol- 
catius Tullus in the year 66 B. C. See p. 6, line 12. 

35. Domi meae ; G. 423, 3, 2) ; 424, 2.— Quum tulisses ; G. 
518, 11. 

36. Me nuilo . . . contineremur ; in apposition with responsum, 
G. 363, 5 ; 553, II. — lisdem parietibus, in the same house, jit. by the 
same house-walls. G. 414. — Parietibus, moeuibus. St./ Syn. L. C. 
377. 

1. Qui essem ; G. 519. 8 

2. Contineremur ; G. 529. — Q. M^tellum. Quintus Metellus 
Celer is meant. He subsequently took an active part in the military 
preparations made against Catiline. See p. 14, line 31. He was consul 
in the year 60 B. C. 

3. Virum optimum. In irony. — M. Metellum ; Marcus Metel- 
lus, probably the brother of Q. Metellus Creticus, a friend of Yerres, 
praetor 69 B. C. 

4. Quern tu videlicet. . .putasti. In irony. 

7. Videtur. The subject is the pronoun is, the omitted antecedent 
of qui. G. 445, 6.— Qui judicarit ; G. 501, 1. 

8. Cu«todia ; G. 419, lY. 

9. Emori, to die^ as justice demands. 

11. Multis justis debitisque ; Lat. Comp. 166, 3.— Suppliciis ; 
Dative; G. 386, 2. 

12. Refer ad senatum, refer the quesiio7i to the senate, the usual 
technical expression for the action of the consul in bringing a subject to 
the notice of the senate. — Id, this, i. e., that the subject be laid before 
the senate. 

13. Hie ordo; i. e., the senate. — Sibi placere, that it is their 



156 NOTES. 

PA6B 

8 pleasure^ lit., pleases them^ a common technical expression in the decrees 
of the senate. — Decreverit ; Perf. Subj. for Fut. Perf. Ind. of the direct 
discourse. G. 532, 4. 

15. Id quod; G. 445, '7. — Abhorret a meis moribus; i. e., I 
am too merciful, implying that if the question were referred to the senate 
a decree of banishment would be passed, whereas, without it, Catiline 
may go into voluntary exile.. — Ut iutelligas ; Mixed Purpose after 
faciam. G. 492, 1. 

16. Quid sentiant ; Indirect Question. — Hi ; i. e., the senators. 

17. Metu ; G. 425, 3, 2). — Hauc vocem; i. e., exsilium. 

18. Quid est ; uttered after a short pause, during which the silence 
of the senate shows their approval of the consul's course. — £cquid, 
at all; interrogative adv. 

30. Auctoritatem loquentium, the spoken decree^ lit., the authori- 
ty (command) of those speaking.— Itoquentinia ; this agrees with eorum, 
the omitted antecedent of quorum. 

22. Hoc idem, this same ihing^ i. e., in exsilium proficiscere. — P. 
Sestio ; Publius Sestius, the quaestor, subsequently very active in pro- 
curing the recall of Cicero from exile. — Si dixissem, intulisset. 
G. 510. 

23. M. Marcello. Marcus Marcellus, consul 51 B. C, a bitter op- 
ponent of Caesar, by whom he was pardoned in 46 B. C, upon which 
occasion Cicero delivered his Oration for Marcellus^ contained in this 
volume. See p. 84. — Consuli, though consul. 

24. Vim et manus, violent hands^ lit., violence and hands. Hen- 
diadys ; G. 704, II. 2. 

26. Hi, equites Romani, ceterique cives; subjects oi pro- 
hant^ decernunt^ clamant^ understood. Observe that the orator specifies 
the three classes of Roman citizens, those of the senatorial rank (/i^, 
quorum), those of the equestrian rank (equites), and the ordinary citizens 
{ceteri cives), i. e., the Senate, the Knights, and the People. 

27. Videlicet cara. In irony. 

30. Studia, manifestations of zeal. G. 130, 2 ; Lat. Comp. 412.— 
Voces, voices, doubtless in approval of the sentiments of the orator.— 
Paulo ante. Perhaps at the words in exsilium proficiscere. 

31. Quorum ego, etc. Begin with the antecedent clause, Eosdem 
facile, etc.— Abs te ; G. 434, 3.— Jam diu contineo ; G. 46Y, 2. 

32. Manus ac tela. These words refer, doubtless, to the armed 
guards stationed by the consul, as private citizens were not allowed to 
carry arms.— Ut te prosequantur, to escort you. Citizens going into 
voluntary exile were usually escorted to the city gates by their relatives 
and friends. Cicero sarcastically offers Catiline an armed escort.— 



FIRST ORATIOX AGAIXST CATILIXE. 157 

PAGB 

Haec, these things, i. e., all these things which we see, buildings, tern- 8 
pies, and, in fine, the city and state itself. 

IX. X. — Catiline is incorrigible. He iclll go^ not into 
Exile^ but to the Camp of Manlius. 

35. Quamqiiain, and yet^ indicating a sudden transition in the 
course of thought. G. 516, 1. 4.— Ut frangat ; G. 495, 2, 2).— UUa'; 
G. 457. 

36. Tn ut corrigas. Observe the emphatic position of the pro- 
noun. G. 446; 602, III. 1. 

1. Utinam duint ; G. 239, 3; 488, 1 and 2— Istam mentein, 9 
s^uch a purpose, i. e., to go into exile. 

3. Animum induxeris, you should determine. Induxeris, Perf. 
Subj. from Fut. Perf. G. 632, 4. — Quanta ... impendeat ; Indirect 
Question, depending upon video. G. 525. — Tempestas invidiae, a 
storm of hatred; a figurative expression bvno means uncommon. — Nobis ; 
G. 446, 2. 

4. Si minus, if not. G. 584, 3. — Recenti memoria^ from the 
fresh recollection. Abl. of Cause. G. 414, 2. 

5. At, yet. — In posteritatem, for the future. — Est tanti, it ifs 
worth so much^ 1. e., the end in view, the safety of the state, is worth all 
this sacrifice. 

6. Sit privata. may he confined to myself lit., private, personal. G. 
503, I.— Privata ; Pred. Adj. 

7. Ut commoveare ; Mixed Purpose, Subject of est postulandum. 

8. Temporibus, the exigencies. 

9. Ut revocaverit ; G. 494 ; 481, I. 2. 

10. Pudor, metus, ratio. These words correspond respectively 
ut commoveare (that you should be moved, i. e., with shame), ut perii- 

r.iescas and ^it ceda.^ in the preceding sentence. 

13. Inimico, ut praedicas, tuo, your enemy as you call me. 
Why inimico, rather than hosti? Lat. Comp. 344. 

14. Si id feceris, if you do this, i. e., go into exile, Ut., if you shall 
have done this, Fut. Perf. to denote a future action completed before an- 
other future action, viz., that expressed hy feram. See note on fecerunt, 
p. 3, line 8. — Istius, that, i. e., that incurred in consequence of my con- 
nection with you. 

15. Servire, subserve, 

18. Secerne te a bonis. In such cases the preposition is neces- 
sary before the Ablative of Separation denoting persons. 

19. Impio latrocinio, impious robbery ; G. 414. — Ad alienos, 
ad tuos, to strangers, to friends. G. 441, 1. 

8 



158 NOTES. 

FAGS 

9 30. Videaris. Is videor usually personal or impersonal ? G. 549, 
4, 1.) 

21. Quid invitem, why should I invite. G. 486, II. — A quo 
sciam, by whom I know ; Relative clause assigniug a Reason, since 1 
know that hy you. G. 519. 

33. Qui praestolarentur ; G. 445, 6 ; 500.— Ad, near, G. 879, 
1. — Forum Aurelium ; a smaU market town on the Aurelian Way. 

23. Cui ; 388, 1. Perhaps cui is here used to avoid the frequent 
repetition of a quo. 

34. Aquilam illam argenteam, that silver eagle, i. e., the well- 
known eagle which C. Marius is said to have had in the Cimbrian War. 
See Sallast Cat. 59. The silver eagle was the standard of the legion. 

35. Esse ; construe with futuram. — Confido, constitutum fuit. 
Why not in the Subj. ? G. 531, 3. — Cui, for which, referring to aquilam. 

26. Domi tuae ; G. 423, 3, 2). — Sacrarium scelerum tuorum, 
the sanctuary of your crimes. The standard of the legion was kept in a 
small chapel near the tent of the commander. The eagle here mentioned 
was kept by Catiline in his own house, and, as it was to be used for 
criminal purposes, the place where it was kept is called the sanctuary of 
crimes. 

27. Tu ut possis; G. 495, 2, 2).~Illa; i. e., aquila ; G. 419, III. 

28. A cujus altaribus, from whose altar ; altar ibuSy singular in 
sense. 

33. Haec res, this fact^ i. e., his departure to the camp of Manlius, 
as the sio;nal of civil war. — Quaudam ; G. 456, 2. 

35. Nunquam. . .modo otium coucupisti, 7iot only have you 
never desired peace. 

36. Nactus es, etc. Construe : Nactus es manum improborum con- 
flatam ex perditis atque derelictis {those utterly forsaken) ab omni non 
modo fortuna, verum etiara spe. 

10 1. Ab fortuna, spe ; G. 414, 6. 

3. Hie; i. e., in the camp of Manlius with your congenial associates 
and followers {improborum manum). — Jjaetijia ; G. 419, I. — Gaudiis ; 
Abl. of Cause. 

4. Quum, wheoi. G= 518, 3. 

6. Ad hujus vitae studium, for the pursuit of such a life. — 
Meditati sunt, were designed; Passive.— Qui feruntur, which are 
reported. 

7. Jacere, vigilare ; in apposition with labores. 

9. Insidiantem ; agrees with te, the omitted subject of vigilare. 
Insidiantem som^io mariiortim illustrates ad -obsidendum stuprum, and in- 
sidiantem bonis otiosorum illustrates ad f acinus obeundum. 



FIKST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. I59 

PACK 

10. Habes, ubi ostentes, you have an opportunity to show^ lit., 10 
where you may show. G. 501, I. 1. 

11. Quibus ; refers to /amis, /rigor is, inopiae. 

13. Tempore ; G. 426, 2, 2), (3). — Turn qnum, at the time when. 

13. A consulatu. Why not e consulatu ? Because he was kept 
from (a, ab) the consulship, but was not turned out of (e, ex) it, as he 
was never in it. — Reppuli ; the approved form instead of repuli. For 
an account of Cicero's resolute bearing at the consular election, see In- 
troduction, p. 139. — Ut posses ; Mixed Result after tantum. — Exsul, 
consul, as exile^ as consul, in apposition with the omitted subject of 
posses. G. 363, 2 and 3. 

XL, Xn. — Reasons for allowing Catiline to leave the City^ 
tJiough his Crimes deserve Death, 

17. Nunc, patres conscript!. Cicero now addresses the senate. 
— Ut a me detester ac deprecer, that I may solemnly refute and avert 
from myself Querimoniain detestari is to answer a complaint by solemn- 
ly calling the gods to witness our innocence and the truth of our state- 
ment, while querimo7iiam deprecari is to pray earnestly that the complaint 
may no longer be made. 

19. Quaeso; old form for quaero, chiefly used parenthetically, as in 
this instance. — Quae dicam. Supply ea, as the antecedent of qiiae. 
G. 501, I. — Animis, mentibus. See Syn. L. C. 355. 

20. Etenim. This properly belongs to the conclusion of this con- 
ditional sentence, but as the condition with the quotation which it con- 
tains extends to the end of the chapter, that which would otherwise have 
been the conclusion is made an independent sentence at the beginning 
of the next chapter: His. , .respondeho. This personification of the 
country, calling her servant Cicero to account for his doings, has been 
much admired. 

21. Vita mea multo ; G. 417 ; 418. 

22. Loquatur ; G. 509.— Tulli ; G. 45, 5, 2).— Tune ; iu subject 
of patiere, ne interrogative particle. 

25. Evocatorem servorum. Catiline seems at first to have in- 
tended to enlist the slaves in his cause, but he subsequently abandoned 
the plan. 

27. Imniissus in urbem ; because he may be expected to return 
to the ci4y with an armed force. 

29. Mactari, to he visited, punished. After impei^o, Cicero uses the 
infinitive only in the passive. The common construction is the Subjunc- 
tive with ut, ne, etc. 



160 NOTES. 

FASE 

10 30, Mosne majorum ? Supply te impedit. The country personi- 
fied proceeds to consider the three excuses which the consul might urge 
for not having put Catiline to death : the custom of his ancestors, the 
laws, and the dread of unpopularity. — At . . . multarunt. The answer 
to the first ground of defence. — Persaepe privati. We have undoubt- 
edly a rhetorical exaggeration in the m^q oi persaepe and of the plural 
privati. The only illustration which Cicero gives us is P. Scipio, pontifex 
maximus. See p. 1, line 20. 

31. An leges. The second ground of defence, that the laws— the 
Valerian, the Porcian, and the Sempronian — forbade that a Roman citizen 
should be put to death without the sanction of the people. — Quae ro- 
gatae sunt, lohich have been enacted. Legem rogare is the common for- 
mula in putting the question on the passage of a law : hence to enact a 
law. 

32. At nunquam. The answer to the second ground of defence : 
"But," says the country, " those who have withdrawn their allegiance 

, from the state are no longer citizens." 

34. Praeclaram vero . . . gratiam, remarkahle gratitude in truth 
you show ; in irony. See Syn. L. C. 548, 3. 

35. Per te cognitum, known by yourself alone^ i. e., by your own 
exertions, instead of being recommended to popular favor by illustrious 
ancestry. Cicero was the first of his family who attained any of the 
higher offices of state. 

36. Tarn mature, so early. Cicero was elected to the consulship 
at the age of forty-two, the earliest age at which any citizen was eligible 
to that high office. 

11 1. Summum imperium; i. e., the consulship. — Per omnes 
gradus ; i. e., the quaestorship, aedileship, praetorship, and consulship. 

4. Severitatis in¥idia, unpopularity incurred by severity^ lit., of 
severity, 

7. Invidiae incendio conflagraturum. A figurative expression 
suggested by tecta ardebunt. 

8. His. . .respondebo. See note on etenim,^ p. 10, line 20. — Eo- 
rum mentibus, the thoughts of those, 

9. Hoc idem ; i. e., that Catiline ought to be put to death. 

10. Optimum factu, the bed thing to do. — Optimum ; G. 373, 3. 
— Factu ; G. 570. — Judicarem, non dedissem, if I judged (both 
then and now), I would not have given. The Imperfect is used in the con- 
dition, in preference to the Pluperfect, to show that his judgment still 
remains unchanged. G. 510; 510, 1. 

11. Catilinam . . . multari ; in apposition with hoc. — Gladia- 
tori ; a term of reproach. 



FIRST ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE. iQl 



PAGB 



13. Saturnini et Gracchornm. See p. 1, line 21, and p. 2, lines H 
14 and 1*7 ; also notes on P. Scipio^ p. 1, line 20 ; on C. Gracchus^ p. 2, 
Hne 14; and (7. Mario^ p. 2, line 16. — Flacci. See note on M. Fvlvius^ 

p. 2, line 15. — Superiorum compluriiim, of many men of former 
times. 

14. Sed etiam honestarunt, hut even distinguished themselves. 

15. Verendum. . .erat, I had no reason to fear, G. 388. 

16. Parricida ; Abl. Absol. — Invidiae ; Partitive Genitive with 
quid. 

17. Quod si, hut if. G. 453, 6. — Ea ; i. e., invidia. — Si impen- 
deret. Observe that hoc animo semper fui is only in appearance the con- 
clusion from this condition, the real conclusion is hoc animo esscm, readily 
supphed from it. G. 512, 2, 2). 

18. Hoc animo; Abl. of Characteristic. — Ut invidiam ... pu- 
tarem, to regard (that I regarded) unpopularity incurred hy virtue as 
glory y not unpopularity. 

20. Qui videant. G. 501, I. 

22. Qui aluerunt, and these have confirmed^ an independent state- 
ment with the Indicative, and not, like qui videant^ a mere relative clause 
defining an indefinite antecedent. G. 453. 

23. Non credendo, hy not helieving^ i. e., by not crediting the 
charges against Catiline. 

24. Non solum improbi. . .imperiti, not only the had^ hut also the 
ignorant. Improhi and imperiti^ used substantively, are in apposition 
with mvlii. G. 363, 4. 

25. Si in hunc animadvertissem, (/'/Aa6?jt?^mwAfc? Aim, a com- 
mon technical expression, lit., had turned my attention to (against) him. 
Here the condition {animadvertissem) relates to past time, but the conclu- 
sion {dicer ent) belongs to the present. G. 510, 1. 

26. Regie, tyrannically. The Romans under the commonwealth, 
with their traditional hatred of kings, often used the term in this sense. — 
Quo intendit. Supply pervenire. — Quo, whither^ i. e., in Afanliana 
casti'a. 

27. Pervenerit. Mood and Tense ? What would be used in the 
Direct Discourse? G. 532, 4. 

29. Hoc uno ; i. e., Catiline. 

30. Hanc pestem ; i. e., the conspiracy. — Paulisper reprimi 
. . . comprimi posse, may he checked for a short tinie^ not suppressed 
forever. 

31. Se ejecerit. Supply ex urhe. — Ejecerit ; Fut. Perf., because 
the action is to be completed at the time denoted by exstinguetur. 

33. Waufragos, ruined followers^ lit., shipwrecked. 



162 NOTES. 

PAGB 

Xin. — Conclusion. 
36. Jam diu ; i. e., from the time when CatiKne, three years before, 
presented himself as a candidate for the consulship. 
12 1. Nescio quo pacto, in some way, lit., / know not in what way. 
This modifies erupit^ the principal verb. G. 525, 4. 

2. Omnium scelerum maturitas, ihe full development of all 
crimes, 

3. Ex tanto latrocinio, from so large a band of robbers ; the ab- 
stract for the concrete. 

5. Cura, metu. Abl. of Separation. - 

6. In venis atque in visceribus, in the veins and in the vitals. 
By a natural metaphor, the state is here represented as a human body. 
Observe the repetition of the preposition m, which has nearly the same 
effect as in English. 

T. Aegri morbo gravi, sick with a severe disease, G. 414, 1. 

10. Hie morbus, qui est, etc. Why not hie morbus in re publica^ 
as in English ? Lat. Comp. 41^ ; 420. 

11. Vivis reliquis, if the rest (of the conspirators) remain alive, 
Abl. Absol. G. 431, 2. 

12. Secedant ; Subj. of Desire. G. 487. — A bonis. See note on 
secerne te a bonis, p. 9, line 18. 

13. Id quod. . .dixi, as (lit., that which) I have already often said. 
Id is in apposition with the clause, mu7'0 denique discernaniur a nobis, 
G. 445, 1. 

15. Circumstare. . .praetoris urbani ; i. e., to intimidate him in 
the discharge of his duties. The praetor urbanus had jurisdiction in ju- 
dicial questions between citizens, while cases in which one or both of the 
parties were foreigners were referred to the praetor peregrinus, 

16. Malleolos, fire-darts. In form these weapons resembled ham- 
mers,. hence the name. They were made up largely of pitch and tow, and 
were set on fire before they were hurled. 

1,7. Sit inscriptum, let it be written ; Subj. of Desire. Here the at- 
tention is directed, not so much to the act of writing, as to the result of 
that act, hence the Perfect tense. The subject of sit inscriptum is the 
Indirect Question, quid. . .sentiat. G. 525, 2. 

19. Tantam. . .fore diligentiam ; in apposition with hoc. 

24. Hisce ominibus, with these omens, i. e., with such prospects as 
those indicated in the last sentence. 

25. Cum tua . . . pernicie, with your own ruin and destruction {sure). 
27. Tu, Juppiter. As this oration was delivered in the Temple of 

Jupiter Stator, these words were doubtless addressed to the statue of 




O 

W 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 1(33 

FAGB 

that god. — Qui es constitutus, whose worship was established^ lit., wlio 12 
wast established. Haec urhs is the subject of constituta est, to be sup- 
plied. — lisdem. . .auspiciis, with the same auspices with which this city 
was founded. During a fierce battle with the Sabines, Romulus is said 
to have vowed a temple to Jupiter, under the title of Jupiter Stator, if he 
would stay the flight of the Romans. 

29. Statorem, the stay, or defender, an application of one the names 
of the god, Jupiter Stator. — Hnnc, this one, i. e., Catiline. 

31. Homines; object of mactabis. 

32. Inimicos, hostes. How do these words differ in meaning? 
Lat. Comp., 344. 

34. Vivos mortuosque. Observe that a future existence is as- 
sumed as certain. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE 
THE PEOPLE IN THE FORUM, ON THE EIGHTH OF NO- 
VEMBER, 63 B. C* 

ANALYSIS. 
I. Introduction. I. 
II. Cicero's Defence : 

1. Against the Charge of too Great Leniency in haying 

ALLOWED Catiline to leave the City. II. — V. 

2. Against the Charge of too Great Severity in haying 
DRIVEN Catiline into Exile. VI., VII. 

III. The Forces of Catiline. VIII. — X. 

IV. The Forces of the Republic in Contrast with these. XI. 
V. Conclusion. XIL, XIII. 



I. Introduction. Cicero congratulates the People on the 
Departure of Catiline, 

1. Quirites, citizens. This term designates Roman citizens in their ^3 
civil capacity. 

4. Vel ejecimus, vel. . .vel. G. 587, II. 2. The orator speaks as 
if in doubt how to designate the p^rt which he has acted in bringing 
about the departure of Catiline, Ejicio is to drive away, emitto to allow 
to go ; while ipsum egredieniem vei^bis prosequor is not only to aUow to 



♦ See aJfio Introduction, p. 140. 



164 NOTES. 

FACB 

13 go, t)ut to escort to the gate. See note on lit te prosequanhcr, p. 8, Ime 
32. But, instead of the usual kind farewell, the words (verbis) here re- 
ferred to are words of execration. F evhaps verbis refers to the closing 
paragraph in the first oration ; Jlisce ominibm, etc. — Ipsum egredien- 
tem, ffoiricf of his own accord^ lit., ffoi7i(jf himself. 

5. Abiit. . .ernpit. A climax expressive of exultant joy. The 
asyndeton adds to the effect. G. ^704, I. 1. Abea, to go away, gives the 
simple idea of departure, excedo, to ivithdraw^ adds the idea of escape, 
evadere, to escape, is used especially of flight by night, or in secret, and 
erumpere, to break away, involves the use of violent or forcible means. 

6. A monstro illo, by that monster, i. e., by Catiline. — Moenibus 
ipsis, against the city itself Moenia, properly designating the walls of a 

. city, is sometimes used of the city itself. 

8. Sine controversia, without doubt, 

9. Non jam, no longer, lit., not now, i. e., as before. — Sica ilia. 
Mentioned on p. 6, line 22 ; Quoties tibi jam extorta est sica ista de mani- 
bus, 

10. In campo ; i. e., in the Campus Martins. See p. 5, line 6. — In 
foro. See p. 6, line 12 ; ^e pyndie Kalendas Januarias sietisse in comitio 
cum telo. The comitium, it must be remembered, was a part of the 
Forum. — In curia. See p. 12, line 15 ; Desinani obsidere cum gladiis 
curiam. — Intra domesticos parietes, within the walls of our houses^ 
referring to the plot to assassinate Cicero in his own house. See p. 4^ 
line 22. 

11. Pertimescemns; intransitive. — Loco motus est, was dis- 
lodged from his position, i. e., from the strong position which he held be- 
fore ; a military expression. G. 425, 8, 3). 

12. Nullo impediente ; Abl. Absol. Why is nullus used instead 
oinem.0? G. 457, 2. 

14. Ex occultis. . . latrocinium, from secret plots into open rob- 
bery. Occultis with insidiis is nearly or quite pleonastic, but is used to 
balance apertum. See Lat. Comp..615 ; 615, V. 

15. Quod vero. Vero (but) is the general connective of the whole 
sentence, while quod (because or that) only connects its own clause to 
esse affliclum ei profligatum. Construe thus : Vero quanto . . .putatis, quod 
non. . .extulit, quod. . .egresstis est, etc. — Quod non. . .extulit, because 
he did not carry away his dagger bloody, i. e., because he had not made it 
bloody by assassinating Cicero. Observe the emphatic position of cru- 
entum, which has the force of a predicate adjective. The same remark 
also applies to vivis, incolumes, and stantem. 

16. Vivis nobis ; Abl. Absol. 

17. Ei e manibus. See note on tibi de manibu^, p. 6, line 22. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 165 

FAGB 

18. Incolumes. See Syn. L. C. 321. 13 

31. Retorquet oculos, e faucibus ereptam. Catiline is here 

compared to a wild beast which looks wishfully back at the prey which 

has been rescued from it. 

1. Quam. . .ereptam esse, whose rescue from his jaws he mourns^ 14 
lit., which to have^ been snatched from his jaws he mourns. The clause 
cannot, of course, be literally rendered ; we may, however, say, which he 
mourns to see snatched from his jaws. — Quae quideiu laetari mihi 
videtur; contrasted with quam e. . .luget. — Quaes i- ^-j ^^^^^ urhs. 

2. Quod evomuerit. The city's reason for rejoicing. Hence the 
Subj. G. 520, 11. 

11. — V. Cicero^s Defence against the Charge of too Great 
Leniency in having allowed Catiline to leave the City. 

4. Quales ..oportebat. This remark, though parenthetical, is 
very significant. The force of the Imperfect should be especially no- 
ticed, as expressing an obhgation belonging both to the past and to the 
present ; as all ougM to have heen^ i. e., during the whole time. By this 
remark, Cicero suggests the first point in his defence, because, had all 
been such, Catiline's arrest and execution would have been an easy 
matter. The great difficulty in the case was the fact that the senators 
were divided in opinion on that question. 

5. In hoc ipso, in this very thing ^ explained by quod. . .cmiserim. 

6. Quod . . . comprehenderim. Upon whose authority is this 
reason assigned ? G. 520, II. What would be the force of the Indica- 
tive ? G. 520, I 

T. Non . . . mea culpa. By a common ellipsis, admissible both in 
Latin and in English, this appears as the conclusion of the condition, si 
quiSj etc. The real conclusion, however, is something like this : Mg 
defence is this^ or / reply. — Culpa ; Predicate noun. 

8. Temporum. Supply culpa.— Interfectnin esse . . . aflectum ; 
G. 704, IV. 2. 

9. Idque, and this^ i. e., the execution of Catiline. — A me. Why 
not the Accus. ? G. 374, 3, 4). 

10. Hujus imperii. See note on Jiujics imperii^ p. 5, line 15. — Res 
publica, the public weal. 

11. Postulabat ; G. 463, I.— Qui. . .non crederent, who did not 
See p. 11, lines 20 to 25. G. 501, I. 

12. Defenderent. Supply ea. 

13. Illo sublato ; Abl, AbsoL, by his (Catiline's) removal. 

14. Non modo invidiae. . .periculo, not only at the risk of un- 



166 NOTES. 

rAGU 

14 popularity^ hut at the peril of life. Observe that with invidiae, periculo 
should be rendered risk^ but with vitae, periL-^Invidiae meae, Ut., my 
unpopularity, may be rendered unpopularity to rne, or simply as above, 
unpopularity. — Periculo ; Abl. of Manner. 

16. Ne vobis quidem. . .probata, as the fact (i. e., the existence 
of a conspiracy) even then was not proved to all even of you (to you all), — 
Ne vobis quidem ; G. 602, III. 2. — Re probata ; Abl. Absol. 

17. Si morte mnltasseia, if I should punish with death. Multas- 
sem, changed from the Fut. Perf. of the Direct Discourse. G. 532, 4. — 
Fore ut non possem. Why is this circumlocution here used ? G. 
544, 1. 

18. Rem hue deduxi, I brought the matter to this point. 

21. Quem quidem. . .putem, and indeed how greatly I think this 
enemy^ etc. Indirect question, object of intelligatis. — Quam vehe- 
menter. Ironical. — Putem. See Syn. L. 0. 576. 

33. Intelligatis ; Subj. of Mixed Result, with ut omitted, after 
licet the leading verb of the sentence. — Hinc, from this^ viz., quod etiam 
nioleste fero. 

33. Quod exierit. The Subjunctive rests the statement upon re- 
port, and not upon the authority of the speaker. — Parum com.itatus, 
too little attended, or more freely, with too few attendants. According to 
Plutarch, Catiline went to the Camp of Manlius with a force of three 
hundred armed men, but this estimate probably includes those who were 
to meet him at Forum Aurehum. See p. 9, line 22. 

34. Utinam eduxisset ; G. 488, 1 and 2. — Tongilium, Publi- 
cium, Munatium. These men are known only as worthless characters, 
and as the companions of Catiline. 

35. Mihi ; Ethical Dative, here used in sarcastic irony. G. 389. — 
In praetexta, in boyhood, i. e., in the boyhood of Tongilius. The toga 
praetexta was the gown worn by boys until they assumed the toga virilis 
at the age of seventeen. 

36. Aes alienum, debt, lit., copper (i. e., copper money) beloTtging to 
another. 

37. Nullum rei. . .motum. . .poterat. The petty debts of these 
men would not make them reckless and desperate. — Reliquit quos 
viros ! Catiline left his best men in Rome. Many of them were over- 
whcrlraed in debt {quanto acre alieno) and therefore reckless. Many were 
also influential (valentes) and of noble birth (nobiles). — Rei publicae ; 
Indirect object of ajferre. 

38. Aere alieno ; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 428. — Nobiles. See 
Syn. L. C. 233. 

30. Exercitum ; Object of contcmno. — Prae Gallicanis legio- 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 167 

PAGE 

nibns, in comparison with our Gallic legions, i. e., our legions in Cisalpine 14 
Gaul. G. 326, 2. Construe in this order: Itaque prae Gallicanis legionibits 
. . .comparantur^ ego magno opere coidemiio ilium exercitum coUedum^ etc. 
31. Quern Q. Metellus habait, which Q. Metellus made^ lit., had, 
held. Quintus Metellus Celer, the praetor, had been recently sent into 
Picenum and the GaUic province to levy troops. The Gallic province 
here referred to was situated on the Adriatic Sea, between Cisalpine 
Gaul and Picenum. 

33. Magno opere, greatly^ also written as one word, magnopere, 

34. Ex agresti luxnria, from rustic luxury, for from luxurious 
rustics ; the abstract for the concrete. 

35. Vadimonia deserere. . .exercitum, to forfeit their hail rather 
than to leave that army. Vadimonia deserere is to fail to appear in court 
on the appointed day of trial, and thus to forfeit.hail. 

36. Quibus ego. . .^i = qui. . .si iis ego. — Non modo aciem, not 
to say the array. 

I. £dictuni praetoris, the edict of the praetor. The praetor urha- 15 
nus, on entering upon the duties of his office, ordinarily issued a decree 
setting forth the principles which would govern him in his decisions. 
This edict would naturally set forth the consequences of forfeiting bail. 

— Hos ; Object of eduxisset. 

3. Qui fulgent purpura, who shine in purple; i. e., senators and 
knights. The toga of the former was distinguished by a broad purple 
stripe or border (clavfMi latus) ; that of the latter by a narrow stripe 
(davus angustus). — Mallem. . .eduxisset, I would wish{M., prefer) that 
he had taken with him as his soldiers. G. 493, 2. 

5. Esse nobis. Snpplj pertimescendum. G. 388. 

6. Hoc, on this account ; Abl. of Cause, explained by the clause, 
quod. . .sentiunt. 

7. Cogitent, scire, sentiunt. What is the direct object of each 
of these verbs ? — Sentiunt. See Syn, L. C. 576-. 

8. Cui sit Apulia attributa. According to Sallust, Catiline 
assigned Apulia to C. Julius. But see Third Oration, p. 30, line 16. 

9. Quis habeat Etruriani;i. e., Manhus. — Quis agrum Pice- 
num; i. e., a certain Septimius of Umbria, according to Sallust. We are 
not told to whom the Gallic district was assigned. 

10. Quis. . .insidias caedis. . . depoposcerit. Cicero probably 
has L. Cassius in mind. See Third Oration, p. 30, lines 14 and 15 ; L. 
Cassium, qui sihi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat. Sallust, 
however, names three in this connection — Cethegus, Gabinius, and Sta- 
tilius. 

II. Superioris noctis;i. e., the night on which the meeting was 



10g KOTES. 

PA«B 

15 held at the house of Laeca, called also in the First Oration tiociem illam 
superiorem. See p. 3, hne 36 ; also p. 4, lines 15 to 27. 

12. Patefeci. Supply ea, referring to consilia, 

13. Hi quid. Observe the emphatic position of hi before the in- 
terrogative quid. — Ne, indeed^ truly ; the approved form for nae. 

15. Futuram. Supply esse. 

16. Quod exspectavi, that for which I have been waiihig. The an- 
tecedent of quod is ut vos. . .videretis. — Ut Tideretis ; Subj. of Mixed 
Purpose. G. 492, 1 ; 482, 1. — Vos omnes. Why not vestrum omnesf 
G. 396, III. 2, 2), (1). 

18. !N"isi si, except ?/, render unless. — Catilinae similes, those like 
Catiline. G. 899, 3, 2). 

19. Putet ; G. 501, I. — Lenitati ; Dative of Possessor. 

21. Exeant ; Subj. of J)esire. This line explains unum in the pre- 
ceding line. — Desiderio sui, with grief at their absence, Desiderium is 
a longing for., mingled with grief at the loss or absence of Desiderio, Abl. 
of Cause ; sui, Objective Genitive, referring to the subject of paiiantur. 

22. Miserum tabescere, to pine away in misery. Miserum, though 
an adjective agreeing with Catilinam, may be thus rendered like an ad- 
verb. G. 443, (1).— Iter, via. See Syn. L. C. 156.— Aurelia via ; Abl. 
of Means. This road led along the coast of Etruria to Pisa. Catiline 
went by this route to the camp of Manlius. 

24. Rem publicam ; G. 381. — Si quidem ejecerit ; Potential 
Subjunctive. G. 486, 1. 

25. Exhausto. This word is appropriate in connection with the 
figure contained in sentinam. 

28. Quis veueiicus, what poisoner. Quis, though more commonly 
used substantively, may be used adjectively, when, as in this case, the in- 
quiry relates, not to the character of the person or thing, but to the per- 
son or thing itself. Thus quis veneficus is not what kind of a poisoner, 
but what poisoner, i. e., which one. Secret poisoning was by no means 
uncommon at Rome. — Tota Italia ; G. 422, 1, 1). 

30. Circum:scriptor, defraudery especially one who deceives and 
defrauds the young. 

32. Se cum Catilina familiarissime vixisse, that he has lived 
on most intimate terms with Catiline. — Non ; construe with fateaiur. 

33. Per liosce annos, dmnng these years, i. e., for a iQ^Y years past. 
Hosce restricts the period to the years which are now passing, or have 
just passed. 

34. Per iilum, through his agency, G. 414, 5, 1). 

35. Jam vero, but again = moreover, — Juventutis illecebra,, 
power of alluring the young, \, e., to ruin. 



SECOND ORATIOK AGAINST CATILINE. 169 

PAGE 

36. Alios, aliorum, some^ 0/ o^^ers.— Amabat ; G. 469, II. 15 

1. Aliis, aliis ; Indirect object of pollicehaiur. — Fructum, the \Q 

gratification. 

2. Impellendo, hy inciting tJiem^ i. e., by inciting the children to 
murder their parents for the property. In English, the thought may be 
better expressed by participles : not only urging them on^ but also aiding 
them, 

4. Ex agris, from the country. See Syn, L. C. 245. 

7. Oppressus ; Participle limiting nemo. 

8. Adsciverit ; G. 501, I. ; 482, 2. 

9. TJt possitis. This Subjunctive expresses the purpose of an ac- 
tion readily supplied, as hoc dicam^ I will say this, viz., nemo est^ etc. — 
In dissimili ratione, in different relations in life^ i. e., in different 
spheres or situations in life. 

10. Nemo in ludo gladiatorio=nullus gladiator. In the gladi- 
atorial schools, slaves were trained under the direction of professional 
masters for the gladiatorial contests. — Paulo audacior, a Utile more 
audacious than usual. G. 444, 1. 

11. Intimum Catilinae, a most intimate friend of Catiline. G, 
441, 1. — Nemo in scaena. Actors in Rome were generally freedmen 
or slaves. 

13. Sodalem, boon companioji. This is more specific than intimum^ 
and refers especially to companionship in pleasure and enjoyment. 

14. Exercitatione, by the practice ; Abl. of Means. — Frigore. . . 
perferendis, to endure cold^ etc., lit., accustomed (assuefactus), trained in 
enduring cold, etc. Abl. of Specification. In such cases, however, the 
Latin admits the Dat., or the Ace. with ad^ instead of the Abl. 

15. Ab istis; i. e., by the companions and admirers of Catiline. G. 
450, 3. — Quum consumerentur ; Subj. of Concession. — Industriae 
subsidia. . .virtutis, aids of industry and means of virtue, i, e., this 
power of endurance, referred to in frigore et fame. . .perferendis, which 
might have been so useful in an active (industriae) and. virtuous (virtutis) • 
life, was utterly wasted (consumerentur). 

18. Hunc vero. With these words Cicero resumes the thought 
from which he digressed on page 15, line 26, to characterize Catiline. — ■ 
S^cuti erunt ; G. 473, 2. — Sni comites ; i. e., his associates and ac- 
complices who remained in Rome after the departure of CatiHne. 

19. O nos beatos. This exclamation, it will be observed, is the 
conclusion of the condition si. . .comites, si. . .greges, and is much more 
emphatic than the declarative form, erimus beati, would have been. On 
the construction of nos, see G. 881. 

21. Hominum, of the men, i. e., the men referred to in sui comites. 



170 

PAGB 

16 



NOTES. 



32. Audaciae, audacity, Cicero uses the plural because he is 
speaking of the audacity^ not of one man, but of many men, as shown 
by hominum in the preceding line. — Nisi caedes, except (lit., if not) 
murders. Caedes is the object of cogitant, to be supphed. 

34. Obligaverunt, they have mortgaged. — Res, property, 

35. Fides, credit, — Quae. . .abundantia, which they had while in 
affluence, i. e., before they wasted their property. With erat supply iis, 
was to them = had. — Nuper, lately, i, e., since Catiline's recent defeat at 
the consular election. 

36. Alea. Games of chance were forbidden at Rome, except during 
the festival of the Saturnalia. — Si. . . comissationes solum. . .quae- 
rerent ; i. e., if they aimed only at revelling and debauchery, and did 
not also aim at the overthrow of the state. 

3T. Illi quidem ; G. 450, 4, 2). 

38. Desperandi, sed tamen ferendi, hopelessly lost, but yet en- 
durable, i. e., they would, indeed, be beyond hope of reformation, but 
yet "endurable, because not dangerous to the state. 

39. Possit ; Potential Subjunctive ; G. 485. — Inertes, listless, con- 
trasted with fortissimis, as homines is contrasted with viris. See Syn. L. 
C. 239, II. — Inertes. . .insidiari ; in apposition with hoc. 

30. Prudentissimis ; used substantively as the Indirect Object of 
insidiari, to be supplied, of which stultissimos is the subject. 

31'. Accubantes, reclining. The Romans did not sit at table, but 



1 








3 


2 


M 


2 


3 


1 




1 


2 


3 





B 

reclined upon elevated couches, resting the weight of the body in part 
upon the left elbow. These couches occupied three sides of a .square 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. I7I 



PAGE 



table, and were intended each to accommodate three persons. The 16 
waiters served at the fourth side of the table. The diagram on the pre- 
ceding page represents the Roman table M, on three sides of which are 
placed the couches A, B, and C, each accommodating three persons. 

32. Sertis, unguentis. Cicero doubtless intends to speak of the 
excessive use of garlands and perfumes as indicating luxury and indul- 
gence. — Obliti ; from ohlino. 

33. Eructant, talk of^ lit., belch fortli^ i. e., make known when in- 
toxicated ; an appropriate term in connection with vino languidi^ conferti 
cibo. 

35. Quibws, them. G. 453 ; 886 

2. Sanare. Supply eos. — Non breve nescio quod tempus, not yj 
some brief 'period. — Nescio quod tempus = quoddam tempus, some 
time. G. 525, 4. 

3. Propagarit. Observe the force of the Fut. Perf. G. 473, 1. 

5. Omnia externa, all thhigs abroad,— ^uxkt ; construe with pacaia. 

6. Unius, of one man^ i. e., Cn. Pompey, whose campaigns against 
the pirates, and against Mithridates and Tigranes, had been crowned with 
signal success. — Terra marique ; G. 422, 1, 1). 

7. Intus. Observe its emphatic position, in contrast with externa. 

8. Hostis, the enemy^ not an enemy. — Nobis certandumi est, we 
must contend^ lit., it is to us to be contended. G. 231 ; 301, 2; 388. 

10. Inimicitias. See note on audaciae^ p. 16, line 22. 

11. Quacumqne ratione ; supply ^eri potest^ in whatever way it 
can be done, i. e., in every possible way. — Quae resecanda erunt, which 
it shall be necessary to remove, lit., which shall be to be cut off. 

14. Permanent. This verb is here used literally with in urbe, but 
figuratively with in eadem mente. — Ea quae merentur ; i. e., capital 
punishment. G. 527, 2, 1). 

VL, VII. Cicero^ s Defence against the Charge of too 
Great Severity in having driven Catiline into Exile, 

15. A me, Catilinam. Observe position. G. 594, I. and II. 

16. Quod ego si. . .possem, if I were able to accomplish this by a 
word, i. e., by a mere word or threat. — Quod, this, lit., ivhich, i. e., to 
drive into exile. G. 453. Observe the force of the Imperf. Subj. in 
possem and ejicerem. G. 510, 1. 

17. Videlicet. Ironical. The irony extends, indeed, to the whole 
sentence. 

18. Permodestus, very modest, with perhaps the accessory idea of 
docile, yielding. 



272 KOTEa 



PAGE 



17 19. Simul atque, as soon as, Gr. 587, I. 2.— Ire in exsilium 

jussus est. See p. 8, line 17. 

31. Hesterno die. Cicero proceeds to give an account of the oc- 
currences which led to the departure of Catiline. — Quum paene inter- 
fectus essem, when I had narrowly escaped being killed. G. 518, II. See 
also p. 4, lines 20 to 27. 

33. Aedem. Difference in meaning between the singular and the 
plural? O. 132. — Jovis Statoris. See note on Jovi Statori^ p. 4, line 
35. — Rem omnem. . .detuli ; i. e., in the First Oration against Catihne. 
That oration was delivered, it will be remembered, in the Temple of Ju- 
piter Stator. See note on munitissimus locus, p. 1, line 5. 

33. Quo quum. . .venisset, ivhen Catiline came in, lit., whither had 
come. — Quo, whither or thither = in aedem. 

34. Appellavit, addressed. See Syn. L. C. 184, l.~Ita ut, as, lit., 
thus, as. Ita is explained by ut perditum civ em. 

36. Ejus ordinis, of that order, i. e., of the senate. See p. 6, lines 
33 to 36. 

38. Hie, hereupon. — Yehemens ille consul. In irony. See line 
15 above. 

30. Fuisset. Is the interrogativ^e particle expressed or omitted? 
G. 346, II. 2, 2).— Neene, or not. G. 346, II. 2, 3). 

31. Homo audacissimus, though a most audacious man ; an ap- 
positive with a concessive force. 

33. Quid. . .egisset ; Indirect Question, object of edocui. — Quid 
in proximam constituisset. This refers probably to the intended 
murder of Cicero. 

33. Quern ad modum, in lohat manner ; often written quemadmo- 
dum. — Ei, hy him. G. 388, 1. 

34. Quum teneretur, when he stood speechless, lit., was held, i. e., 
was so overwlieimed by the fact that his plans were known to the consul, 
that he was completely powerless. 

35. Eo quo. . .pararet, to that place to which he had long been pre- 
paring to go. In the Direct Discourse, eo quo. . .paras would have been 
used. G. 467, 2. Why is paras changed to pararet? G. 481, II. 1 ; 
531 ; 533. 

36. Secures, fasces. These were among the insignia of consular 
authority which Catiline was preparing to assume. The consul, when in 
command of an army, was attended by twelve Lictors bearing the fasces, 
which were bundles of rods, containing each an axe {securis). 

18 1- Aquilam illam argenteam, etc. See p. 9, lines 24 to 27.— 
Sacrarium. See note on sacrarium scelerum tuorum, p. 9, line 26. 

3. Praemissam. The participle here agrees with the nearest noun 




SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 173 

PAGE 

aquilam^ while praemissa is to be supplied with arma and signa^ praemis- ]_8 
SOS with secures and tuhaSy and praemissos with fasces, G. 439. — In ex- 
silium ejiciebam, was I attempting to drive into exile? G. 346, II. 1, 5); 
469, 1. 

4. Etenim, credo. In irony. — In agro Faesulano, in the dis- 
trict of Faesulae, This was in Etruria. See in Etruriae faucibus^ p. 2, 
Ime 28. 

7. Massiliam, Marseilles, Catiline and his friends reported that he 
was going to Marseilles. — Ut aiunt, as they say. See sunt qui dicanij p. 
17, line 15. 

8. Haec castra, this camp. The same camp which is called ilia 
castra above, line 6, is here called haec castra^ this camp, because it has 
just been mentioned. G. 450. 

10. Si pertimnerit ; Fut. Perf. where we use the Future. G. 
473, 2. 

11. Periculis meis, by my perils^ i. e., the perils incurred by Cicero 
in his attempts to suppress the conspiracy. 

14. Iter ; Object of converter it. 

15. Non ille. Here begins the conclusion. Ille is the subject of 
dicetur. — Spoliatus. Supply esse^ as also with ohstupefactus^ perterritus^ 
etc. 

18. A consule vi et minis. Why is the preposition used with 
consuls^ and not with vi and minis? G. 414; 414, 5. — Si hoc fe- 
cerit, if he shall do this, i. e., pertimuerit^ mutaveritj etc. The conclusion 
is erunt qui, etc. 

21. Est mihi tanti, it is worth my while. The subject of est is the 
clause hujus invidiae. . .subire, — Tanti; Genitive of Price. G. 402, 
III. 1. 

22. Dum modo depellatur ; G. 503, I. — A voMs, from you. 

23. I>icatur ; Subj. of Desire. G. 488, I. 

26. Invidiae . .. . causa, for the sake of lightening my unpopularity. 
— Ut li. Catilinam . . . audiatis. This would prove the correctness 
of Cicero's accusations, and thus, by justifying his course, diminish his 
unpopularity. — Ut audiatis ; Subj. of Mixed Purpose after optaho. G. 
492, 3. 

27. Triduo ; G. 426, 2, 2), (3). 

28. Ne mihi sit, etc., that it may he a source of unpopularity to me. 
The clause expresses purpose, and is yet in apposition with illud, G. 492. 

29. Quod ilium emiserim, that I allowed him to go; subject oi sit 
in the preceding line. — Emiserim ; Subjunctive by Attraction. G. 527. 

30. Quum profectus sit, now that he has departed, G. 531. 

31. lidem ; Subject of dicerent, — Si interfectus esset ; G. 510, 1, 



174 NOTES. 

PAGB 

18 33. Ire, is going^ i. e., is on his way. — Dictitant, are continually 
saying. Observe the force of the frequentative form. G. 332, I. 

34. Hoc, this^ i. e., that Catiline is on his way to Marseilles. — Que- 
mntur quam verentur. . Their complaint that Catiline has been un- 
justly driven into exile is mere pretence. Their real feeling is that of joy 
at his departure, as they believe that he is on his way to the camp of 
Manlius, and yet they have some little fear that he may, after all, aban- 
don his revolutionary schemes, and go into exile. Hence their real feel- 
ing is not so much that of complaint as of fear. 

35. Tain misericors, so compassionate^ i. e., so much interested in 
the welfare of Catiline. If they were really interested in his welfare, 
they would prefer that he should go to Marseilles, where he would be 
safe, rather than that he should encounter all the horrors of civil war by 
joining Manlius. — Qui non inalit=ut is non malit^ as not to prefer. 
G. 500. — Ad Massilienses==ad Massiliam, the citizens for the city^ 
perhaps to bring the expression into harmony with ad Manlium, 

36. Hoc quod agit, that which he is now doing^ referring to his rev- 
olutionary movement. 

19 4. Vivis nobis, wJiile I am alive ; Abl. Absol. G. 431 ; 446, 2. — 
Roma ; G. 423, I. — Optemus, let us desire; because if he does not go 
into exile, he will surely make war upon his country. — Optemus, que- 
ramur ; Subj. of Desire ; G. 488, I. 

VIII. — X. Character of the Forces of Catiline, Six 

Classes. 

6. Sed. Cicero proceeds in the next place to speak of the partisans 
and followers of Catiline who have not yet left the city. He divides 
them into six classes. 

7. Fatetur se esse hostem. It is here assumed that Catiline has 
gone to the camp of Manlius. — Quia murus interest, because there is 
a wall between us. — Quod semper volui, as I have always wished^ lit., 
which I have., etc. — Quod refers to murus interest. 

9. Romae ; G. 421. — Nihil dicimus, but say nothing. Observe 
the omission of the conjunction. G. 587, IH. 4. The interrogative is 
still cur. 

10. Si fieri possit, if it can be done. The subject of possit is the 
clause sanare sibi, . .publicae. 

11. Sanare sibi ipsos, to restore them to themselves., i. e., to reason. 

13. Intelligo. What is the direct object of this verb ? G. 525, 2. 

14. Singulis, to them one by one., referring to these classes, generibus. 

15. Consilii atque orationis meae; Genitive of Specification, 



SECOND ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE. I75 



PAGB 



of my advice and discourse ; i. e., of the advice contained in my oration, I9 
an instance of hendiadys. G. 704, II. 2.— Si quam ; supply medicinam 
afferre. 

17. Unum genus. Cicero characterizes the first class of the con- 
spirators as debtors who are possessed of property, and not therefore 
really insolvent. — Est eorum, consists of those^ lit., is of those, — Eorum ; 
Predicate Gen. G. 401. — Ma^no in aere alieno, though deeply in 
debt. 

19. Dissolvi, to be set free^ i. e., from debt. Others render, to be 
separated from them, i. e., from their possessions. Perhaps Cicero se- 
lected an ambiguous term for the purpose of suggesting to his hearers 
both interpretations. — Species, the external appearance, referring doubt- 
less to their wealth and social position. 

21. Tu. . .tu. . .sis, et dubites, can you be. . .and hesitate? Ob- 
serve the repetition of tu; G. 704, II. 3. — Agris ; G. 419, UL— Sis, 
dubites ; Potential Subj. G. 485. 

32. Familia, with a retinue of servants. 

23. Acquirere ad fidem, to add to your credit, i. e., by paying your 
debts. 

25. Omuiwai, of all things ; Objective Gen. with t'o^^a^zone. G. 396, 
II. — An tab alas novas, or new accounts. Supply exspsctas. Laws 
were sometimes passed reducing aU debts in a uniform ratio, as by one- 
fourth or one-half. The Valerian Law, enacted in the year 86 B. C, re- 
duced all debts to one-fourth of their previous amount. The debts thus 
reduced were entered upon new tables {tabulae novae). Catiline had 
promised his followers such a relief from the weight of indebtedness 
with which so many of them were overwhelmed. 

27. Tabulae novae . . , verum auctionariae, neio tables, but those 
of the auction. There is in this passage a play upon the word tabulae, 
Cicero says debts shall be reduced, not indeed by any new law, but by 
the public sale of the property of the debtor. 

29. Quod, this, i. e., to sell their property as is implied in auctio- 
na7'iae. 

30. Neque, and not. — Id ; in apposition with the clause certare, etc. 
— Certare. . .praediorum, to struggle to meet the interest by means of 
the produce of thdr estates. 

31. Et locupletioribus. . .uteremur, ice shoidd find (lit., use) 
them both richer and better citizens. — Civibus ; Predicate Noun after ute- 
remur, agreeing with his. 

33. Permanebunt. Supply in sententia. 

36. Alterum genus. The second class consists of insolvent debt- 
ors who are ambitious of power. 



176 NOTES. 

PAGE 

20 1- I^erum potiri volunt, ihey wish to become master of affairs. Gr. 

409, 3. 

3. Honores; Oh]QQi o^ consequi. — Quos ; Object of c?esperaw<. G. 
8'7l, 3, 1). — Quieta re publica, in a peaceful condition of the state. 

3. Perturbata. Supply re publica.— (^xnbns hoc. . .videtur, to 
these it seems proper that this admonition should be given ; lit., to whom this 
seems to deserve to be prescribed. Here the Latin employs tlie personal 
construction, and the English the impersonal. Soc is the subject of vi- 
detur. With praecipiendum supply esse. 

4. Unum et idem ; in apposition with hoc. — Quod reliqnis om- 
nibus. Supply praecipienduJn esse videtur. 

5. Ut desperent ; Mixed Purpose ; in apposition with hoc^ yet ex- 
pressing the purpose of praecipie7idum. 

6. Omnium; Partitive Gen. sSter primum. G. 396, IH. 2, 4), (4). — 
Me ipsum vigilare, etc. These infinitive clauses depend upon a verb 
of saying miY)lied in fjraecipietidum. G. 530, II. 1. 

8. In maxima multitudine. Another reading is maximam mul- 
iitiidincm. 

11. Praesentes, iii pje^^son. — Quod si. . .adepti, but if they should 
at once attain^ etc. 

12. Illi ; Subject of sperard. 

13. Quae, a state of things which^ lit., which things. It refers to 
cinere and sanguine^ or, at least, to a state of things suggested by those 
words. G. 445, 3, 1); 439, 3. 

15. Id se cupere, quod si, etc, that if they should attain that 
which ihey desire^ lit., that they desire that which if they should attain. In 
rendering into English, the antecedent and relative often change places. 

16. Fugitivo aut gladiatori. If the conspiracy should succeed, 
Catiline and his reckless followers would place themselves at the head 
of affairs. 

17. Tertium genus. The third class consists largely of aged and 
reckless spendthrifts, who formerly served under Sulla. 

18. Manlius. See Introduction, p. 138. — Cui. . .succedit, whcmi 
Catiline now succeeds^ i. e., in command. 

19. Quas Sulla eonstituit. At the close of the civil wars be- 
tween Marius and Sulla, the latter established colonies for his soldiers in 
Etruria and other parts of Italy. Not a few of these colonists, having 
squandered all they had, espoused the cause of Catiline in the hope of 
new spoils and booty. 

30. Quas universas, which as a class, i. e., taken aS a whole, or 
collectively. Cicero does not mean to pass censure upon these colonies 
in general, but only upon those members of them who have joined Cati- 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 177 

PAGB 

line. Universas is contrasted with ii. — Civium ; Predicate Gen. with 20 
esse. G. 401. 

31. Sed tameu ii. . .qui, but yet there are (i. e., among them) those 
colonists who. 

32. Se sumptuosius . . . jactarunt, Aa?;e conducted themselves too 
extravagantly and haughtily. Cicero here refers especially to their osten- 
tatious and extravagant mode of hfe. 

23. Tamquam beati, as if wealthy. 

24. Conviviis apparatis, sumptuous feasts. G. 414. 

26. Velint ; Subj. by Attraction. — 8ulla sit. . .excitandus, Sulla 
mitst be summoned by them from the dead^ i. e., nothing short of the spoils 
of another bloody revolution Hke that of Sulla can save them. — lis ; 
G. 388. 

27. Tenaes, of slender means. — Eandem illam spem ; i. e., the 
hope that the scenes of Sulla's bloody proscriptions will be repeated 
under Catiline. 

28. Quos, these^ including both the colonists {colonic line 21) and the 
peasants (ogrestes^^hiQ 21). 

30. Eos hoc laoneo, I give them this advice. G. 3Y4, 5. — Pro-- 
scriptiones et dictaturas ; i. e., such a state of things as they had 
witnessed under the dictator Sulla. 

31. Tantus illorum. . .dolor, such a painful recollection of those 
times, Ut., so great pain of etc. 

32. Ut jam, . .homines. . .videantur, that now not only do not 
men appear to me inclined to pey^mit (lit., about to permit) these things^ but 
not even brutes seem thus inclined. In rendering this passage it is impos- 
sible to follow the Latin closely. — Non modo ; G. 584, 2. 

34. Quartnm genus. The fourth class is a miscellaneous collec- 
tion of ruined bankrupts. — Turbulentum. This seems to be used as 
a synonyme with vai^ium and mixtum in the sense of confused, miscellane- 
ous, rather than in that of turbule^d, restless. 

35. Qui == eorum qui, consisting of those who. — Premuntur. Supply 
acre alieno. — Emergunt, emerge from it, i. e., from their indebtedness. 

36. Qui partim, . .partim, some of whom. . .others, lit, who partly 
. . .partly. — Male gerendo negotio, by the bad management of affairs. 

1. In vetere aere alieno vacillant, are staggering under a load 21 
of long-standing debt. — Qui permulti, who in great numbers, lit., who 
very many. Permulti agrees with qui. — Yadimoniis, judiciis, pro- 
scriptionibus. These terms designate the three steps in the judicial 
procedure against debtors. First, the debtor gives bail (vadimonium) for 
his appearance in court ; secondly, the decision {judiciuin) of the court, 
if adverse, places the creditor in possession of certain property for se- 



178 NOTES. 

PAGE 

21 curity ; and, thirdly, if the property is not redeemed within a specified 
time, it is proscribed (proscriptio), i. e., is sold to pay the debt. 

4. Infitiatores lentos, dilatory debtors, strictly those who endeavor 
to escape payment by denying the debt. 

5. Qui homines, these men. G. 453. — Quam primum, as soon 
as possible, G. 444, 3.— Si stare. . .corruant; referring to vacillantj 
line 1 above. 

6. Non modo. Supply non. G. 584, 2. 

8. Quam ob remi. . .Telint ; Indirect Question, in apposition with 
illud. — Turpiter, basely, i. e., in making war upon their country. 

11. Quintum genus. The fifth class consists of parricides and 
criminals. 

13. Pereant ; Subj. of Desire. 

16. Postremum genus. The sixth and last class consists of ef- 
feminate and dissolute young men. — Postremum. . .non solum... 
Catilinae est, but the last class, not only in number, but also, , ,is that 
which is peculiarly Catiline's. — Postremum, last, but in the double 
sense of last and lowest, as shown by genere ipso atque vita. — Numero ; 
G. 429. 

17. Catilinae ; G. 399, 3, 3). 

18. De complexu ejus ac sinu, his bosom friends, lit., of Ms em- 
brace and bosom. Originally the language was doubtless applied to those 
who reclined together at table. See note on accubantes, p. 16, line 31. 

19. Pexo capillo; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 428. — Bene bar- 
batos, loell bearded. It was deemed foppish at this time to wear a long 
beard. 

20. Manicatis et talaribus tunicis. These were a mark of ef- 
feminacy. The ordinary tunics were much shorter and were without 
sleeves. — Velis, non togis, with veils, not togas, i. e., with loose flowing 
garments which resemble veils. The toga, the ordinary outer garment 
of a Roman citizen, was a large shawl, semicircular in form. As usual- 
ly worn, it covered the left shoulder and arm, passed across the back, 
under the right arm across the breast, and again over the left shoulder. 

21. In antelucanis cenis, in banquets prolonged till morning, 

24. Lepidi, effeminate. 

25. Neque, not only. Solum is to be supplied from the preceding 
line. 

26. Qui nisi exeunt, and unless they depart, 

27. Perierit ; Fut. Perf.— Scitote ; G. 534, II. 1.— Seminarium 
Catilinarum, a narsery of CatHines. 

28. Quid sibi. . .volunt, ivhat do those wretches propose to them 
G. 389, 2, 1). 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 179 

PAGE 

30. Illis ; FerDinine referring to mulierculas. G. 419, III. — His 21 
noctibus ; Abl. of Time. 

32. Illas; G. 450, 4. — Idcirco. . .quod, /or this reason. . .because. 

33. Toleraturos. Supply me.— Nudi ; G. 647, I. 



XI. Contrast between the Forces of Catiline and those 
of the State. 

35. Magno opere pertimescendum ; Ironical. Magna opere^ also 
written magnopere ; Abl. of Manner. — Quum sit habiturus ; G. 481, 
III. 1 ; 518, I. — Scortorum, of prostitutes^ referring not so much to 
mulierculas as to omnes impuri impnidicique^ line 28 above. — Cohortem 
praetoriam. The select band which attended the person of the com- 
mander as his staff or body-guard, was called the praetorian cohort. 

1. Instruite nunc, marshal now, i. e., in imagination. — Prae- 22 
Claras ; Ironical. 

2. Praesidia, exercitus. The former refers to the means of de- 
fensive warfare, the latter of offensive. 

3. Gladiatori illi ; i. e., Catiline. 

4. Illam naufragorum . . . manum, that stranded {ejectam) and 
helpless hand of shipwrecked men.; a favorite figure with Cicero. 

6. Jam vero, nay in truth. The contrast is now extended from the 
forces themselves to the positions which they occupy. — Urbes colo- 
niarum ac municipiorum, the cities of our colonies and municipal- 
ities. The municipia were states, or towns, which were governed by 
their own laws, but were required to render military service to Eome. — 
Respondebnnt, will he a match for. 

7. Tumulis silvestribus, the wooded heights^ referring to the lurk- 
ing-places of Catiline's forces. — Copias, ornamenta, praesidia, re- 
sources, equipments, defences. 

9. Quibus ; construe with suppeditamur and egei. G. 419, III. 

10. Eget ille, hut which he needs. Observe the ellipsis of the con- 
junction. G. 587, III. 4. — Senatu, equitibns, etc. ; in apposition with 
rebus. 

12. Exteris nationibus, foreign nations, i. e., foreign allies. — Si, 
his rebns omissis ; repeated from line 9 above. 

13. Contendere, to compare.— -"EtX eo ipso, from this very thing, 
i. e., from this very comparison. 

14. Quam valde . . . jaceant, how prostrate they lie. — Ex hac 
parte = hinc, illinc = ex ilia parte, on (lit., from) this side, on that. 

19. Aequitas . . . prudentia. These are the four cardinal virtues 



180 NOTES. 

PAGE 

22 recognized by the Greek philosophers. — Virtutes omues ; correspond- 
ing to viiiis omnibus. 

31. Bona ratio cum perdita; supply rafione, sound reason with 
folly, lit., with ruined reason, 

23. Cum. . .desperatione, with despair in regard to (lit., of) all 
things, i. e., utter despair. 

35. Ab his virtutibus ; G. 414, 6. 

Xn., XIII. Conclusion. 

37. Vos ; expressed for emphasis in contrast with mihi below.— 
Qnem ad modum . . . dixi, as I have already said, referring, it is sup- 
posed, to Instruite nunc, Quirites, in the first line on this page. 

39. Mihi consultum atque provisum est, measures have been 
initiated and provision made by me, G. 888, 1. — Urhi, to the city, i. e., as 
a whole. G. 387. The consul provides for the safety of the city as a 
whole, while each citizen is expected to look especially to the safety of 
his own house. — Sine vestro motii, without disturbance to you, i. e., 
without disturbing you. 

30. Esset ; G. 482,- 1.— Praesidii ; Partitive Genitive with satis, 
the subject of esset, 

33. Hac nocturna . . . Catilinae ; i. e., Catiline's departure the 
preceding night to the camp of Manlius. 

33. Quam maniim, a force which, lit., which force. Lat. Comp. 
477, 2. — Certissimam, most faithful. 

34. Quamquam animo . . . patriciorum, however they are better 
disposed (lit., of better mind) than a portion of the patricians. This is only 
a parenthetical remark. 

35. Potestate tamen. . .eontinebuntur, ye^ will be retained in 
our power, i. e., even the gladiators, who, Catiline thought, would be 
faithful to him, will yet (i. e., notwithstanding his expectations) be re- 
tained by us. Tamen, it will be observed, does not refer back to quam- 
quam in the parenthetical clause, but to the concessive idea contained in 
the clause quam . . .putavit. For greater security, the gladiators had 
been distributed among the municipal towns. 

36. Q. Metellus, agrum Gallicum, etc. See note on quem Q. 
Metellus habuit, p. 14, line 31. — Hoc, this, i. e., the present posture of 
affairs. 

23 1. Hominem ; i. e., CatiUne. 

4. Quem vocari videtis, which you see is convoked (lit., to be con- 
voked). Perhaps the senators were already beginning to assemble in the 
senate-house near by. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 181 

PAGE 

5. Atque adeo, and even= or rather^ 23 

8. Monitos etiain atque etiam, to he admonished again and 
again. Supply esse. The subject accusative is illos in line 6 above. 

9. Solutior, excessive^ lit., i6o unrestricted. — Hoc exspectavit, it 
has had this object. Hoc is explained by the clause ut id. . .e7'umperet. 

10. Quod reliquum est ; for the future.^ lit., as to what remains ; 
here in a temporal sense, as to the time which remains =fQr the fu- 
ture^ opposed to adhuc^ line 8 above. 

13. Portis, viae ; Datives of Possessor, the gates have no keeper, 
etc. 

14. Conivere ; the approved form instead of connivere. — Commo- 
verit, deprehendero. Fut. Perf. denoting actions which will be com- 
pleted at the time of sentiet. — Cujus non modo factum, etc., of whom 
I shall detect not to say an act but any beginning or attempt, etc. 

16. Sentiet. The subject is the omitted antecedent of qui, 

18. Queiii vindicem. . . voluerunt, lohichour ancestors intended as 
a place of punishment (lit., as the punished') of etc. 

21. Maximae res. Supply sedentur, from sedetur below. 

34. Me uno. . . imperatore, Abl. Absol., while I alone clad in the 
toga am your leader and commander. — Togato, clad in the toga, the dress 
of the peaceful citizen as opposed to paludamentum, the military cloak 
of the commander. Cicero engages, therefore, to bring the war to a 
close without resorting to military force. See note on velis, non togis, p. 
21, line 20. 

28. Impendens patriae pericuium, the danger which threatens 
the country. 

30. Vix optandum, scarcely to he hoped for. 

31. Ut neque bonus quisquam. . .que, that no good man. . .and 
ihat.—'Seq_ne=^et non, of which et is the correlative of que. G. 5S1, I. 
5. — Ut neque. . .possitis ; in apposition with illud above. 

33. Prudentia, consiliis, etc. ; G. 419, lY. 

34. Multis et non dubiis significationibus, on the many sure 
tokens, G. 440, 1 ; T05, YI. 

35. Quibus dueibus, under whose guidance. Abl. Absol. Quihus 
refers to deorum. 

1. Non procul, ut. . .solebant, not at a dista^ice, as they were wont 24 
to do. Cicero thus refers to the protection which the Eomans had re- 
ceived from the gods in foreign wars, to awaken in his hearers an expec- 
tation of special divine interposition in defence of the temples and 
shrines of the city itself. 

4. Precari, venerari, implorare, to beseech, supplicate, implore; 
an accumulation of synonymes to add emphasis to the expression. Ut ; 



182 NOTES. 

pagb 

24 construe with defendant. — Qnam urbem, hanc ; construe, Tianc urhem 
qaam. 

5. Omnibus hostium. . .superatis, now that all the forces of our 
enemies (i. e., foreign enemies) have been conquered^ etc. — Hostium (ene- 
mies) is contrasted with perditlssimorum dvium (most abandoned citi- 
zens). 

6. Terra mariqne ; G. 422, 1, 1). 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE 
THE PEOPLE IN THE FORUM, ON THE THIRD OF DE- 
CEMBER, 63 B. C* 

ANALYSIS. 

L Introduction. I. 
II. An Account of the Means and Events by which the Con- 

SPIRACT WAS discovered AND EXPOSED. DECREE OF THE SeNATE. 

II.— VL 

III. The Signal Success already attained to be ascribed to two 
Principal Causes: 

1. To the Policy of the Consul in driving Catiline 

FROM THE City. VII. 

2. To THE Divine Interposition in Behalf of the State. 

VIIL, IX. 
rV. The People are exhorted to render Gratitude to the Gods 
and to retain a Grateful Recollection of the Services of their 
Consul. X., XL 

V. Conclusion. XIL 



L Introduction, Cicero announces the Exposure and 
Failure of the Conspiracy, The State is safe, 

25 1. Rem publicam ; Object of videtis, line Y. 

4. Urbem ; in apposition with domicilium. Rome is thus repre- 
sented as the home or abode of the government, i. e., the seat of govern- 
ment. 

5. Meis ; construe with lahoribus and consiliisj as well as with peri- 
culis. 



* See Introduction, p. 141. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 183 



PA ox 



6. Ereptam ; Participle. Esse is not to be supplied. 25 

7. Et, si. . .servavit. This sentence, as also the preceding, is a 
fine specimen of a full Latin period. G. 605. — Si. . .sunt. . .debebit. 
For the force of the Indicative, see G. 508. Cicero refers to the fact 
that the Romans were accustomed to celebrate with joy and festivity the 
anniversary of their escape from any great danger. See Horace, Odes, 
IIL 8. 

8. Illustres, bright^ festive. — Quibus ; Abl. of Time. 

9. Salutis laetitia, the joy derived from preservation from danger^ 
lit., the joy of preservation, — Nascendi incerta condicio, the condi- 
tion (i. e., the condition in life, whether one of joy or sorrow) to which 
we are born (lit., of being born) is uncertain. 

10. Sine sensu, without consciousness, i. e., unconsciously. 

11. Profecto ; construe with debebit. — Qui. . .condidit ; i. e., 
Romulus, who is reported to have founded Rome '753 B. C. 

12. Ad deos. . .sustulimus. Romulus was deified as Quirinus, in 
whose honor the festival of the Quirinalia was annually celebrated on 
the seventeenth of February. — Benevolentia famaque, by our grati- 
tude and by the glory which we ascribe to him ; lit., by good-vMl and glory. 

13. Debebit, will deserve. 

15. TJrbi ; G. 386.— Delubris, shrines. 

17. lidemgue ; G. 451, 3. — Rettudimus, we have thrust back, not 
have blunted. 

19. Per me, through my agency. G. 414, 6, 1. 

30. Exponam. Supply ea. — Ut ; construe with joo5si^/5.~ Quanta; 
supply sint, how important they are. 

22. Exspectatis, are waiting, i. e., are in anxious expectation, wait- 
ing to be informed by the consul. 

1. Ut, ever since, lit., as, as soon as, i. e., as soon as he left, I began to 26 
watch, etc. — Paucis ante diebus, a few days ago. G. 427 ; 427, 1. 

It was, in fact, already twenty-five days, but Cicero, to excuse his own 
tardiness, speaks of the period as short. 

2. Quum reliquisset, when he Zfi/)^ = having left or leaving, lit., 
when he had left. G. 618, II. 

n. Lentulus^ one of the Conspirators.^ tampers with the 
Allohroges. The latter are seized hy the Agents of 
Cicero, 

6. Ejiciebam. Observe the force of the Imperfect. 
T. Hujus verbi ; i. e., of the word ejiciebam. — Ilia ; i. e., ilia in^ 
vidia. 



184 NOTES. 



PAGE 



26 ^' Quod vivus exierit. This clause explains illay since that (un- 
popularity) arising from the fact that he went forth alive, etc. — Exierit ; 
Subj. by Attraction. G. 527. — Sed turn, but at that time, or more freely, 
at that time, I say. Sed here resumes the thought with which the chap- 
ter opens, turn, quum ex urhe, etc. In such cases it may be rendered, 
hut, now, I say, etc. — Exterminari, to he driven into exile. Observe the 
etymology of the word. 

10. Restitissent. Explain mood and tense. What mood and 
tense would be used in the Direct Discourse ? G. 532, 4. 

11. Atque ego, ut vidi, and so when I saw ; lit., and I, as I saw. 
Ego is the subject of consumpsi below. Atque, as a particle of transition, 
may often be rendered by hut, now, and so, 

13. Esse, remansisse. Observe the force of each tense. What 
is the real time here denoted by each ? G. 541, 1 ; 542, 1. — In eo, in this, 
i. e., in this endeavor, explained by the clause ut quid agerent. , Mderem ; 
G. 495, 3. 

15. Ut rem ita comprehenderem, that I might so grasp the sub- 
ject, i. e., get so complete possession of all the facts in the case. This 
clause shotld not be treated as an appositive to eo, but as a clause ex- 
pressing the purpose of sentirem ac viderem. — Auribus vestris mino- 
rem. . .mea, my words found too little credence in your ears, lit., to your 
ears. — Auribus ; Dative of Indirect Object with faceret, which is in the 
Subjunctive by Attraction. 

IT. Ut provideretis ; Subjunctive of Result. — Animis, with 
your minds ; emphatic in contrast with oculis. See Syn. L. 0. 355. — 
Saluti ; G. 385, 3. 

19. Allobrogum. The Allobroges were a warlike people of Gaul, 
who had been conquered by the Romans more than half a century be- 
fore. The deputation here spoken of came to Rome to present certain 
complaints against the provincial government. — Belli ; Genitive depend- 
ing upon causa. G. 562. — Transalpini, Transalpine, i. e., in Transal- 
pine Gaul, or in Gaul beyond the Alps. 

20. Tumultus Galliei, a Gallic revolt or war. Tumultus, as dis- 
tinguished from helium, is applied especially to a commotion or war in 
Italy or in Cisalpine Gaul. Galliei, Gallic, as here distinguished from 
transalpini, means in Cisalpine Gaul. — P. Lentulo. Publius Corne- 
lius Lentulus, a partisan of Catiline, was at this time praetor. He had 
been consul, but was subsequently expelled from the senate on account 
of his scandalous life. His election to the office of praetor restored him 
to the senate. — Esse sollicitatos, had been tampered with, i. e., Len- 
tulus, taking advantage of their dissatisfaction, had endeavored to inter- 
est them in the conspiracy. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 185 

FA6B 

21. Eodemque itinere, and on the same jouryiey. As their home- 26 
ward route lay through Etruria, they could easily visit Catiline at the 
camp of Manlius. 

22. Comitem, as a companion. This is a Predicate Accusative 
after adjunctum, esse. 

23. T. Volturcium. Titus Yolturcius, of whom little is known, 
except that he was a native of Crotona, in Italy, and a partisan of Cati- 
line. — Ad Catilinam ; construe with litter as^ a letter to Catiline, 

24. Oblatam. Supply esse. 

25. Ut, so that. — Quod erat. . .quodque, which was a ver^/ difficult 
matter^ and one which. 

28. li. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum. Lucius Flaccus and Caius 
Pomptinus were praetors under Cicero. They had both seen service in 
previous wars. At the close of the praetorship, Flaccus became gov- 
ernor of the province of Asia, and Pomptinus of Gallia Narbonensis. — 
Praetores. The praetors, eight in number, were Roman magistrates, 
charged with the administration of justice. See note on circumstare . . . 
praeioris icrbani, P- 12, Une 15. 

29. Fortissimos. . .rei publicae. Two most important qualifi- 
cations in those to whom great public trusts are to be committed — 
courage and patriotism. — Rei publicae ; G. 899, 2, 1). 

30. Quid placeret ; G. 525. 

31. Qui sentirent ; Relative clause denoting a reason, as they en- 
tertained all noble and excellent sentiments^ etc. G. 519. 

33. Quum advesperasceret ; G. 300 ; 518, II. — Pontem Mul- 
vium. This was one of the bridges over the Tiber. It was on the road 
to Faesulae, and was three miles from the Roman Forum. 

35. Interesset ; G. 433, 3. 

1. Praefectura Reatina, the prefecture oj Reate^ a Sabine town 27' 
of which Cicero was the patron. Originally the prefectures had neither 
laws nor magistrates of their own, but were governed by a Roman pre- 
fect. Subsequently some of these towns, among which was Reate, 
obtained from Rome the rights of citizenship. 

2. Opera; G. 419, L 

3. Tertia fere vigilia exacta ; i. e., about three o'clock in the 
morning. The Romans divided the night into four watches of three 
hours each. 

4. Quum inciperent. Observe that this clause not only gives the 
time of the attack, but also its occasion and cause. Their entrance upon 
the bridge was the signal for the attack. G. 518, II. 1. — Magno comi- 
tatu, with a large retinue. G. 414, 7. 

6. Res, the thing^ i. e., the cause of the attack. 



186 NOTES. 

in. The Letters and Documents obtained from Vbltur- 
cius and the Allohroges are brought to Cicero. Ga- 
binius and others are arrested. The Senate is con- 
vened. 



PA6K 



27 8. Interventu; Abl. of Cause. As the object of the attack had, 
been attained, there was no need of continuing the battle. 

10. Integris ^\%vl\^^ with unhroken seals; Abl. AbsoL The waxen 
tablets on which letters were usually written, were tied together with a 
string, the knot of which was sealed. — Ipsi, the men themselves^ in dis- 
tinction from the letters. 

13. Cimbrum Gabiuium. One of the chief conspirators, called 
also Puhlius Gabinius (p. 30, line 13), and, by Sallust, Puhlius Gahinius 
Capita. He was of equestrian rank. — Nihildum suspicautem, «s yet 
suspecting nothing, 

14. li. Statilius, C. Cethegus. These were both leading con- 
spirators. The former was of equestrian rank, the latter of senatorial. — 
lientulus. See note on P, Lentulo^ p. 26, hne 20. — Credo quod. . . 
Tigilarat. Observe the sarcasm and irony. Lentulus was notoriously 
dilatory and indolent. 

17. Quum placeret, though it pleased^ i. e., seemed best. — Viris ; 
Indirect Object of placeret. 

18. Frequentes, in great numbers. — Litteras aperiri ; Subject 
of placeret. 

19. Deferri; with litteras to be supplied ; in the same construction 
as litteras aperiri. G. 417, 1 ; 551, I. 6. — Si esset inventum ; attract- 
ed from the Fut. Perf. G. 532, 4. 

21. Negavi. . .ut non rem integram deferrem, / said that I 
would not so act as not to refer the whole subject. Negavi = dixi non. — Ut 
deferrem ; G. 492, 1. 

23. Ad consilium publicum, to the public council^ i. e., the 
senate. 

23. Si reperta essent; G. 509, 1. — Quae erant delata; G. 
531, 4. 

27. Admonitu ; G. 414, 2, 3).— C. Sulpicium. Of Gains Sul- 
picius we know only what Cicero here tells us. 

28. Qui efferret, to bring^ lit., who should bring; Subj. of Purpose. 
G. 500. — Aedibus ; G. 132. — Si quid telorum esset, if there should 
be any weapons (lit., any thing of weapons) there^ i. e., whatever weapons 
were there. G. 396, III. 2, 3), (3). 

29. Ex quibus, from which^ i. e., from the house of Cethegus. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 187 



lY. Testimony of VoUiircms. 

PAGB 

31. Introduxi ; i. e., into the senate, which was then assembled in 27 
the Temple of Jupiter Stator. — Gollis = legatis Allohrogum. — Fidem 
publicam dedi, I pledged to him the protection of the state; i. e., I 
promised him pardon in case he would reveal whatever he knew of the plot. 

33. Timore. See Syn. L. C. 305. — Qnnm vix se recreasset, 
ichen he had scarcely recovered ; Time with Concession, when and though. 
G. 518, II. 

35. Ut servorum. . .uteretur, advking him to employ the assistance 
of slaves. This clause explains mandata et litteraSy with which it is in 
apposition. In translating, supply the words advising him. G. 495, 3. 

36. Id. . .consilio, and that he should do this (i. e., approach the 
city) with this design. Id is the object of facerei^ to be supplied. 

1. Ut ; construe with esset below. — Ex omnibus partibns, in all 28 
parts^ lit., from all parts ; a common Latin idiom, using a, ah^ e or ex, 
where we use a/, /w, 07i, on the side of or some similar expression. 

3. Ille, /le, i. e., Catiline. — Qui fugientes exciperet, to ratercept 
the fugitives. 

4. His dncibus ; i. e., those leaders mentioned directly below. 

5. Jus jurandum, an oath. This was in writing, and was to be 
communicated to the Allobroges in ratification of the compact which the 
conspirators wished to make with them. 

6. Data esse ; G. 439, 3. 

7. Ita, ut, that^ lit, thus^ viz., that. — li. Cassio. L. Cassius, an 
influential patrician and senator, was one of the most prominent of the 
conspirators. 

9. Defuturas. Supply esse. The infinitive depends upon a verb 
of saying irapHed in esse praescriptum. G. 530, 1. — Lentulum sibi 
coufirmasse, that Lenhdus had assured them. 

10. Ex fatis Sibyllinis, from the Sihylline predictions. These 
predictions were not taken from the three famous SibyUine books said to 
have been purchased by King Tarquin, for those had been destroyed 
twenty years before, at the time of the burnmg of the capitol. Various 
other Sibylline books were, however, soon after collected from different 
portions of Italy and Greece. In one of these was found a prediction 
which was mterpreted to mean that three members of the Cornelian gens 
should rule Rome. In the opinion of Lentulus, the three Cornelii were 
Publius Cornelius Cinna, notorious for his tyranny and crueUy, Lucius 
Cornelius Sulla, the famous dictator, and himself, Publius Cornelius 
Lentulus. 



188 NOTES, 



PAGB 



28 11. Ilium; 0.450,4. 

12. Esset necesse, was destined, 

13. Eundemque dixisse, and that he had also said. G. 451, S.— 
Fatalem ad, destined for, 

14. Qui esset, since it was. G. 519. 

15. Post virginum absolutioneia, since the acquitted of the 
virgins, i. e., of the Vestal virgins, the virgin priestesses of Yesta, who 
guarded the perpetual fire in the temple of that goddess. Of the trial 
itself, nothing further is known. — Capitolii incensionem. From 
some unknown cause, the Capitol, i. e., the Temple of Jupiter on the 
CapitoHne Hill, was burned 83 B. C. 

16. Hanc controversial!!, a controne^^sy 07i this pointy lit., this con- 
troversy. 

18. Saturnalibus, on the Saturnalia^ the festival of Saturn, cele- 
brated with general festivity and merriment on the nineteenth of De- 
cember. 

19. Nimium longum, too long, i. e., too long to wait, too long a 
postponement, 

V. The Conviction and Confession of the Prisoners. 

20. Ne longum sit, not to he tediotcs. This clause does not express 
the purpose of jussimusy but of some verb or expression which may be 
readily supplied, as, / proceed at once to state, etc. G. 493, 3. — Tabel- 
las ; i. e., the waxen tablets on vrhich the letters were written. 

21. A quoque ; construe with dafae; supply esse. G. 545, 3. 

22. Sigi!Uii!. The seal was placed upon the knot of the string- 
{linum) with which the tablets were secured. — Nos lii!um ii!cidiii!ns, 
we cut the string ; the usual way of opening a Roman letter. 

25. Orare ; like sese. . .facturum esse, subject of erai scriptum, that 
he asked. — Sibi recepissent, had promised him, more literally, had un- 
dertaken for him. — Sibi refers, not to the ambassadors, but to the writer 
of the letter, Cethegus. 

26. Qui aliquid tamen respondisset, who had yet (i. e., not- 
withstanding his manifest guilt) made some reply = though he had, etc.; 
Relative of Concession. G. 515, II. 

28. Ferramentorum ; G. 399. 

32. In eandem fere sententiam, to nearly the same purport. 

34. Cognosceretne ; G. 526, I. 

35. Imago avi tiii, the image of your grandfather. The head of 
some ancestor was not an uncommon device upon a Roman seal. The 
grandfather was Publius Cornelius Lentulus, who was consul 162 B. C 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 189 

PA6B 

He also aided L. Opimius, the consul in the year 121 B. C, against Caius 28 
Gracchus. See p. 2, lines 11 to 15. 

36. Quae quidem .etiam muta, and this (i. e., imago) indeed^ even 
though speechless. 

2. Eadem ratione, of the same character^ i. e., of the same tenor 29 
and purport as the letters already read. Abl. of Characteristic. Some 
critics treat ratione as Abl. of Manner, and render, in like manner. 

3. Si . . . vellet. This conditional sentence, with its omitted conclu- 
sion implied in fed potestatem^ is of the nature of Indirect Discourse, 
thus : I gave him permission to speak (i. e., I told him he might speak), 
if he wished^ etc. Hence vellet^ Imperf. Subj. G. 529 ; 481, II. 1. 

5. Edito, recorded. The testimony was at once put in writiug. 

6. Quid sibi. . .iis, what he had to do with them^ lit., vjhat there was 
to him with them. G. 387. — Domum ; G. SYO, 3, 1). 

7. Itemque a Volturcio. Supply quaesivit. — ^Quum respondis- 
sent ; G. 518, II. 

8. Per quern, through lohose agency. Lat. Comp. 231, YI. Quern 
refers to the freedman, P. Umbrenus, whom Lentulus employed for this 
purpose. 

10. Subito scelere demens, suddenly bereft of reason through 
guilty i. e., the consciousness of guilt. 

11. Quum id. . .iufitiari, tlvough he might have denied it. G. 516, 
II. ; 541, 3. 

15. Qua superabat omnes, in which he surpassed all, i. e., all 
others. Qua, Abl. of Specification. 

19. Vehementissime perturbatus, though 7nost violently agitated. 
G. 578, lY. 

20. Erant sine nomine, it was without a signature , i. e., anony- 
mous. 

22. Quern in locum, inio what a position, referring to the fact that 
he was already committed to the work. 

24. Etiam infimorum, even of the lowest, with special reference to 
slaves. 

25. Quum primo, though at first. — Coepisset ; G. 516,11. 

27. Quum ilia, while those things. Ilia, which is explained by 
tabellae, signa, manus, and confessio, in apposition with it, is the subject 
of visa sunt. — Certissima, very certain. 

29. Turn multo certiora ilia, those are much more certain. Turn 
is the correlative of quum above, line 27, G. 587, I. 5, and may not im- 
properly be omitted in translating. 

30. Obstupuerant, were so stupefied, ht., had become so stupefied. 

31. Inter se aspiciebant, looked at one another, G. 448, 1. 



190 NOTES. 



rxGv 



VI. Tlie Action of the Senate, 

29 35. De summa re publica, in regard to the highest welfare of the 
state. — Quid. . .placeret ; Indirect Question, serving as a second 
Accus. after consului. G. 3 74, 5. 

36. A principibus, the leading men. The term is applied especially 
to the chief of the senate, the consuls-elect, and the ex-consuls. Ac- 
cording to Roman custom, they had a right to be heard before the other 
senators. 

QQ 1. Sine ulla varietate, without a dissenting voice^ i. e., unani- 
mously. 

2. Nondum est perscriptum. The decrees of the senate were 
usually engraved upon brazen tablets. 

3. Censuerit. See Syn. L. C. 576. 

4. Gratiae aguntur. See Syn. L. C. 548.— Quod. . .sit liberata. 
Observe the force of the Subj., showing that the reason was assigned by 
the senate, not by Cicero. G. 520, II. 

7. Usus essem ; Pluperfect, as the Historical Present laudantur is 
here treated as an Historical tense, but, above, aguntur is treated as a 
Principal tense. Hence the Perfect sit liberata. G. 481, IV. 

8. Collegae meo, mg colleague^ i. e., in the consulship. C. Anto- 
nius, the colleague here referred to, was at first supposed to be more or 
less in sympathy with Catiline, but Cicero soon succeeded in winning him 
to the cause of the republic. See Introduction, p. 138. 

9. Conjurationis ; G. 399, 2, 2). 

10. A suis. . . consiliis, /rom his oiMn counsels and those of the re- 
public. — Ita ut, that. 

11. Quum. . ,abdicasset, when he had abdicated the praetorship. 
This clause in the decree was absolutely essential, as no Roman magis- 
trate could be punished so long as he held office. G. 425, 2, 2). 

13. In custodiam. See note on in custodiam dedisti, p. 7, line 32. 

14. Idem hoc; i. e., ut in custodiam traderetur. 

16. M. Ceparium. Marcus Ceparius was a native of Terracina. 
He fled from Rome on the discovery of the conspiracy, but was after- 
wards arrested and executed. — Cui ; Indirect object of attributam esse. — 
Apuliam attributam esse ; subject of erat indicatum. 

IT. P. Furium; Q. Annium Chilonem. In regard to these 
men, little is known. They were active partisans of Catiline. The 
former was one of the veterans of Sulla ; the latter a senator. — De iis 
colonis, one of those colonists. See note on quas Sulla constituit^ p. 20, 
line 19. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. ^ 191 

PAGB 

18. Faesulas; G. 379. . 30 

19. In hac. . .sollicitatione, i7i this tampering with (lit., solicita- 
tion of) the Allohroges. — Allobrogum ; Objective Gen. G. 396, II. 

30. P. Umbrenuin. A freedman, who had resided in Gaul. 
23. Ea lenitate usus est, exercised such leniency. G. 419. 

33. Ut ; construe with arbitraretur. G. 49-1. — Ex tanta conjura- 
tione, out of so great a conspiracy ; construe with noveni hominiim, 

34. Novem hominum ; i. e., of the nine conspirators just men- 
tioned — Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. Only five were, however, actually pun- 
ished, as CassiuSj Furitcs^ Chilo, and Umhrenus^ escaped by flight. 

35. Poena, by the punishmeiit. — Re publica conservata ; Abl. 
Absol. 

37. Supplicatio, a thanksgiving. 

38. Quod mihi primnm togato contigit, an honor which has 
been conferred upon me first in civil life^ i. e., an honor which was never 
before conferred upon any one in civil life, but only upon generals. — 
Quod, which^ i. e., an honor which, referring to the honor of a thanks- 
giving. — Togato, clad in the toga^ i. e., in civil life as opposed to military 
service. See note on togato^ p. 23, line 24. 

30. Quod liberassem ; G. 620, II.— Urbem incendiis ; G. 425, 
2, 2), and 3, 2). 

31. Quae supplicatio si, if this thanksgiving. 

33. Hoc interest, tliere is this difference. G. 408, 2 ; 512.— 
Ceterae. Supply supplicationes constitutae sunt, — Bene gesta ; sup- 
ply re publica^ for managing the public interests successfully^ i. e., 
in war ; hence, for military successes^ lit., the republic having been icell 
managed. 

33. Haec una. Supply supplicatio. — Illud quod faciendum, 
etc. This does not seem to refer to any one thing in particular, 
but is probably to be taken in a general sense ; that which = whatever. 
The meaning is that every thing has been done legally and constitution- 
aUy. 

3. Ut libeTareianT^ that we might be freed from. — Quae religio 31 
C. Mario, etc., which scruple had not prevented C. Marius . . .from putting 
to death C. Glaucia^ the praetor^ etc. In general, the person of a 
magistrate, while in office, was inviolable. Hence Lentulus is compelled 
to lay down his office that he may be punished as a private citizen. — 
Mario non fuerat quo minus, lit., had not been to Marius by which 
the less, i. e., had not prevented him from. — Quo minus occideret ; 
G. 499. 

3. C. Glauciam ; called C. Servilium, p. 2, line 18. The full name 
is C. Servilius Glaucia. See note on C. Mario^ p. 2, line 16. 



192 NOTES. 



VIT. The Signal Success already attained largely due to 
the Absence of Catiline from the City, 

PAGE 

3]^ 9. Opes, supports. 

10. Quein, him; object of pelleham. — Quidem ego ; G. 446, 1.^ — 
Hoc providebam animo, I foresaw this in my mind. Hoc is ex- 
plained by the following infinitive clause, esse . . .pertimescendam^ in appo- 
sition with it. 

12. tentuli somnum, the drowsiness of Lentulus, i. e., Lentulus 
with his drowsiness. — Adipes, corpulence. 

13. Ille, A(?, i. e., Catiline. 

14. Tam diu, dum, as long as^ i. e., only as long as, lit., as long as, 
while. 

15. Norat; G. 234, 2. Why in the Pluperfect? G. 297, I. 2.— 
Omnium aditns tenebat, he was acquainted with the means of access 
to all men, i. e., he knew how to approach them in such a way as to 
win them to his cause. — Omnium ; Objective Genitive.-^Tenebat ; 
here used as a synonyme of wora^, was acquainted with, held in his 



16. Appellare, tentare . . . audebat. G. 587, I. 6. — £rat ei 
consilium. . .aptum, he had the ability capable of planning crime, lit., 
adapted to crime. 

17. Consilio, lingua, manus ; i. e., to this ability to form plan& 
ivas added the ability to advocate and execute them. 

18. Jam, moreover. 

19. Descriptos, assigned. 

20. Confectum put aba t, did he consider it accomplished. Confec- 
turn agrees with id as a predicate accusative. — Quod. . .occurreret, 
which he did not attend to, engage in. G. 501, I. The case of quod is de- 
termined by the nearest verb ohiret. Occurreret would govern the Dative. 
Oheo and occurro, as synonymes, differ from each other only as the sim- 
ple verbs, eo and curro, differ. 

23. Ego hominem. Ego is the subject of compuUssem, of which 
hominem is the object. In construing, begin with nisi. G. 602, III. 1. — 
Paratum, ready, i. e., prepared for every emergency. 

24. In perditis rebus, in criminal enterpi^ises. 

25. In castrense latrocinium, into open robbery, lit., robbery per- 
taining to a camp, i. e., carried on by means of an army. Cicero speaks 
of Catiline's military movements, not as warfare, but as robbery. 

28. Non ille . . . Saturnalia, etc. ; i. e., he would have appointed 
an. earlier day for the execution of his plans, and would not have made: 



v^ 



iifi 




TEMPLE OF JUPITEE CAPITOLINUS. 
(Eestored bv Cav. Canina.) 



p. 193. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 193 

PAGE 

the various mistakes which Ms accomplices have made since he left. See 31 
note on Saturnalihus^ p. 28, line 18. 

29. Tanto ante, so long in advance, — Rei publicae ; construe 
with exiiii ac fatL 

30. Neque commisisset, nor have pei'mitted. — Testes, as wit- 
nesses; Predicate Nominative. 

34. Quod si ; G. 453, 6. 

36. Qnoad fuit ; supply in urhe^ as long as he was here. — Occurri 
atque obstiti, I opposed and defeated. Observe the fitness of atque^ as 
ohsiiti implies successful opposition. G. 58Y, I. 2. 

I. Ut levissime dicam, to say the least, G. 493, 3. 32 

VIIL, IX. I7ie Suppression of, the Conspiracy largely 
due to Divine Interposition, 

6. Nntu atque consilio, in accordance with the will and purpose. 

7. Conjectura consequi, to infer.^ lit., to attain by conjecture. — » 
Quum, turn vero, not only^ hut in tmdh. 

8. Humani consilii esse, to he within the reach of human wisdom. 
G. 403. 

9. Ita praesentes, so visibly present. 

10. His temporibus, in these times^ i. e., at this crisis ; Abl. of 
Time. 

II. Ilia ; explained by the appositives, visas faces ardoremque caeli^ 
referring to certain unusual phenomena in the heavens, perhaps some re- 
markable manifestations of the aurora borealis, attended with brilliant 
meteors. Cicero also mentions these prodigies in his poem " De Con- 
sulatu." 

12. Ab occidente, in the west ; the quarter in which unfavorable 
omens appeared. — Ut fulininum, etc. Supply omittam. Cicero doubt- 
less here refers to the thunder said to have been heard at this time from 
a clear sky. 

14. Ita multa facta sunt, have happened in such numbers^ lit., so 
many. 

15. Canere, to predict^ lit., to sing. The secondary meaning is de- 
rived from the fact that oracular responses were given in verse. 

16. Praetermittendum, relinquendum. The former means to 
overlook unintentionally, the latter to omit intentionally. 

IT. Cotta et Torquato consulibus ; i. e., in the year 65 B. C, 
when L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus were consuls. 

18. In Capitolio, in the Capitol^ i. e., in the Temple of Jupiter on 
the Capitoline Hill. — De caelo, from heaven^ i. e., with lightning. 



194 NOTES. 

PAGE 

32 30. Legum aera, the brazen tablets of the laws, i. e., the tablets on 
wbich the laws were engraved. 

21. Tactus, was struck. Supply est. — Ille Romulus, the statue of 
that Romulus. 

22. Quern inauratum. . . meministis, which (lit., whom) you re- 
member to have been in the Capitol, a gilded statue of a sucking infant 
(lit., gilded, small and sucking), opening his mouth for the dugs of a wolf 
Legend represented Romulus as having been nursed in infancy by 
a she-wolf. The famous Bronze Wolf in the modern Capitol at Rome 
is supposed by many to be the identical statue of which Cicero here 
speaks. 

24. Haruspices ex tota Etruria. On extraordinary occasions, 
soothsayers were sometimes invited to Rome from Etruria, as the 
Romans originally derived all their knowledge of divination from that 
country. 

25. Caedes ; subject of appropinquare. 

28. Flexissent. Mood and Tense in the Direct Discourse ? Gr. 532, 4. 

29. Illorum responsis, in accordance with their responses. Gr. 414, 2. 

31. lidemque, they also, i. e., the soothsayers. — Simulacrum ; ob- 
ject oi facer e, whose subject is to be supplied, perhaps 7ios. 

32. Majus, larger, i. e., larger than the one which was struck by 
lightning. — Contra atque ante fuerat, a direction opposite to that in 
which the former statue had stood. That faced towards the west, this 
towards the east. 

34. Illud signum quod videtis, that statue which you behold. It 
was just finished. 

35. Fore ut, it would come to pass that. G. 544. 

36. Ut possent, so that they could; Subj. of Result Sifter illustra- 
rentur. 

1. Illud signum collocandum locaverunt, contracted to have 
that statue placed, i. e., made and placed as described {in excelso). 

3. Neque superioribus . . . nobis, neither in the preceding consul- 
ships (i. e., those of the two preceding years) nor in ours. With nobis 
supply consulibus; Abl. Absol. 

6. Mente captus, bereft of reason, lit., captured (fettered, helpless) 
in mind. — Mente, Abl. of Specification. — Qui neget, as to dejiy ; Rela- 
tive of Result. 

8. Quum esset ita responsum ; i. e., by the soothsayers. G. 518, 
II. 1. Ita is explained hj caedes. . .comparari, and maybe omitted in 
rendering. 

10. Et ea, and that too, G. 451, 2. £Ja is the subject of comparari, 
to be supplied. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 195 

PAGE 

13. Illud ; explained by ut^ quum, . .ducereniur, — Ita praesens, .so 33 
clearly divine ; i. e., showing the divine presence. 

14. Quum ducerentur; G. 527. 

15. £oruin indices, the witnesses against them. — Eorum^ Objective 
Genitive. — Aedem Concordiae ; situated on the slope of the Capitoline 
Hill, near the Forum. 

20. Quo, /or this reason; i. e., because they are opposing the gods; 
Abl. of Cause. — Odio ; G. 419, lY. — Qui sunt conati. Observe the 
force of the Indicative, who have (actually) attempted. 

23. Quibus ; referring to isti qui. — Si dicam ; G. 509. 

24. Et non sim ferendus, and should he miendurahle^ i. e., insuffer- 
ably arrogant. — Ille, ille Juppiter, that^ that Jupiter^ pointing to the 
statue just erected. 

26. Diis immortalibus ducibus, under the guidance of the im- 
mortal gods. G. 431, 2. — Ego banc men tern. . .suscepi, / co7im«;eo^ 
this purpose and desire. JEgo^ emphatic, in contrast with diis. 

29. Creditae. Nunquam essent belongs to creditae^ as well as to 
commissae. — Et ignotis et barbaris, to tliose who were both strangers 
and barbarians ; i. e., to the ambassadors of the AUobroges. 

30'. Commissaeque. . .essent, and letters would never have been 
committed to them. Supply iis referring to ignotis et barbaris. 

■31. Huic tantae audaciae, /rom this so great audacity^ i. e., 
from this so audacious conspiracy ; the abstract for the concrete. G. 
886, 2. 

32. Ut homines Galli. In rendering begin with id non. . .putatis^ 
p. 34, line 1. — Ut. . .negligerent. . .anteponerent ; Mixed Result, in 
apposition with id. G. 495, 3. — Ex civitate male pacata, from a 
state scarcely subjugated. 

33. Quae videatur ; G. 501, II. 

34. Posse et non nolle, to be able and not unwilling. Retain the 
Litotes. G. 705, VI. 

35. Rerum amplissimarum, of the greatest advantages. — A pa- 
triciis hominibus, by patricians; i. e., among the conspirators, as 
Lentulus, Cethegus, and others. 

36. Suis opibus, to their own interests. G. 386, 

2. Qui superare potuerint, si7ice they might have conquered. G. 34 
519. — Tacendo ; i. e., by not revealing the conspiracy. 

X. The People are exhorted to give Thanks to the Gods, 

4. Ad omnia pulvinaria, at all the altars. The pulvinaria are 
couches arranged around tables spread with viands for the gods. On 



196 NOTES. 

PAGE 

34 festive occasions of this kind, the statues of the gods were placed upon 
these couches as if to partake of the offerings made to them. 

5. Celebratote ; G. 537. — Illos dies ; i. e., the several days of 
thanksgiving. 

7. Habiti sunt, Iiave been rendered. 

10. Togati, in the garb of peace. It agrees with voSy understood. — 
Me uno. . . imperatore. See p. 23, line 24. 

11. Recordamini ; Imperative. 

13. li. Sulla, etc. The events here referred to belong to the year 
88 B. 0. The tribune, P. Sulpicius, proposed a law transferring the 
command in the Mithridatic War from Sulla to Marius ; whereupon Sulla, 
who had not yet left Italy, marched with his legions to Rome, put Sul- 
picius to death, and banished Marius and others. 

14. Custodem hujus urbis. Marius is so called because he saved 
Rome from invasion by the Cimbri and Teutones, 102 and 101 B. C. 

15. Partim, partim, eiiheVy or; i. e., he banished some and slew 
others. — Cn. Octavius. In the year 86 B. C, Cn, Octavius, a partisan 
of Sulla, drove his own colleague, Cinna, out of the city; but, before the 
close of the year, Cinna and Marius returned, became masters of Rome, 
and were elected consuls for the ensuing year. 

16. Hie locus ; i. e., the Forum. 

19. liUmiua civitatis. Among these were Cn. Octavius, the con- 
sul, M. Antonius, the orator, and Q. Lutatius Catulus, the victor in the 
Cimbrian War. — Ultus est . . . Sulla. This was in the year 82 B. C. The 
bloody proscriptions of Sulla were terrible. 

20. Dici opus est ; G. 419, 3, 2), (2). 

21. Quanta deminutione. One writer says upwards of 70,000 
citizens were put to death. — Deminutione and calamitate limit ultus sit^ to 
be supplied. 

22. M. Lepidus. Marcus Lepidus, consul 78 B. C, attempted to 
rescind Sulla's laws, but was opposed by his colleague, Quintus Catulus. 
He was compelled to flee, and died in exile. He was not, however, very 
much lamented. As Cicero says: ^^Attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei 
publicae luctum, quam ceterorum.'''' 

23. Ipsius ; i. e., of Lepidus. — Rei publicae ; Dative. 

25. Atque tamen, and yet ; i. e., though they aimed merely to 
change the constitution, yet. 

27. Illi, they ; i. e., the leaders in these dissensions. 

28. Hanc urbem. Subject of conflagrare. 

29. Reconciliatione, by the restoration. 

31. Uno niaximo, without exception the greatest^ lit., alone the • 
greatest. 



THIED ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 197 

PAGE 

33. Sua gente, with its own race^ i. e, with barbarians. — Haec 34 
lex. Explained by ut omnes qui. . ,ducerentur, — liCntulo, Cethego, 
Cassio. See notes on P. Leniulo, p. 26, line 20 ; C. Cethegus, p. 27, 
line 15 ; and Z. Cassio, p. 28, line V. 

34. Salva urbe ; Abl. Absol. 
36. Quum, though. 

1. Tantum civium, as many citizens, i. e., only as many, lit., as 35 
much of citizens. Civium, Partitive Genitive. — Quantum restitisset, 

as should have withstood. The Future Perfect would have been used in 
the Direct Discourse. 

2. Tantum. Supply superfuiurum esse. 

3. Integros incolumesque, untouched (whole) and unharmed. See 
Syn. L. C. 321. 

XI. Cicero asks no other Reif^ard than the Grateful 
. Recollection^ on the Part of the People^ of his Consul- 
ship, 

5. Rebus, services. 

8. In animis vestris ; construe with condi et collocari. Why at 
the beginning of the sentence ? G. 594, I. 

10. Nihil mutum, nothing mute, i. e., no dumb and Ufeless memo- 
rial or statue. 

11. Quod possint ; G. 501, I. 

12. Minus digni, the less worthy. G. 441, 1. — Memoria vestra, 
in your memory, lit., hy means of, etc. ; Abl. of Means. — Res nostrae 
alentur, my (lit., our) deeds will he kept alive. 

13. liitterarum. See Lat. Comp. 440, 2. 

14. Eandemque diem intelligo propagatam, etc., I feel as- 
sured that the same duration has been granted both to, etc. ; i. e., as long as 
the state endures, so long will the recollection of my consulship be cher- 
ished. 

18. Alter, alter, the one, the other; the former referring to Pompey, 
who had just won such glory in the Mithridatic War ; the latter, to Ci- 
cero, who had just crushed this terrible conspiracy against the hfe of the 
state. — Non terrae . . . regionibus, by the boundaries not of the earth, 
hut of the heavens; an exaggeration somewhat extravagant. 

XIL— Conclusion, 

21. Earum rerum. . .fortuna, quae illorum ; G. 595. 

22. Eadem, quae, the same, as. G. 451, 5. — Est; G. 463, 3. — 




TEMPLE OF CONCOED. 

(Restored by Cav. Canina.) 



p. 199. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 199 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED IN THE 
SENATE, IN THE TEMPLE OF CONCORD, ON THE FIFTH 
OF DECEMBER, 63 B. C* 

ANALYSIS. 
I. Introduction. L, II. 

II. Statement of the Case. Two Different Measures proposed 
FOR the Disposition of the Prisoners. III., lY. 

in. The Relatiye Advantages and Disadvantages of these two 
Measures. Y. — YIIL W 

IV. The Duty of the Senate to the State and to the Consul. 
IX., X. 

Y. Conclusion. XL 



L, II. Introduction. Cicero thanks the Senate for their 
kind Solicitude in his Behalf hut hegs them to consult 
only the Public Welfare, 

1. In me. . .conversos. The eyes of all are turned to the consul^ gy 
not only in anxious expectation of the part he is to take in this important 
debate, but also in deep solicitude for his personal safety. / 

3. Vestro. With ves^ro and m Jow5^^cae, supply jc>mcM?o from line 4. 

3. Si id depulsum sit, if that (your danger) should he warded o£ 
i. e., by the execution of the conspirators now in custody. 

4. Jucunda, grata. See Syn. L. C. 216. 

5. Voluntas, kind solicitude^ not merely good-will^ as the word gen- 
erally means, since in that sense Cicero would scarcely say earn deponite, 

6. Salutis;.G. 406, II. 

7. Vestris, yours; i. e., your families. G. 441, 1. — Mihi si... 
data est, if the consulship was given me on this condition, lit., if this co» 
dition of the consulship, etc. 

10. Dum modo. . .pariatur; G. 503, I. ; 505. 

13. Cui non forum. Observe that the predicate unquam vacua 
(vacuum) mortis periculo atque insidiis, is expressed only with the last of 
the several subjects. See note on in for o, p. 13, line 10. 

13. In quo . . . continetur. The Forum was the place where 
justice was administered. — Campus ; i. e., the Campus Martins, in 
which the consular elections were held. — Consularibus auspiciis, hy 



* See Introduction, p. 111. 



200 NOTES. 

PAGK 

37 ^^^ consular auspices^ i. e., by the auspices which were always taken on 
the occasion of an election. 

14. Summum auxilium, the highest refuge ; because in the senate- 
house were heard the causes of all nations in alliance with Rome. 

16. Haec sedes honoris; i. e., the curule chair, the official chair 
of the consul. 

IT. Periculo ; G. 419, III. 

18. Multa tacui. Cicero had ascertained many facts in regard to 
the conspiracy, perhaps implicating prominent citizens, which he had not 
de^ed it wise to make public. — Multa . . . dolore sanavi, / have 
renmdied many things with some pain to myself. — Meo, to myself lit., my, 
G. 398, 3. 

20. Ut. . .eriperem. In apposition with exitutn. G. 495, 3. — Vos. 
Object of eriperem, 

38 1- Virginesque Vestales. ^ee note on post virghium ahsolutionem^ 
p. 28, line 15. 

5. Subeatnr, let it be endured; Subj. of Desire. The subject is e«, 
understood, referring io fortuna. — Suum nomen; i. e., Cornelius. See 
note on exfatis Sihyllinis^ P- 28, line 10. 

6. Vatibus ; i. e., haruspicihus. See p. 28, lines 9 to 12 : Lentulum 
. . .exfatis Sihyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse. . .necesse. 

7. Laeter; Potential Subj. — Ad salutem prope fatalem, ap- 
pointed by fate io secure the safety^ lit., to the safety. Fatalem is here 
used out of its ordinary signification as shown in fatale ad perniciem^ 
fated carrying with it the idea of doom^ destruction ; in using it here in a 
good sense, Cicero therefore qualifies it by the addition of prope., show- 
ing that he does not take the full meaning of the word, but only as 
much of it as the context requires, viz., appointed by fate. 

9. VoMs ; G. 385, 3. 

"* 1. Mihi parcere desinite. Cicero begs the senate not to be de- 
terred trv.r^ adopting vigorous measures by any fear of the consequences 
la himself. 

131 Pro eo ac mereor, in proportion as I deserve^ lit., in proportion 
tO that (pro eo), viz., as I deserve (ac mereor). 

14. Relaturos esse gratiam, will recompense. See Syn. L. C. 548, 
3. — Obtigerit. Cicero uses this word in preference to accideritj to im- 
ply that danger and death have no terrors for him, 

15. Aequo animo paratoque, with equanimity and ?'eadiness^ lit., 
with an even and prepared mind. G. 597, II. — Neque turpis mors 
forti viro, etc. Because to die bravely was, in the opinion of the Ro- 
mans, an honor. 

16. Neque immatura consular!. Because he who had attained 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 201 

PAGE 

the consulship had already reached the goal of a Roman's ambition. 38 
Immatura agrees with mors^ understood, and consulari with vivo. — 
Neque misera sapienti. Because the wise taught that death was no 
evil, and must always be met with perfect calmness and composure. 

IT. IlJe ferreus, qui non movear, that iron-hearted man who is 
not moved = so iron-hearted as not to be moved. — Fratris ; i. e., of his 
brother Quintus. 

19. Horum omnium; i. e., Cicero's personal friends. 

20. Neque non saepe, and often. The two negatives cancel each 
other. G. 585. 

21. Uxor ; i. e., his wife Terentia. — Filia ; his daughter Tullia. — 
Parvulus fi lius ; his little son Marcus, two years old. 

22. Tamquam obsidem. Because parental affection would cause 
him to put forth all his strength to save the state. 

23. Ille gener ; i. e., his son-in-law, C. Calpurnius Piso, the husband 
of Tullia. He was not a senator, but was present as a spectator. 

24. In conspectu meo. Perhaps at the door of the temple in 
which the senate met. — Moveor. Observe its emphatic position. 

25. In earn partem, uti, to the end that., lit., into this part^ that. 
Partem is explained by the clause, uti salvi sint^ etc. 

26. Quam pereamns ; G. 496, 2. 

27. Una peste, in (lit., by) one common destruction. 

30. Non Ti. Gracchus. Here introduce the predicate, in discrimen 
. , .adducitw\ before quod. — Iterum tribunus. G. 547, I. He wished 
to be reelected for the next year, which was illegal. See note on P. 
ScipiOj p. 1, line 20. 

31. C. Gracchus. See note on C. Gracchus^ p. 2, line 14. — Agra- 
rios, the supporters of the agrarian laws. See note on P. Scipio^ p. 1, 
line 20. 

32. L. Saturninus. See p. 2, line 17 ; also note on C. Mario^ n. 
2, line 16. 

33. Discrimen, critical situation^ crisis. — In vestrae. . .judicium '^ 
adducitur, is brought to trial before your stern tHuunal. In yiiicmm 
adducere is to bring before a judge. 

34. Tenentur, are held, i. e., in custody.— Vestram omnium 
caedem ; G. 397, 3. 

36. Tenentur, are in our possession. 

2. Ut nemo ne. . .quidem reiinquatur, that no one may be left gg 
even to deplore. On nemo ne quidem, see G. 585, 2 ; and on reiinquatur y 

G. 495, 3. 

3. Deplorandum; Gerundive agreeing with nomen^ not Gerund. 
G. 565, 3. . 



302 



PAGH 



NOTES. 



III. Statement of the Case before the Senate. 



on 6. Rei ; from reus. 

7. Vos . . . judicavistis, you have already pronounced judgment in 
many decisions, i. e., by your previous decrees in regard to the conspiracy 
you are already committed to vigorous measures. These several decrees 
are specified in the clauses introduced by quod, as primum quod, deinde 
quody etc. 

8. Singularibus verbis, in remarkably strong terms. 

^13. Qui honos, an honor which^ lit., which honor. Lat. Comp. 
411, 2. 

14. Habitus est nemini, has been conferred upon no one. 

15. Praemia amplissima. Observe the emphatic position of 
amplissima. It is not known in what these rewards consisted, probably 
in money. The senate had previously offered to any one who would give 
the requisite information in regard to the conspiracy, a large reward in 
money, with freedom, if a slave, and with full pardon, if himself impli- 
cated in it. 

16. Ejus modi; Predicate Genitive. 

19. Referre ad vos, tauiquam integrum, to refer to you the 
whole question anew, lit., to refer it to you as if whole, i. e., untouched, 
new. — Tamquam, as if is used to remind the senators that the ques- 
tion is not new, but one upon which they are already virtually com- 
mitted. 

20. De facto, de poena. The two points to be settled — the fact 
of the guilt or innocence of the prisoners, and the punishment to be 
inflicted. 

21. Praedicam, / will first state. Observe the force o^ prae. — 
Consulis ; Predicate Genitive. 

22. Versari, was prevalent. 

23. Miseeri et concitari, were devised and produced, lit., to he 
stirred_up and excited. These words are here used to denote the disorder 
and confusion which are the ordinary attendants of these evils, if not es- 
sential elements in them. — Jam pridem videbam ; G. 467, 2, 1). 

24. Haberi, was fostered. 

25. Quidquid est. This general statement, however the case stands^ 
is explained and amplified in quocumque. . .sententiae. On Mood, see G. 

4:16, 8. 

26. Ante noctem. Because the case required prompt action, and 
because no decree could be passed after sunset. 

27. Delatum sit, has been reported. Observe the difference in 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 203 

PAGE 

meaning between c7e/ero, as here used, and refero^ line 19 above. Defer o 39 
is to report or state the case, i. e., give information in regard to it, while 
refero is to refer the case to another's decision. 

28. Huic affines, concerned in this. G. 391. 

29. Latius opinione, more widely than 'is generally supposed. G. 
417, 6. 

31. Serpens; Participle. 

32. Sustentando et prolatando, hy forbearing and delaying, 

IV. Two Different Pleasures proposed for the Disposi- 
tion of the Prisoners. 

34. Unam ; i. e., sententiam. — D. Silani. Decimus Silanus was 
consul-elect. 

35. Haec. See note on haec^ p. 8, line 32. 

36. C. Caesaris. Caius Julius Caesar, then praetor-elect, afterwards 
dictator. — Removet, amplectitur, rejects^ hut includes^ i. e., in his 
recommendation. Observe the asyndeton. G. ^704, I. 1 ; 587, III. 4. 

2. Pro rerum magnitudine, in accordance with the greatness of 40 
the crisis. — In. . .versatur, imisfs upon, etc. 

3. Alter, the one, i. e., Silanus; subject of putat.--Y ita; Abl. of 
Separation. 

5. Punctum ; G. 3T8.— Vita ; G. 419, I. 

8. Recordatur, he remembers. Cicero assumes this. Some inter- 
preters take recordatur in the sense of commemorat, a meaning which it 
seldom, if ever, has in classical writers. — Alter, the other, i. e., Caesar. 
— Intelligit, thinks. 

10. Labornm quietem, as a rest from labors. G. 393, 1. Qide- 
tem ; Predicate Accus. after esse constitutam. 

11. Itaque earn. . .inventa sunt. These are Cicero's words, 
adopting Caesar's recommendation and carrying it out to its final 
issue, to show how great severity it really involves. — Sapientes.^'::^' 
wise, i. e., those technically so called, philosophers, especially tht; Stoics, 
who professed to regard death with perfect indiflference.— Inviti; G. 
443. 

12. Vincnla vero, et ea sempiterna, but imprisonment, and tJiat 
for life, lit., bonds and those, etc. G. 451, 2. 

14. Municipiis dispertiri, that they (the prisoners) shoidd be dis- 
tributed among the free towns, i. e., to be held by them in confinement. 
These towns, enjoying, indeed, the rights of Roman citizenship, were so 
far free that they were governed by their own laws. — Municipiis, Dative 
after dispertirl--Ista res, that plan of yours ; addressed to Caesar. G. 



204 . NOTES. 

PAGE 

40 450. — Iniquitatem, si. . .velis. Because we have no right to impose 
such a bufden upon them. — Si velis ; G. 511, II. 

15. Difficultatem, si rogare. Because they would probably 
refuse. 

16. Ego suscipiam, / will undertake it^ i. e., the task of carrying 
out your decree. 

17. Reperiam, qui non putent. . .recusare, I shall find those 
who will not think it C07isiste7it with their dignity to refuse. Dignitatis^ 
Predicate Gen. after esse^ whose subject is recusare, 

18. Adjungit gravem. Observe that Cicero is giving a running 
commentary upon the proposition of Caesar. The several items con- 
tained in that proposition are stated separately, and each one is imme- 
diately followed by the comments of Cicero upon it. Thus, Municipiis 
dispertiri juhet is Caesar's proposition ; Habere videtur . . . recusare^ Ci- 
cero's comment ; Adjungit gravem. . .ruperit^ Caesar's proposition again ; 
Horrihiles cusiodias. . .perditorum, Cicero's comment. 

19. Eorum vincula, their honds^ lit., of them^ i. e., of the prisoners. 

20. Scelere; G. 419, lY. 

21. Eorum; construe with jt?omam. 

22. Per senatum, through the agency of the senate^ i. e., by procur- 
ing a decree of the senate to that effect. 

25. Multas uno. . .aerumnas, he would have removed by a single 
pang all the siifferings of mind and body. 

27. In vita, in life^ i.'e., during this life. 

28. Ejus modi quaedam supplicia, some such punishments ^ i. e., 
such as to answer the purpose, ut aliqua. . ,esset posita. 

29. Voluerunt, assumed^ lit., wished^ i. e., would have it, insisted 
upon it. 

30. lis ; i. e., suppliciis. 

V. HemarJcs upon Caesar^ s Opinion, 
'^■'■■^ 32. Mea quid intersit.; viz., to favor Caesar's measure. G. 408, 
1,^2) ;VCS; 2. 

34. Quae popularis habetur, which is rega^^ded as the popular 
one^ i. e., in the interest of the people. Caesar belonged to the people's 
party. 

35. Hoc auctore et cognitore, with him as the author and advo- 
cate; Abl. Absol. 

36. Illam alteram, that other opinion^ i. e., that of Silanus. Sup- 
ply sententiam eritis secuti. 

Ai 1. Nescio an. . . contrahatur, / am inclined to think more trouble 
may be brought upon me. G. 526, 2, .2). — Contrahatur ; G. 625. 






FOURTH OEATIOX AGAIXST CATILIXE. 205 



PAOB 



2, Meoruin. , .rationes, cormderafions of my dangers. 41 

4. Majorum ejus. The Julian gens, to which Caesar belonged, had 
long been iilustrir i;s. • 

5. Inteliectuni est, zV icas perceived^ I.e., as he spoke; Perfect 
Indefinite : hence inieresset^ not inter-nt. 

7. Saluti popnli consulentera. The^e words are added to de- 
fine the term vere popularem. The learner must not fail to notice the 
different senses in which this term is used. Coming as it does from 
pojjulus^ its primary signification is belong i'lig to^ or relating to^ the p^opJ.e. 
With this general meaning it has three principal applications : 1. Belong- 
ing to the party of the people^ a political application ; 2. Devoted to the in- 
terests of the people^ as in this instance and in line 22 ; 3. Having the 
favor of the people, popular in the usual sense of the term, as in line 26. 
Caesar belonged politically to the party of the people ; the term popu- 
laris was, therefore, appUcable to him in the first sense, and Cicero here 
pays him the flattering compHment of applying it to him in the second 
sense. 

9. 'Son neminem, some one. Observe the difference between non 
nemo and nemo non. Gr. 585, 1. It is not known who this senator 
was. — De capite. Questions which thus involved the life of a Ro- 
man citizen could be tried only before the Centuriate Assembly. The 
senate, therefore, had no legal right to condemn the conspirators to 
death. 

10. Xudius tertius; also written as one word = nunc dies tertius, 
fJie day before yesterday. 

12. Jam, now ; L e., in view of these facts, marking a connection 
of thought, not mere time. — Hoc, this, explained by quid de tota. . .ju- 
dicarif, which should be construed before qui reo, etc. 

13. Qui, he who. The omitted antecedent of qui is the pronoun is, 
the subject oi judiearit. — Quaesitori gratulationem, a thanhsgiv^ug 
in honor of (lit., to) the investigating officer, referruig to Cicero, who con- 
ducted in person the investigation in the senate two days before. 

15. At vero C. Caesar : in contrast with the senator just men- 
tioned. — Legem Semproniam. Caesar, in opposing the sentence of 
capital punishment, had appealed to certain statutes, among which was 
the Sempronian law, which provided that the punishment of death should 
not be inflicted upon a Roman citizen without the vote of the people. 
To this Cicero replies that the enemies of the state are not citizens, and, 
therefore, not protected by this law. 

17. Civem ; Predicate Accus. — Ipsum latorem. . .dependisse ; 
i. e., C. Gracchus, the very author of this law, was put to death as a 
public enemy, without trial before the people. Hence Catiline and other 

10 • 



206 NOTES. 

PAGE 

41 public enemies may be treated in the same way. See note on C. Grac- 
chus^ p. 2, line 14. 

■^ 18. Poenas rei publicae dependisse, paid the penalty to the 
state. Rei puhlicae^ Dative. 

19. Idem ; i. e., Caesar. — liargitorem et prodigum, though lib- 
eral and prodigal. This lavish expenditure of money for party purposes 
would tend to make him popular in certain quarters. 

21. Cogitarit; G. 518, 1. — Etiam, still ; 1. e., longer. 

23. Popularem, a friend of the people. — Homo mitissimus, 
although a very merciful man ; in apposition with the omitted subject is^ 
referring to Caesar. 

23. Aeternis, perpetual^ i. e., for life. 

24. Ne quis. . .esse possit ; Direct Object and Purpose of sancit, 
Hujus supplicio . . . se jactare, to attract attention (lit., to display him- 
self ) by mitigating his punishment. 

25. In perniciem, to the ruin. 

YI. JRemarJcs upon the Opinion of Silanus, 

29. Hoc, this course^ i. e., the one just mentioned, as recommended 
by Caesar. — Statueritis, dederitis ; Fut. Perf. to mark the completion 
of the action, though the English idiom requires the Future. 

30. Comitem ; i. e., Caesar. — Ad contioDem, for the assembly ; 
i. e., for the assembly of the people, to which he will communicate the 
decision of the senate. Caesar, the people's favorite, could readily ob- 
tain their approval of the bill of which he was himself the mover. Ob- 
serve that contio is an informal assembly convened to listen to addresses 
and receive communications, but with no power to transact public busi- ~ 
ness. The assembly of the people for the transaction of business was 
called comitia. 

32. Vituperatione, from the charge, G. 425, 2, 2).— Exsolvet. 
"^JThy not Fut. Perf. like dederitis ? Because the action will not be com- 
pletea Sit xbo time of malueritis, but will be subsequent to it. 

?3. Obtinebo, I will show^ lit., obtain, i. e., obtain the assent of the 
people to my proposition, viz., cam midto leniorem fuisse. 

34. In immanitate pnnienda, in punishing the enormity. 

36. Ita mihi. . .perfrui liceat, ut ego moveor, as I hope to 
enjoy. . .1 am actuated, i. e., as true as it is that I hope to enjoy. . .so true 
is it that I am actuated, lit., 7nay it be permitted me to enjoy. . .so as I am 
actuated, i. e., only in case I am actuated. It is a form of emphatic as- 
sertion and asseveration. G. 488, 4. — Re publica; G. 419, I. 

42 1» Vehementior ; G. 444, 1. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 207 

FAGB 

2. Me mitior ; G. 417. 42 

5. Subito ; Adverb.— Cerno. See Syn. L. C. 592. 

6. Animo, in imagination, lit., bi/ the mind ; Abl. of Means. — Inse- 
pnltos. This word renders the picture peculiarly shocking when we 
consider the importance which the ancients attached to the rite of burial, 
as essential to the peace of the soul in the lower world. 

7. Mihi ante oculos, befo7'e my eyes. G. 398, 5. 

8. Bacchantis, revelling, agreeing with Cethegi. 

9. Regnantem. Cicero purposely selects an offensive term to give 
effect to his picture, ^o puiyaratum, suggestive of oriental despotism. 
G. 551, 4. — Ex fatis ; i. e., ex fatis Sihyllinis. See p. 28, line 10. 

10. Purpuratum . . . Gabinium, that Gabinius is his pnme min- 
ister; lit., clad in purple. 

13. Vehementer. . .misera; G. 594, III. 

IT. De servo non snmpserit, should not inflict upon the servant, 
lit., take from, with the idea of taking satisfaction from.— Quam acer- 
bissimum ; G. 170, 2, 2). 

18. An=an potius, or rather. 

19. Mihi vero. Supply videatur. 

30. Importnnns, unfeeling. — Qui non lenierit, if he would not 
assuage. Qui = si is. G. 503, III; 513. This language, adopted for 
present effect, does great injustice to Cicero's own philosophy. 

21. Sic nos. JVos is the subject of habebimur, line 27. — In his 
hominibus, in the case of these men, i. e., of the conspirators. 

25. Id egerunt, ut collocarent, attempted to place, lit., pursued 
this (viz.) that they might place. Id is explained by ut collocarent. — In 
vestigiis, in the ruins. 

28. Nobis fama subeunda est, we must endure the infamy. 

30. Niso vero ; G. 503, 3. — L. Caesar. Lucius Caesar, who had 
been consul daring the preceding year. His sister Julia had married 
Lentulus as her second husband. 

31. Rei publicae ; G. 399, 2, 1). 

32. Sororis, of his sister, i. e., Julia. — Virum, the ti^isba'nd, i. e,, 
Lentulus the conspirator. 

33. Vita ; Abl. of Separation. — Qnum avum . . . dirit. Lucius 
Caesar mentioned these instances merely to show that it was by no 
means an unprecedented thing to punish the enemies of the state with 
death. — Avum snum, his grandfather, M. Fulvius Flaccus, mentioned 
in the first oration, p. 2, line 15, as M. Fulvius consularis, consul 125 
B. C, put to death as a partisan of C. Gracchus by order of the consul 
L. Opimius. See note on M. Fulvius, p. 2, line 15. 

34. Filiumque ejus. Why not situm instead of ejus ? Because 



308 NOTES. 

PAGE 

42 tb® reference is to avum-, not to Caesar, Swum would mean }ds=^ 
Caesar's. — Impuberem. He was eighteen years old. — ."Legatum a 
patre missum, though sent hy his father as an ambassador^ i. e., to ask 
terms of settlement from the consul. The imprisonment and execution 
of this youth must be regarded as cruel and inexcusable. 

35. Quorum quod simile factum, what act of theirs was similar? 
i. e., to this of the conspirators. Quorum depends vi^on factum, 

43 !• Ijargitionis voluntas, a spirit of bribery^ lit., the desire of 
giving^ i. e., of giving for the purpose of securing popularity, referring 
especially to the distribution of grain among the poorer classes, in ac- 
cordance with the lex frumentaria of C. Gracchus. 

3. Avus liCntuli. See note on imago avi tui, p. 28, line 35. 

4. Est persecutus, proceeded against. He was one of the party 
under the consul Opimius which made the attack upon C. Gracchus. — 
Ille, he, the grandfather. 

5. Ne quid . . . demiuueretur, that the highest public welfare might 
mffer no detriment, lit., that nothing should be, etc. 

7. Nos, 1^.9, the consul and senators. — Trucidandos. G. 565, 3. 
10. Vereamini ; Potential Subj. — Censeo ; in irony. G. 705, lY. 
1.— Ne videamini ; G.492, 4, 1). 

VII., VIIL The Government is fully prepared to execute 
any Decree lohicJi the Senate may be pleased to pass. 

15. Quae exaudio, which I hear, Exaudio is to hear from a dis- 
tance, to overhear. The reference in ea quae is probably to remarks made 
by senators among themselves. 

17. Satis praesidii, sii-fficient force. G. 396, III. 2, 4). 

20. Quum, turn, not only, but also, 

21. Majore; construe with wtzmto^e. — Ad summum. . .retinen- 
dam, for maioitaining the highest welfare of the empire. 

28. Tempi! ; i. e., the Temple of Concord. 

f57. Sen^firent unum atque idem, entertained one and the same 
sentiment. G. 501, II. ; 482, 1. 

29. Soli ; G. 547, I. — Hosce homines ; i. e., those referred to in 
COS qui, in the preceding sentence. 

35. Ita concedunt, ut certent, they so yield as to vie; i. e., they- 
yield in one particular only to vie in another. — Summam ordinis con- 
siliique, precedence in (lit., of) rank and counsel. 

44 1. Ex dissensione hujus ordinis revocatos, restored after (lit., 
out of)a quarrel of many years with this body. Construe hujv^ ordinis 
= ab (or cum) hoc ordi7ie with dissensione. In the year 122 B. C. the 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 209 

PAGB 

Sempronian law transferred the judicial power from the senate to the 44 
knights. This was the cause of the quarrel, which continued until the 
Aurelian law, '70 B. 0., conferred the judicial power jointly upon the 
senate, the knights, and the tribunes of the treasury. The reconcihation 
partially effected by this compromise, was completed by the presence of 
a common foe in this reckless conspiracy. 

3. Si perpetuam tenuerimus, if iiie shall retain forever^ lit., />er- 
petical, Perpetuam agrees with conjunctionem, 

8. Tribunes aerarios, tribunes of the treasury. These tribunes, 
employed originally to collect the tribute, had been recently raised by the 
Aurelian law to the rank of a distinct order in the state. — Scribas, the 
public clerks. These were employed as registers and secretaries in the 
various departments of the state service. As a class, they formed a dis- 
tinct order. 

9. Casu, by chance. * The chance consisted simply in the fact that it 
happened to be the fifth of December (the Nones), the day on which the 
most important clerkships were distributed among the clerks by lot, — 
Aerarium, the treasury. This was in the Temple of Saturn, near the 
Temple of Concord, in which the senate was assembled.— Frequentas- 
set, had brought in great numbers. 

10. Sortis, of the lot, i. e., of the lot by which the clerkships were 
distributed. 

11. Ingenuorum, of freeborn citizens. 

16. Operae pretium est cognoscere, it is worth while to ob- 
serve. 

1 7. Studia, the zeal ; plural, because in connection with the plural 
hominum. — Fortunam hnjus civitatis, the privilege of citizenship in 
this state, lit., of this citizenship. 

19. Summo loco nati, born in the highest rank. G. 422, 1, 1). 

24. Servus est nemo, there is no slave. jServus is emphatic in con- 
trast with hosce homines above. Even the slaves who have no fortunes, 
no political rights, no freedom, now evince true devotion to country. 
j^^emo is here used as an adjective. — Qui modo. . .sit servitutis, /)ro- 
vided only he be in a tole^^able condition of servitude. G. 503. — Tolera- 
bili condicione ; Abl. of Characteristic. 

26. Tantum ; construe with voluntatis, as much good-will. — Quan- 
tum audeat, as he dares, intimating that his master's relation to the 
conspiracy may be such as to render it somewhat perilous for him to 
show his good-will to the state. 

28. Si quern, etc. The real conclusion is omitted, viz., / will say 
this, i. e., est id quidem, etc. — Hoc, this, explained by the clause lenonem 
Lentuli. . .imperitorum, in apposition with it. 



210 NOTES. 

PAOX 

44 30. Tabernas, the shops, i. e., the shops, or stalls, of the artisans 
and of the small traders. 

33. Fortuna miseri, wretched in their condition. G. 429. — Volun- 
tate perditi, abandoned in feeling, i. e., in their feelings or good-will to 
the state. 

33. Qui non velint, as not to wish. G. 500. 

35. Hunc, this, i. e., that which he enjoys at this time. 

45 2- Otii ; G. 899, 2, 2). — Omne instrumentum, every means ; i. e., 
of gaining a livelihood. 

4. Quorum; i. e., eorum qui in tabernis sunt. 

5. Quid tandem. . .fuit, what, pray, would have been the result, if 
they had been burned? lit., they having been burned. G. 510, 2. See note 
on tandem, p. 1, line 1. 

IX. Prompt and Decisive Action on the Part of the Sen- 
ate demanded by the Exigencies of the Case, 

7. Praesidia. This refers to the readiness with which all classes 
of citizens united for the defence of the state. 

9. Ex media morte, from the midst of death ; referring to the at- 
tempt made to assassinate him in his own house. G. 441 , 6. 

12. Obsessa facibus et telis, beset by the fire-brands and weapons. 
These words commence a beautiful personification of country. 

14. Vitam, the lives. Observe the use of the singular where our 
idiom requires the plural. See also vita and anima, line 18 below. 

15. Aras Penatium. These altars stood in the atrium, a large 
and important apartment in the central portion of the house. — Iguemi 
ilium Vestae sempiternum, that perpetual fire of Vesta, i. e., the 
sacred fire which was kept burning day and night in the Temple of Vesta. 
G. 450, 4. 

17. Praeterea de vestra vita . . . judicandum est. Cicero 
would impress upon the senate the vast importance of the decision about 
to be made. Every thing which a Roman holds dear depends upon it. 

19. Focis. The focus {fireplace, hearth) was a square platform of 
stone, or brick, raised a few inches above the level of the floor. It was 
in the atrium. 

21. Sui ; G. 406, II. — Quae facultas, an advantage luhich, lit, 
which advantage. Lat. Comp. 477, 2. 

23. Id quod, a state of things which, lit., that which. Id is in appo- 
sition with the general idea contained in populum Romanum unum atque 
idem sentientem. — In civili causa, upon a political question, lit, in a 
civil cause, as opposed to a foreign war. , 




FOURTH ORATION" AGAINST CATILIXE. 211 

PAGE 

25. Cogitate quantis. . .imperinm una. . .delerit. This is a 45 
good illustration of the vigor and precision which often characterize an 
abridged Latin sentence. The full form would be as follows : Cogitate 
quantis labo7'ibus imperium fundatum sit quod una nox paene delevit. By 
the use of the participle for the verb fundatum sit^ the relative quod be- 
came unnecessary, and was accordingly omitted, and the verb delevit 
being thus brought into an indirect question after quantis^ was changed 
to the subjunctive delerit = deleverit. Render according to the full form, 
as our language does not admit of a similar abridgment : Consider by Iww 
great toils the empire was founded which one nighty etc. 

3T. Una nox ; i. e., the night of the second of December, when the 
ambassadors of the Allobroges were captured at the Mulvian bridge. 
See Oration III., Chap. II. 

28. Id ne unqnam. . .possit, that it may never be possible that this 
shoidd be^ not to say (non modo) accomplished^ but even thought of. 

30. Studio ; Abl. of Specification. 

31. Excitarem ; G. 482, 1. 

32. Princeps, foremost, — OfiScio consulari, its duty^ as that of 
the consul. 

X. Cicero^ with a Full Appreciation of the Dangers 
which threaten him personally^ assures the Seriate that 
he can never regret the Measures which he has adopt- 
ed to save his Country. 

34. Antequam ad sententiam redeo, before I resume asking 
your opinions^ lit., return to the opinion to be asked. With sententiam 
supply rogandam. The consul, as the presiding officer, called in suc- 
cession upon the senators for the expression of their opinion. Several 
had already been called upon when Cicero pronounced the present ora- 
tion. He is now about to close, and will then resume his duties as pre- 
siding officer ; hence ad sententiam {rogandam) redeo. 

4. Me factorum ; G. 410, III. 46 

6. Quani mihi minitantur, with which they threaten me, lit., which 
they threaten to me. 

7. Vitae tan tarn laudem, so great glory during life., lit., of life^ in 
contrast with mors. — Quanta vos me honestastis, as you have hon- 
ored me with. Quanta^ Abl. agreeing with laude understood. 

8. Nemo, no one^ i. e., no one else. 

0. Conservatae rei publicae, for the preservation of the state, lit,, 
of the state preserved. G. 393, 1 ; 580. 

11. Sit; Subj. of Desire. — Scipio ; i. e., P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 



212 NOTES, 

PAGE 

46 nus Major, who brought the second Punic War to a close by a signal vic- 
tory over Hannibal at the battle of Zama, 202 B. C. 

13. Alter Africanus, the second Africanus. This was P. Cornelius 
Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, who brought the third Punic War to 
a close by the destruction of Carthage, 146 B. C, and took Numantia, in 
Spain, 133 B. C. He was the son of L. Aemilius PauUus, mentioned in 
line 15, and the grandson, by adoption, of Scipio Africanus Major, the 
conqueror of Hannibal. 

15. Paullus ille. L. Aemilius Paullus, who conquered Perses, 
King of Macedonia, 168 B. C. — Ciyus currum Perses honestavit. 
Perses graced the triumphal procession of Paullus by being led as a cap- 
tive king before his chariot. 

16. Quondam; G. 597, II. — NoMlissimns ; construe with rez.— 
Perses. The form Perseus is used in Livy. 

17. Sit aeterna gloria Marius, let Marius he held in eternal glory ^ 
G. 428, 1, 2). — Marius, qui bis, etc. Caius Marius, who conquered 
the Teutones 102 B. C, and the Cimbri 101 B. C. 

18. Pompeius. Cneius Pompey. See p. S5, line IT; quoi^im alter 
fines vestri imperii non terrae^ sed caeli regionihus terminaret. Also note 
on alter ^ alter ^ p. 35, line 18. 

19. Cujus res gestae. . .coutineutur; i. e., the fame of whose 
deeds fills the world. — Res gestae, deeds, — lisdem quibns. . .region- 
ibus ac terminis, by the same boundaries and limits as. G. 451, 5. 

21. Aliquidloci; G. 438, 5. — 'Nisi foTte^ unless perchance; in irony, 

22. Majus, a greater thing^ i. e., a greater and more important 
achievement. 

23. Ut illi, qui absunt, habeant, etc. ; i. e., even those who are 
absent making conquests and opening provinces, like Pompey, need a 
home to which they may return in triumph. — Habeant quo, may have 
a country to vjhich^ lit., may have whither. — Victores, as victors ; in appo- 
sition with the omitted mSy^^oX Q)i revertantur. G. 363, 2. 

25. Quamquam, and yet ; i. e., notwithstanding the priceless value 
of a victory over domestic foes. — Uno loco, in one respect ; Abl. of 
Specification. 

27. Beneficio obligatos, placed wider obligation by the favor. 

28. Qui autem, etc. Begin with autem,^ followed by the antecedent 
clause : quum eos. . . reppuleris. — -Ex numero civium, out of the num- 
ber (body) of citizens^ in contrast with hostes patriae ; i. e., have ceased to 
be citizens^ and have become enemies of their country. 

31. Mihi susceptum esse, that I have undertaken. G. 388, 1. 

32. Id, this ; subject of posse. 

47 1* Tanta quae possit, so great as to be able. — Conjunctionem 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 213 

TAGn 

vestram. . . Roman ornm, your union with the Roman knights, Ves- 47 
tram = vestri, the union of you and the Roman knights. This union was, 
however, of short duration. 

2. Conspirationem, lonajiimity. 

XI. Conclusion. 

4. Pro imperio. . .insignibus. Each consul at the expiration of 
his term of office, was usually appointed proconsul, or governor, of a 
province, with the command {pro imperio) of the army {pro exercitu) in 
the province. The rich province of Macedonia fell to the lot of Cicero, 
but he transferred this to his colleague, Antonius, to secure his coopera- 
tion, and received in return the province of Cisalpine Gaul, which he 
afterwards resigned, that he might the better guard his country. 

5. Pro triumpho ; i. e., the triumph which he might have secured 
as proconsul of Macedonia. 

6. Urbis ; construe with salutis. 

7. Pro clientelis hospitiisque, for the clientships and friend- 
ships. As proconsul, Cicero would have had an opportunity of establish- 
ing numerous friendly relations with prominent citizens in his province. 
Even towns and cities not unfrequently made the proconsul their patron. 

8. Quae, relations which. Quae^ though referring grammatically to 
clientelis hospitiisque^ refers logically to the connections which he had 
actually made, and not to those which he might have made as proconsul. 
Thus, Cicero was the patron of the Sicilians, and, as such, conducted in 
their behalf the important prosecution against Yerres. The efforts which 
he makes to retain these relations show how highly he prizes them, 
though for his country's sake he cheerfully waives the privilege of form- 
ing new ones. — Urbanis opibus, hy my influence in the city. 

9. Igitur. This resumes the thought, like our then^ or I say. 

10. Studiis, zealous efforts^ instances in r^hich I have shown my zeal. 
Lat. Comp. 411. 

16. Cui erit, who will have. Citi, Dat. of Possessor. 

18. Suo solius periculo, by his peril alone. G. 397, 8. — Conser- 
vaverit; Subj. by Attraction. G. 621. 

21. Aris ac focis. See notes on aras Penatium^ p. 45, line 15, and 
fods^ p. 45, line 1 9. Observe that the synonymes are arranged in pairs ; 
aris ac focis^ fanis ac templis, tectis ac sedihus. — Fanis. Fanum is a con- 
secrated place ^ used especially of the chapels consecrated to inferior gods. 

24. Ut instituistis, as you have begun to do ; i. e., in the opinions 
already expressed by senators during this spirited debate. 

26. Quoad vivet ; G. 522, 1. (1). — Per se ipsum praestare, to 
carry into effect by his own efforts. 



OEATION FOE THE POET AECHIAS, 

DELIVERED IN COURT BEFORE THE PRAETOR, QUINTUS 
CICERO, m THE YEAR 62 B. C. 

INTEODUCTION. 

The poet, A. Licinius ArcMas, whom Cicero here defends, 
was a native of Antioch, in Syria. He early acquired a reputa- 
tion among his fellow-citizens by his poetical gifts and his ready 
wit, and subsequently during an extended course of travel through 
various parts of Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern Italy, he be- 
came a general favorite with the refined and cultivated, was wel- 
comed to the best society, and loaded with honors. Cities and 
states attested their appreciation of his rare gifts by conferring 
upon him the rights of citizenship. 

In the year 102 B. C, in the consulship of Marius and Catu- 
lus, Archias, still a young man, came to Kome, where he made 
the acquaintance of many distinguished and influential citizens, 
and became the special favorite of the Luculli. He afterwards 
accompanied Marcus Lucullas to Sicily, and, on his way back to 
Eome, visited Heraclea, in Lucania, where he was honored with 
the right of citizenship. 

In the year 89 B. C, a law was enacted extending the Eoman 
franchise to all residents in Italy vfho were already enrolled as 
citizens in any allied town, provided they presented their names 
to the praetor within sixty days. Archias at once availed him- 
self of the provisions of this law by presenting his name for 
registration to the praetor, Quintus Metellus. When, however, 
the Roman census was next taken, in the year 86 B. C, and again 
in 70 B. C, he was absent from Rome in the retinue of Lucullns, 
and accordingly was not enrolled in the censors' lists. Taking 
advantage of this fact, a certain Gratius brought an action against 
him on the charge of having illegally assumed the franchise, and 
demanded that the Papian law, which required the removal of aU 
foreigners from Rome, should be enforced against him. 

Cicero, who appears to have been both the friend. and the 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 215 

pupil of Archias, at once undertook the defence. He proved that 
his client was in the strictest sense a Roman citizen, as the three 
conditions specified in the law had all heen fulfilled: 1. He had 
been enrolled as a citizen of Heraclea, as was proved by the tes- 
timony of her citizens and of Lucullus, though the archives of 
the town could not be produced in proof, as thev had been de- 
stroyed by fire ; 2. He resided in Italy when the law was enact- 
ed ; 3. He presented his name within the prescribed time to the 
praetor, as the record of the transaction itself showed. 

Having thus completed the directly argumentative portion of 
the defence, the orator proceeded in the second place to set forth 
the praises of poetry and letters, to enlarge upon the value of a 
life devoted to polite and learned pursuits, and thus to show that 
the presence of Archias in Rome was a public blessing, and that 
even if he were not already a citizen, it would be the best and 
wisest course for the state to confer the franchise upon him, 
rather than lose the society and services of so valuable a man and 
so gifted a poet. 

The result of the trial is not known, though there seem to be 
good reasons for the opinion that the defence was successful. 



ANALYSIS. 

I. Introduction. I., II. 

n. Brief Outline of the Early Life of Archias. III. 
III. Proof of the Citizenship of Archias, IY., Y. 
lY. The Yalue of Poetry and Letters. The Presence of Archias 
IN Rome a Public Blessino. Y1. — XI. 
Y. Conclusion. XII. 



L, 11. Introduction. Cicero achnowledges his Indebted- 
7iess to Archias as his Teacher and Friend ; proposes 
to conduct the Suit in a somewhat novel way^ and 
states the Two Points ichich he intend.s to estaUish, 

PAGE 

1. Ingenii, exercitatio, ratio. Cicero here mentions the three ^o 
requisites essential for the profession of the orator — talent, a theoretical 
knowledge (ratio) of the art^ and the skill derived from practice (exercita- 



216 NOTES. 

48 ^o). He places the theoreiical Icnovdedge (ratio) last, because he wished 
to can special attention to it, as he had derived it largely from his 
teacher, Archias. — Jndices. This word is usuallT rendered judges, but 
the duties of the judkes were not the same as those of judges with us, 
but rather those of our jurort. In this trial the judices do not preside, 
but the praetor, Qnintus Tullius Cicero. — Qnod sentio . . . exiguum, 
and I perceive hjw miaU it is. Quod, subject of sit. G. 525. 

3. Mediocriter Tersatnm, moderately tceli versed. Hnjusce rei 
= dicendi ; L e., of oraiorv. 

4. Ab profecta, derived from. — Optimartiin artinm ; i. e., phi- 
losophy, history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry. — A qua. from which, 
L e,, from the study or pursiut of it. Qua refers to raiione. 

5. AbhoiTuisse, luts been free. Cicero was ever a diligent student. 
During the btisiest periods of his life, he devoted his leisure hours to 
reading and study. 

6. Earam remni ; i. e., the three requisites mentioned above. — A. 
lacinins : i. e., A. Lieinius Archias. — Frnetnm a me. . .debet. Cice- 
ro thinks that his teacher, Archias, is fairly entitled to share the fruit 
of the instructions which he had imparted to him in youth. 

7. Repetere, to demand in return, i. e., for his instructions. — Prope 
sno jure, as alrriost his own by right, Ut, almost in (by) his oirn right, 
Prope is added, as mo jure without such quahfication, would be too 
strong. — Quoad longissinie. . .respicere, o.sfrr hack as ray mind can 
possihly review. 

9. Ultimam, the earlierd. — Inde usque repetens, recalling even 
from that period. Archias came to Rome when Cicero was only five 
years of a^e. 

10. Hanc mihi prineii>eni eistitisse, that he wa>s my chief 
guide. 

11. Rationem. . .studiorum. ihds course of study (studies). 

12. Conformata, trained. — JTonnullis saluti ; G. 390. 

13. A quo. The antecedent is huic ipsi, which with the antecedent 
clause is best rendered first. — Quo, by whvjh, referring to id. — Ceteris, 
alios. Ceteris means tlie otliers, the rest, L e., all except Archias ; but 
alios means otfiers, i e., others in contra.st with Archias ; not, however, 
aU others, bat liome others. 

16. Hoc ita, Ita is added only for emphasis. The thought would 
be complete without it. — Quod sit ; G. 520, II. 

17. In hoc, in this man, i e., in Archias. — Neque haec dicendi 
ratio, and n/A this hnxjwledge of oratory. As Archias was a poet, and 
not an orator, some might wonder that Cicero should feel so much in- 
debted to him. 



ORATIOy FOR THE POET ARCEIAS. 31^ 

18. Ne nos quidem. In rendering, supply the ellipsis before these 48 
words, as / staie^ or, Id me tdl you. — Huic nni studio pen it us, exdw- 
sitfdy to this one study, L e., to oratory. Cicero had ilij tiiti his hand 

at poetry. 

19. Humanitatem. a liher^ e^"-fi*ion. 

21. Quasi cosnatione quadani, by a Jdnd of rdatumship. 

22, ?Ie ^ ^ i;;, hne-i r — In quaestioue lesiti- 
ma., //; o. ";j;'^ : :-: ; 

1. In judicio publico, :" : : / '^ 49 
trial tnxr":':"^ -"-- s:ate 15 a i::.::/. -^l^ilr j . . z :.::,. 

1 - Tn ?. — Quiun res asatur. : G. 

51S, II. 

2. Praetorein ; :. e., Qulntus T^ilhus Cicert^ the orator's brother, 
then praetor. 

3. Tanto conventu. iroih so ffreat an assemblage; AbL of Manner, 
giving the atlendani drcumstaneeSy though it may be explained as AbL 
Absolute. 

4. Hoc genere quod abhorreat, such a kind as differs, G. 419. 
E>>c = tall 

7. Vobis: constiiie wich m.:>Wa»i. — Quern ad niodtiia; also writ- 
ten as one word. 

8. Ut. . .patiaminL In apposition. with haneveniam. 

10*. Hac vestra hunianitate, with such liberal culture among you, 
— Hoc praetoi e ^ -be brother of the orator, was himself 

a man of : z-i; : : poet and an historian, — £xercente 

judicium. '. ::he presiding officer. 

12 Liberius. •'. — In ejus modi persona, t'» 
:' 5 of a character of this kind, L e., of such a kind as that of Ar- 
chias. — Propter oticin ae studium. on account of his retired life and 
V. ^ r 7 ry pursuiU. ^ 

13 MinlDie in . . . tractata est, has been very seldom (lit., t^y 
■ : . : . 7?/««/ in coui-fji and trials. 

15. Perficiam, nt pntetis, IshaR coMse you to ^ink, liL, Aai you 
tmiy fhiftk, L e., I shall convince yon. 

1 7. Si non esset ; G. 532, 2, 1). The conduMon is adseiscendum, 
fttisse, which in the Direct IKsconrse would have been adsdacmdus erat, 
or fuU, G. 510, 2. 

m. Brief Outline of the Early Life of Archias. 

19. Nam at pruaam, now as soon as. Mam {for or now) refers to 
the preceding sentence.~Ex paens excessit, emerged from boyhood^ 



218 NOTES. 

PAGE 

49 i. e., at the age of fifteen, the recognized limit of boyhood in Greece, 
though not at Rome. See Lat. Comp. 408. 

20. Aetas puerilis, boyhood. 

21. Scribendi, of composition^ especially of poetic composition. — 
Primum, first. The correlative is post in line 25. — Autiochiae, at 
Aniioch, an important city on the river Orontes, in Syria. G. 421, II. 

22. liOco nobili, of a noble family. G. 422, 1, 1). — Celebri urbe ; 
G. 423, 3, 3). 

24. Affluent!, ricli^ abounding. 

25. Contigit ; supply ei ; it was his good fortune^ lit., it happened to 
him. — Asiae ; i. e., Asia Minor, the usual meaning of the word in Latin 
writers, sometimes including Syria, as in this instance. 

26. Sic ejus... . celebrabantur, his coming was so much talked of . 
i. e., excited such interest. — Adventus. Observe the plural, referring to 
the various instances of his coming, where we use the singular. — Fa- 
mam. Object of superareU 

27. Exspeetatio hominis, the anticipation in regard to the man. — ■ 
Ipsius adventus admiratioque, his arrival itself omd the admiratio?i 
he excited. 

28. Italia. Italia^ as distinguished from Latium, the country of the 
Latin tongue, means Southern Italy, also called Magna Graecia. 

29. Disciplinarum, learning. G. 399, 2, 2). 

31. Propter tranquillitatem ; i. e., from the death of C.'Grac- 
chus, 121 B. C, to the commencement of the Social War, 90 B. 0. 

32. Hunc civitate, praemiis donaruut ; G. 384, 1. — Taren- 
tini, Regini, Neapolitaui. Tarentum^ Regium^ and Neapolis^ were 
Greek towns in Southern Italy. 

34. Aliquid judicare, to form any correct judgment. Aliquid^ lit., 
any thing^ often means any thing of value and importance. — Cognitione, 
acqi^intance. G. 419, lY. 

36. Absentibus, to those at a distance^ i. e., his reputation extended 
abroad, even to those who had never seen him. 

50 1- Mario. . .Catulo ; i. e., 102 B. 0. This was the fourth consul- 
ship of Marius. 

2. Eos, such. — Quorum posset ; G. 500. — Alter, the one ; i. e., 
Marius, whose victories over the Cimbri and the Teutones furnished Ar- 
chias a stirring theme for his muse. 

3. Alter, the other; i. e., Q. Lutatius Catulus, who was both a 
soldier and a man of letters. He shared with Marius the victory over 
the Cimbri ; hence res gestas. — Studium atque aures, taste (i. e., a 
fondness for literary studies) and an appreciative ear. 

4. liuculli. Cicero refers, doubtless, to the family of L. Licinius 



ORATIOX FOR THE POET AKCHUS. ^^IQ 

PAGE 

Lucullus, especially to the two sons, Lucius, who afterwards commandtd 50 
against Mithridates, and Marcus, who triumphed over the Dardanians of 
Macedonia, 71 B. C. — Praetextatus, a youtli ; lit., dad hi the toga prae- 
texia^ which was worn by Roman boys till they reached the age of seven- 
teen. Here the word must not be taken literally, because, as Archias 
was a foreigner, he would not be allowed to assume the Roman dress. 

5. Sed jam hoc. . .ingeuii, hat this again (jam) icas the result 7iot 
only of his gtnius^ lit., icas of. — Hoc, this, viz., 2(t domus. . .senediiti — 
Ingenii : Predicate Genitire after /?^/Y understood. G. 402, I. 

6. Xaturae, of his natural disjx/sition. 

7. Domus ; viz., that of the Luculli. — Hujus adolescentiae, 
senectuti, to him in youth, in old age ; lit., to his youth, to his old age. 

8. Eadem; G. 451, 3. 

9. Q. Metello Xumidico. A celebrated warrior and a generous 
patron of letters, sumamed Xumidieus from his victories over Jugurtha, 
King of Xumidia. — Pio filio. The son, Quintus Metellus, was sur- 
named Fius on account of his efforts in behalf of Ms exiled father. 

10. M. Aemilio. Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, a statesman and ora- 
tor. — Yivebat cum, he associattd idih. — Q. Catulo et patre et filio. 
The father was the Catulus mentioned in line 1. See also note on alter, 
line 3. The son was a prominent pohtician, consul 78 B. C. 

11. li. Crasso. The celebrated orator, consul 95 B. C.^ — LucuUos, 
See note on Luculli, line 4. — Drusum. M. Livius Drusus, an active 
tribune of the people. 

12. Octavios. Cn. Octavius, consul 87 B. C, his son Lucius, con- 
sul 75 B. C, and a second Cn. Octavius, consul 76 B. C. — Catonem. 
Probably M. Porcius Cato, a tribune of the people, grandson of Caio the 
Gensor, and father of Cato riicensis. — Hortensiorum. Of this illus- 
trious family, by far the most distinguished was Quintus Hortensius, the 
orator. — Devinctam consuetudine, hound to him, hy ties of friendly 
intercourse. 

13. Afficiebatur snmmo honore. he was most highly honored, not 
merely by those mentioned above, but by others who gathered about 
him, because he had been noticed by such distinguished men. 

15. Si qui forte, any who., ht.j if perchance any. — Simulabant. 
Supply se studere. 

r\^, V. Proof of the Citizenship of Archias, 

17. Satis lonso interrallo, after a somewhat long interval. G. 431. 
— Cum M. LucuUo. See note on Luculli, line 4. The object of this 
journey on the part of LucuUus is not known. 



220 NOTES. 

PAGB 

50 19. Decederet. Observe the force of the Imperfect, was returnifi^^ 
lit., was departing. — Heracliam. A city of Lucania, on the bay of Ta- 
rentum. G. 879. 

20. Aequissimo jure ac foedere, with very favorable privileges 
and treaty-rights. G. 428. This city, having been in close alliance with 
Eome for upwards of two centuries, enjoyed unusual rights and privi- 
leges. — Ascribi se in, to he enrolled in^ lit., into. 

31. Quum. . .turn auctoritate, both because. . .and through the in- 
Jluence. 

33. Civitas ; i. e., Eoman citizenship, the Roman franchise. — Sil- 
van! lege et Carbonis. This law, proposed by M. Plautius Silvanus 
and C. Papirius Carbo, tribunes of the people, was passed in the year 89 
B. 0. — Si qui = iis qui, to those who., lit., if any. lis^ thus implied in si 
qicij is the Indirect Object of data est. — Si qui. . .professi. Cicero 
here gives, in the form of the Oratio Obliqua, the three conditions upon 
which citizenship was conferred under this law. See Introduction, p. 
214. 

35. Ferebatur ; G. 527, 2, 1). — Sexaginta diebus, within sixty 
days, i. e., after the passage of the law. 

36. Essent professi, should enter their names. 

38. Q. Metellum. This was Q. Metellus Pius, mentioned above in 
line 9 ; ejus Fioflio. He was praetor in the year 89 B. 0. 

39. De civitate, of his citizenship^ i. e., in Rome. 

30. Causa dicta est, the defence is finished. 

31. Grati; G. 45, 6, 2). This suit was brought by a certain Gra- 
iiiis^ of whom nothing further is known. 

34. Sed egisse, but that he accomplished it. See line 22 above ; auc- 
toritate et gratia Luculli, etc. 

36. Publico testimonio, official proof ' ' 

51 1. Hie, under these circumstances, i. e., although you thus have the 
most ample proof— Tabulas publicas, the state records. Gratius de- 
nied that Archias was a citizen of Heraclea, and challenged Cicero to 
prove it from the records of that city. But, unfortunately, those records 
had been destroyed by jfire during the Social War. 

3. Italico bello. Called also the Social, or the Marsian War. 

5. Ijitterarum, of the records, referring to tabulas publicas. 

6. Quum, although. — Viri ; i. e., of Lucullus,— Religionem, the 
testimony, called religio because given under oath. — Integerrimi muni- 
cipii ; i. e., Heraclea. This city received the Roman franchise and be- 
came a municfpium under the Julian law in the year 90 B. C. It was 
previously a free city in alliance with Rome. It is called integerrimi be- 
cause it remained loyal during the Social War. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 231 

PAGE 

8. Quas idem dicis, which you also say ; a remark which Gratius 51 
seems to have made in regard to the records of Q. Metellus, as may be 
inferred from the following chapter. 

10. Tot annis; 0. 427, 1, (2).— Ante civitatem datam ; G. 
580. 

12. Quae solae ex ilia, etc., which alone of that registration and 
hoard of praetors have the authority of public records; i. e., of all the 
records made at that time by the different praetors, those of Metellus 
alone were trustworthy. 

15. Quum, though^ ov while ; concessive. — Appii tabulae. Cice- 
ro proceeds to contrast the records made by Metellus, in which the 
name of Archias appears, with those made by his associates, Appius 
Claudius and Q. Gabinius. Those of Appius were not properly taken 
care of. Forgeries might have been introduced into them. The reck- 
lessness of Gabinius, and his condemnation on the charge of extortion, 
destroyed the value of his register ; but the records of Metellus were ex- 
ecuted and preserved with the most scrupulous care. 

16. Quam diu incolumis fuit ; i. e., before he was tried, in con- 
trast with post damnaiiGnem. Gabinius was tried and condemned on the 
charge of extortion. 

17. Resignasset, had destroyed. The subject is levifas and calami- 
ias, taken separately. 

18. Modestissimus, most scrupulous. 

20. Venerit ; G. 482, 2. — Unius nominis litnra. This anecdote 
is told simply to show the scrupulous accuracy of the man. 
23. Quid est quod. . .dubitetis ; G. 501, I. 1. 

26. Arte ; G. 419, III. — Graecia ; i. e.. Magna Graecia, Southern 
Italy. 

27. Reginos, Neapolitanos, etc. See note on p. 49, line 32. — 
Credo. In irony. When thus used, it is usually introduced into the 
sentence parenthetically, without any influence upon the construction. — 
Locrenses, the Zocrians, in Southern Italy. 

28. Scaenicis artificibus, actors, Ht., stage artists. The profession 
of the actor was deemed unworthy of freemen. 

30. Quum irrepserint ; G. 518, II.— Quum, while. — Post civi- 
tatem datam ; i. e., after the franchise was given to the allied cities 
by the Julian law, in the year 90 B. C. 

31. Post legem Papiam. See Introduction, p. 214. After the" 
passage of this law, some foreigners got their names inserted surrep- 
titiously in the registers of the towns. — Eorum municipiorum. 
Regium, Locri, Neapolis, and Tarentum, became municipia under the Ju- 
lian law. 



323 NOTES. 

PAGE 

51 32. Illis ; i. e., iahuUs. 

35. Census, the census-rolls. — Scilicet. In irony. — Obscurum, 
9iot generally known. 

36. Proximis censoribus, at the last census ; lit., at the time of the 
last censors ; viz., L. Gellius and On. Lentulus, 'ZO B. C. — Censoribus; 
G. 426, 1. — Cum Ii. Lucullo ; i. e., in the Mithridatic War. See note 
on Lucidli^ p. 50, line 4. 

52 1. Apud exercitum; not ^?^ earerc^^w, because Archias was not in 
service, but only in attendance upon the general.— Superioribus ; sup- 
ply censoribus. This was in the year 86 B. 0., when L. Marcius Philippus 
and M. Perperna were censors. From 86 B. C. to 70 B. C, the census 
was not taken. — Cum eodem quaestore, with the same man (i. e., Lu- 
cullus) then quaestor. Lucullus was at the time quaestor under Sulla, in 
the Mithridatic War. 

2. Primis ; supply censoribus. This was in the year 89 B. C, when 
L. Julius Caesar and P. Licinius Crassus were censors. — Primis, the 
Jirsty i. e., after Archias became a Roman citizen. The census was 
usually taken once in five years, but was sometimes omitted, and some- 
times taken at irregular intervals. Thus it was omitted in 89 B. C, 
was taken three years afterwards, in 86 B. C, and then omitted till 10 
B.C. 

3. Esse censam, ivas rated. 

4. Tantum mo do ; also written tantummodo. — Ita, thus^ i. e., by 
the fact of enrolment. 

5. lis temporibus . . . criminaris, at those very times when you 
allege that he. — lis temporibus ; Abl. of Time ; construe with fecit. 
There is some doubt in regard to the correctness of the text. We should 
expect, iis temporibus quibus eum tu criminaris^ etc. 

7. Testamentum . . . Romanorum. This is a proof that Archias 
considered himself a Roman citizen, as no others could either make wills 
or become heirs of Roman citizens. — Legibus ; G. 414, 2. 

8. Hereditates. . .Romanorum, inheritances left him by (lit, of) 
Roman citizens. — In beneficiis. . .delatus est,- was reported to the 
treasury among those recommended to favor. It was customary for mili- 
tary governors to report the names of those under their command who 
had shown themselves to be especially meritorious. 

9. Pro consule ; also written proconsule ; as proconsul, or military 
governor. 

10. Nunquam neque ; G. 685, 2.— Suo judicio, by his own opin- 
ion, i. e., by any facts adduced to prove that he did not regard himself as 
a citizen. See above, line 5 ; quern tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem 
judicioy etc. 




ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 223 



VI., Vn. The Value of Poetry and Letters. 



PAGE 



12. Tanto opere ; also written tantopere ; Abl. of Manner. 52 

13. Suppeditat ubi, he furnishes that with which^ i. e., his poetry. 
— Ubi, icherewith^ with which^ = quo with the antecedent omitted. 

14. Convicio. This refers to the noisy wrangling of the court- 
room. 

18. Contentionem, tension. The figure is taken from the bending 
of a bow. Hence relaxemus^ lit., unbend, 

20. Se litteris abdiderunt, have buried themselves in books. Lit- 
teriSy Abl. of Means. 

22. Vivo, have lived; G. 467, 2. 

23. Ut a Dullius. . .abstraxerit, that my desire for leisure has 
never kept me aloof from any one^s peril or advantage ; i. e., he has ever 
been ready to defend those who were unjustly accused, and to protect 
them in their rights. 

26. Tandem. See note on tandem^ p. 1, line 1. — Repreheiidat ; 
G. 486, II. 

27. Quantum temporum, as much thne as, Temporum is placed 
at the end of the clause for emphasis. — Ceteris, alii. These words are 
both in contrast with egomet. Observe the difference in meaning. See 
note on ceteris, alios, p. 48, line 13. 

30. Tempestivis conviviis, to protracted banquets. Tempestiva 
convivia were banquets which began early and closed late. 
32. Eo, on this account ; explained by quod. . .facultas. 

34. Oratio et facultas, oratorical ability. G. 704, II. 2.— Quan- 
tacumque est, such as it is. 

35. Quae si, if this, i. e., this ability. 

36. lila quae summa sunt, those things which are of the highest 
importance ; i. e., philosophical principles and maxims of practical use in 
life ; a second advantage derived from literary studies. 

1. Hauriam ; Indirect Question. G. 525. 53 

2. Litteris, literary works. G. 132. 

3. Magno opere ; also written magnopere. — In ea persequenda, 
in endeavoring to attain these. Ea, this, singular, refers to laudem atque 
honestatem, taken as a whole. 

5. Parvi esse ducenda, shoidd be regarded as of little consequence. 
G. 402, III. 1. The infinitive depends upon suasissem. 

7. Profligatorum hominum. Subjective Genitive, referring to 
Catiline and his accomplices. G. 396, I. 

8. Pleni sunt, are full of this, i. e., of the truth stated in nihil esse 



324 NOTES. 

PAGB 

53^^ vita... esse ducenda. — Voces, the precepts^ sayings. — Plena exem- 
plorum vetustas, antiquity is full of examples of it. 

9. Nisi litterarum lumen accederet, if the light of literature 
were not applied to them ; i. e., these examples have been preserved only 
by history and literature. 

10. Imagines, j9or^raz7wre5. 

11. Non solum ad intuendum; QO'a^ivviQ -vfiih. expressas^ drawn 
not only^ etc. 

13. Mihi ; construe with ^rojoowms. 

14. Ipsa cogitatione. . .excellentium, hy the very thought of 
etc. ; i. e., by reflecting upon their characters. 

1 T. Litteris, in (by) literary works ; Abl. of Means. 

19. Est certum quod respondeam, it is certain what I am to re- 
ply^ i. e., I am not at a loss for an answer. 

20. Animo ; Abl. of Characteristic. 

21. Naturae ipsius. . .divino, hy the almost divine character of 
their natural gifts themselves^ lit., of nature itself 

22. Moderatos et graves, men of prudence and character. 

23. Ad laudem valuisse, has been .effectual in attaining glory. 

24. Atque idem ego, and yet I. G. 451, 3. 

26. Katio quaedam. . .doctrinae, a cei^tahi systematic training 
and moulding of the powers through learning^ lit., of learning, 

2T. Illud nescio quid . . . singulare, that certain extraordinary 
and peculiar excellence. — Nescio quid = aliqidd^ or quiddam^ implies 
that Cicero knows not what to call it. 

28. Ex hoc numero, of this number ; i. e., of the number of those 
who illustrate the value of rare natural gifts developed by culture. 

29. Africanum. Scipio Africanus, the younger, the conqueror of 
Carthage. See note on alter Africanus^ p. 46, line 13. — C. Laelium. 
Caius Laelius, surnamed the Wise, the well-known friend of Scipio Afri- 
canus, the younger. 

30. li. Furium. Lucius Furius Philus, distinguished for his love 
of letters. 

31. Illis temporibus doctissimum, for (lit., in) those times very 
learned. 

32. M. Catonem. Marcus Porcius Cato, the famous Censor, who 
commenced the study of Greek literature in extreme old age. He is here 
called ille senex^ that well-known old man, because he attained the re- 
markable age of eighty-five, and yet was very prominent and active in 
the latter years of his life. — Qui profecto, they doubtless. — Ad percipi- 
endam. . . virtutem, in comprehending and practising virtue^ lit., to the 
comprehending^ etc. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 225 

PAGB 

33. Adjuvarentur ; G. 486, 4; 510, 1. The Imperfect is used to 53 
denote that the truth is a general one ; that the aid received then would 
be received now under the same circumstances. 

1. Remissionem, relaxation, 54 

3. Ceterae. Supply remissiones, recreations. — Neque temporum 
sunt, are not adapted to all times ; lit., are not ofj etc. Omnium belongs 
to each of the three genitives. 

4. Secundas res, adversis ; G. 441, 4, 

6. Rusticantur, they are with us at our country seatSy i. e., they 
there furnish us recreation and intellectual enjoyment. The wealthy 
Romans usually passed the hot season at their villas in the country. 

VIII. The Remarhable Poetical Talents of Archias. 

7. Haec attingere, to prosecute these studies, 

10. Roscii. Quintus Roscius, the most celebrated comic actor of 
his time. 

14. Celeritatem, the rapid action. 

IT. Novo genere dicendi. See Chap. II. 

18. Quum litteram scripsisset nullam, whe7i he had not written 
a single letter. G. 132 ; 518, II. 

20. Turn agerentur, were then under discussion. G. 527, 3. — Re- 
vocatum, when requested to repeat^ lit., called lack, 

21. Commutatis. . .sententiis, with a complete change of words 
and thoughts. 

23. Ut ad . . . perveniret, that he attained to the praise^ etc. This 
is extravagant language. By veterum scriptorum^ Cicero means the cele- 
brated Greek poets and authors. 

25. Sic ; G. 704, II. 6. 

26. Doctrina constare, depends upon lear^iing. G. 414, 2, 1). 

27. Natura ipsa valere, derives his power from Nature herself lit., 
is strong hy means of Nature hey^self, 

28. Quasi quodam ; G. 456, 2. 

29. Suo jure, in his own right ; as he was himself a poet. — Noster 
ille Ensiius, our well-hiiown Ennius. Ennius, the father of Roman 
poetry, was born in Calabria, 239 B. C. 

30. Quod videantur ; G. 520, II. — Dono atque munere, gift 
and endoument. 

32. Humanissiiiios homines, men of the highest culture ; in con- 
trast with harharia. 

33. Poetae ; G. 396, Y. 

34. Voci respondeat, respond to his voice^ L a, to the poet's voice. 



226 NOTES. 

PAGS 

54 The allusion is probably to the fable of Orpheus, whom the poets feign 
not only to have charmed wild beasts, but even to have moved trees and 
rocks by the power of his music. 

36. Moveamur ; Potential Subj. — Homerum. Homer, the cele- 
brated Epic poet of Greece. Seven different cities claimed the honor of 
being his birthplace. 

55 1- Colophonii. The citizens of Colophon, a city of Ionia, In Asia 
Minor. — Chii. The citizens of Chios, now Scio, an island in the Aegean 
Sea, with a city of the same name. 

2. Salaminii. The citizens of Salamis, an island in the Saronic 
Gulf, with a city of the same name.— Smyrnaei. The citizens of Smyr- 
na, in Ionia. 

3. Permulti alii. The three other cities generally mentioned in 
this connection are Athens, Rhodes, and Argos. 

4. Pugnant inter se ; i. e., for the honor of being regarded as his 
birthplace. 

'IX. Archias is entitled to Gratitude for hamng cele- 
brated Roman Victories in his Verse. 

5. Aliennm, a foreigner, 

7. Noster, our counlryman. — Olim, already for a long time, 

9. Cimbricas res attigit, he attempted the subject of the Cimbrian 
War^ i. e., the victories of Marius over the Cimbri. See note on custodem 
hujus urbis, p. 34, line 14. — Adolescens ; G. 363, 3. 

10. Durior ad, somewhat insensible to, i. e., incapable of appre- 
ciating. 

13. Praeconium, the heralding. — Themistoclem. Themistocles, 
the celebrated Athenian statesman and general. 

14. Athenis ; G. 421. 

15. Quod. . .audiret ; Indirect Question. 

16. Ejus. Supply vocem. — Ejus a quo. . .praedicaretur ; Ob- 
ject of dixisse. 

17. li, Plotium. Lucius Plotius, a Roman orator and rhetorician. 

20. Mithridaticum bellum, the Miihridaiic War^ waged by the 
Romans against Mithridates, King of Pontus. — In multa varietate, 
wiiJi m,any vicissitudes, ht., in much variety, i. e., of fortune. 

21. Totum. This seems to be a rhetorical exaggeration, as the 
poem of Archias is said to have described only that part of the war 
when Lucius Lucullus was in command, from 73 B. C, to 66 B. 0. The 
entire war occupied twenty-six years. — Ab hoc, by him^ Ut., this ow*, 
i. e., Archias. 



1 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 227 

FAGK 

23. Qni libri, these books; i. e., the several books into whieh the 55 
poem was divided. 

24. liHcullo imperante, with Lucullics as their commander ; Abl. 
Absol. 

25. Pontum. An important country in Asia Minor, south of the 
Euxine Sea. — Ipsa natura. Pontus had the Euxine Sea upon the 
north, and was enclosed upon the other sides by mountains. It was also 
guarded by seventy-five fortresses. 

27. Armeniorum . . . fudit. In the year 69 B. C, in the battle 
before Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, southeast of Pontus, Lucul- 
lus, with a smaU force of eleven or twelve thousand, defeated King Ti- 
granes with a force twenty times as large. 

28. Url)eiii Cyzicenorum. Cyzicus, a city af Mysia, on the 
Propontis, was besieged by Mithridates 13 B. C, but was reheved by Lu- 
cuUus. 

30. Nostra feretur et praedicabitar, will ho reported and cde- 
hrated as ours. — Nostra agrees with pugna^ the subject oi feretur and 
praedicabitur. 

33. Teiiedum, Tenedus; an island on the coast of Asia Minor, near 
which LucuUus gained a signal naval victory, 73 B. C. 

34. Quae quorum . . . efferuntur, by whose genius these deeds (lit., 
which things) are celebrated. The antecedent of quorum is ^^s, in the next 
line. In rendering, begin with the antecedent clause. 

35. Africano superior!, to Africamis the elder. See note on 
Scipio^ p. 46, line 11. 

36. Noster Enuius. See note on noster ille Ennius^ p. 54, line 29. J 
— In sepulcro, on the sepulchre. 

1. Esse constitutus ex marmore, to have been sculptured in mar- 56 
hie. Livy speaks of three statues upon the tomb of the Scipios, one of 
which was supposed to be that of Ennius ; but, when the tomb was dis- 
covered in 1780, no such statues were found. — Cujus laudibus ; i. e., 
by the praises bestowed by Ennius upon the elder Africanus, whose 
eulogy he is said to have written. 

3. Hujus proavus Cato, Cato^ the great-grandfather of this Cato ; 
i. e., of Cato the younger. Hujus may be applied to him as a contem- 
porary, or may denote that he was present in court. Proavus Cato is 
Cato the Censor. See note on M. Catonem^ p. 53, line 32. 

4. Tollitur ; i. e., by the praises of Ennius. 

5. Maximi, Marcelli. Fulvii. These are all illustrious names in 
the history of the second Punic War. Q. Fabius Maximus baffled Han- 
nibal by delay ; M. Claudius Marcellus took Syracuse ; Q. Fulvius Flac- 
cus recovered Capua. 



228 NOTES. 



X.5 XL As other Writers have heen honored and re- 
warded by Generals and States^ so ought Archias to 
be honored and rewarded by us, 

56 '?'. Rudinum hominem ; i. e., Ennius, a native of Rudiae, in Ca- 
labria. 

8. In civitatem receperunt, admitted to citizenship. 

9. In hac ; i. e., civitate. 

11. Nam si Quis, etc. A reason for the negative answer which the 
preceding question requires. — Graecis versibus. Archias wrote in 
Greek, and Ennius in Latin. 

13. Graeca, Greek ivories, 

14. Exignis. These limits would Include Latium and the Roman 
colonies. Greek was spoken in Southern Italy ; Tuscan or Gallic, in 
Northern. 

16. Pervenerint ; Subj. by Attraction. G. 527, 3. 

18. Haec, these things ; i. e., to have one's deeds celebrated in lit- 
erary works, and thus published to the world. — Ampla, honorable. 

19. De vita, at the peril of life. — Periculorum incitamentum, 
inducement to encounter perils^ lit., of perils. 

21. Multos script ores. Among these may be mentioned Aristo- 
bulus, Ptolemaeus, Anaximenes, Callisthenes, and Clitarchus. Their 
works are, however, all lost ; but those of Aristobulus and Ptolemaeus 
were extant in the second century of the Christian era, and furnished the 
materials for Arrian's history of the campaigns of Alexander. — Magnus 
ille Alexander. Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia and con- 
queror of the world. 

22. Quum adstitisset ; G. 518, II. 

23. Sigeo ; a promontory on the coast of Troy. — Achillis, of 
Achilles, the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 

24. Qui in veneris ; G. 519. — Vere. Supply inquit or dixit. 

26. Obruisset; G. 510, 1. 

27. Noster hie Magnus. Hie, in distinction from ille, in magnus 
aie Alexander above. Cn. Porapey, surnamed the Great {Magnus), is 
meant. See note on Pompeius, p. 46, line 18. In rendering, begin with 
nonne. 

28. Theophanem. Theophanes, a learned Greek of Mitylene, on 
the island of Lesbos, accompanied Pompey on his expeditions in the 
East, and wrote a history of his campaigns. 

29. Civitate donavit ; G. 384, 1. 

30. Rustici, uncultivated, lit., from the country, rustic. 



I 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 229 

PAGB 

31. Ejusdem laudis. This refers to the praise bestowed by Theo- 56 
phanes upon Pompey and his army, 

33. Credo. In irony. 

34. Ut donaretnr ; G. 492, 1. 

35. Potuit; G. 510, 2; 512, 2.— Sulla. L. Cornelius Sulla, a cele- 
brated Roman general, conspicuous in the civil war with Marius. See 
note on quas SuUa const ituit, p. 20, line 19. 

36. Petentem repudiasset ; G. 503, 2, 1); 510. — Quern, the -man 
wkorrij i. e., Sulla. 

1. Libellum, a petition ; strictly, any short composition. — Poeta 57 
de populo, a poet from among the common people ; i. e., obscure, un- 
known. 

2. In eum, upon him ; i. e., in his praise.— Tantum modo. . .Ion- 
giusculis, ordy v:ith alternate verses someivhat long ; i. e., it was in the Ele- 
giac Distich, composed of alternate hexameters and pentameters, and 
this was its only merit Cicero does not mean to criticise the verse, 
but simply to say that the epigram was mere verse^ and not poetry, 
G. 676, 2. 

3. Ex iis rebus. . .vendebat ; i. e., from the confiscated property 
of proscribed citizens, which he was then selling. It will be observed 
that the dictator was entirely unscrupulous in the use of this prop- 
erty. 

5. Qui. The antecedent is the pronoun is, the omitted subject of 
expetisset. — Tamen, yet ; i. e., notwithstanding the quahty of the poetry. 

6. Hujus, of this one, i. e., of Archias. — Yirtutem, excellence. — In 
scribendo. These words belong to copiam, as well as to virtutem. G. 
597, II. 

7. Q. Metello Pio. See notes on Q. Jletello Xiunidico and Pio 
filio, p. 50, hne 9. 

8. Civitate multos donavit ; G. 384, 1. 

9. Lucullos. See note on Luculli, p. 50, line 4. — Impetravisset. 
Potential Subj. Supply civitatem. — Qui. . .usque eo cuperet, especial- 
ly since he (Metellus) so much desired. 

10. Cordubae natis, horn at Cordova, a town in Spain. TTho 
these poets were is not known. Afterwards, Cordova gave birth to the 
poet Lucan, and the two Senecas. 

11. Pingue quid dam. . .peregrinum, though uttering something 
rude and provincial. 

13. Hoc, this, i. e., our love of fame, as stated in trahimur omnes 
studio laudis, etc. 

14. Prae nobis ferendum, mzist be openly acknowledged. 

15. Optimus quisqae ; G. 458, 1. 

11 



230 NOTES. 

FAGB 

B7 1*^- I^ 60 ipso, in that very instance. 

18. Despiciunt, state their contempt for^ lit., despise. — Praedicari 
de se ac nominari, to he spoken of and named^ lit., that mention should 
he made of them^ etc. — Praedicari is here used impersonally. 

19. Decimus Brutus. Decimus Brutus, one of the most distin- 
guished generals of his age, is said to have erected temples and other 
public edifices from the spoils of war. He was consul 138 B. 0. 

20. Attii. L. Attius, a Eoman tragic poet, born 1^0 B. C, an inti- 
mate friend of Decimus Brutus. 

21. Ille Fulvius. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul 183 B. C. He sub- 
jugated Aetolia, in Greece. The poet Ennius accompanied him upon 
this expedition. 

23. Martis, of Mars^ the god of war, put by metonymy for helli. 
G. 705, II. — Musis. Fulvius erected a temple in Kome to Hercules and 
the Muses, and adorned it with the spoils brought from Greece. Among 
these spoils was the celebrated painting of the Muses, by Zeuxis. 

24. Prope armati, almost with arms still in their hands^ i. e., imme- 
diately after their return from war. 

25. Togati, in the garh of peace ; contrasted with armati. — A ho- 
nore abhorrere, to disregard the honor. 

27. Id, this ; i. e., what is implied in non a Musarum. . .ahhorrere.— 
Me indicabo^ I will reveal my own feelings^ lit., myself. 

28. Quodam amore gSoriae. Qiwdam is here used to soften the 
expression amove gloriae^ which would otherwise be very strong. 

30. Vobiscum simul, together with you. The judges, as the repre- 
sentatives of the conservative party, are here addressed as those who had 
aided and supported him in his consulship. 

32. Attigit hie versibus, he (Archias) has undertaken to celebrate 
in verse. The undertaking was, however, never consummated. — Quibus. 
This refers to versibus ; i. e., the verses already composed, as implied in 
inchoavit. 

35. Hanc, this., i. e., the. one just described. — Laudis ; Gen. of 
Specification. G. 396, Y. 

36. Quid est quod exerceamus ; G. 501, I. 1. 

58 3. Si nihil. . .in posterum, if the soul did not look forward into 
the future ; i. e., had no anticipations of the future. 

4. Eisdem, i. e., regionibus^ by the same limits. 

6. Frangeret, exhaust. — Angeretur ; G. 465, 1. 

T. Nunc, now indeed^ marking the transition from the supposition, si 
nihil animus^ etc., to the actual state of the case. 

8. Virtus, power, or principle. — Noctes ac dies ; ' Lat. Comp. 
411, 2. 



i 



/ 



ORATION FOS THE POET ARCHIAS. 231 

FAGB 

9. Non cnm vitae. . . dimetiendam, ought not to terminate ivith, 58 
etc., lit., to be measured off with. 

XII. Co7iclusion, 

13. Tain parvi animi, of so narrow a mind ; Predicate Genitive. 

14. Usque ad extremum spatium, even to the last moment^ i. e., 
of life. 

19. Nonne debemus, and ought not we. Supply and in English to 
connect the two members of the question. 

20. Expressam et politam, accurately dravm and nicely finished ; 
i. e., such an accurate and finished delineation as Archias is capable of 
giving. — Omnia. Object of sparger e and disseminare^ of which me is 
the subject. It refers to his pubUc acts as consul. 

22. Haec, this ; referring to memoriam sempiternam: 

23. A meo sensu abfutura est, will he beyond the reach of my con- 
sciousness. — Sapientissimi homines; i. e., the philosophers who be- 
lieved ID the immortality of the soul, as Pythagoras, Socrates, and others. 

25. IVunc quidem certe, now at all events. — Cogitatione qua- 
dam speqne, by some anticipation and hope of it, 

26, Pudore eo, of such modest vjorth ; Abl. of Characteristic. — 
Quem. This refers to pudore. 

28. Yetustate, by their long -continued intimacy. 

30. Causa ejus modi, with such a cause. Causa ; Abl. of Charac- 
teristic, like pyiidore and ingenio. — Beneficio legis, by the favor of the 
laio^ referring to the law of Silvanus and Carbo, w^hich conferred the 
privilege of citizenship on certain conditions. See p. 50, lines 23 to 26. 
— Auctoritate municipii ; i. e., of Heraclea. See p. 50, line 84. 

31. Testimonio Lueuili. See p. 50, line 32.— Tabulis Metel- 
li. See p. 51, lines 12 to 22. 

32. Si qua. . .debet esse, if, . .ought to be of any weight. 

33. Divina commendatio. Poets are represented as under the 
protection of the gods. See p. 54, line 80. 

34. Eum ; Object of accipiatis, p. 59, line 3. 

35. Ornavit, has celebrated, i. e., in his works. 

36. His recentibus. . .periculis. . .esse ; i. e., by his proposed 
poem on the consulship of Cicero. Recentibus periculis refers to Cati- 
line's conspiracy, suppressed the preceding year. 

7. Omnibus; O. 3S8, 1. — Communiter de ipsius studio, con- 59 
^osrning his pursuit in general ; i. e., concerning the profession of a poet. 

10. Qui judicium exercet, who conducts the tried, i. e., who pre- 
sides over it, viz., the praetor, Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator. 



OEATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW, 

DELIYERED IN THE FORUM BEFORE THE ROMAN PEOPLE, 
IN THE YEAR 66 B. C. 

mTEODUOTION. 

In this oration, Cicero appeared for the first tiroe upon the 
Rostra before the Eoman people. He was already forty-one 
years of age, and held the important office of praetor. He spoke 
in support of a biU, proposed by the tribune Manilius, conferring 
upon Pompey the sole command in the war against Mithridates, 
King of Pontus. 

Cneius Pompey, upon whom it was proposed to confer such 
extraordinary powers, had already greatly distinguished himself 
in the field, and was rapidly becoming the favorite of the people. 
His career had been in many respects very remarkable. At 
the early age of twenty-five he was permitted, contrary to all 
precedent, to celebrate his victories in Sicily and Africa with the 

'proud pageant of a triumph. Ten years later, his victories in 
Spain secured him the same honor a second time. He entered 
the city in triumphal procession on the thirty-first of December, 
Tl B. 0., and, on the following day, entered upon the duties of 
the consulship to which he had been elected, though legally in- 
eligible, as he had never filled the lower offices of quaestor and 
praetor. His administration was marked by several bold reforms 
in the interest of the people. 

Three years later, having been appointed under the Gabinian 
law to the sole command in the war against the pirates, he en- 
tered upon a vigorous campaign which, in the brief period of 

• ninety days, was crowned with complete success. 

q But the Romans were still engaged in another war which re- 

tweii'ed in its leader the rarest gifts and powers. Upwards of 
nty years before, Mithridates, King of Pontus, having allied 




POMPEY THE GREAT. 



p. 232. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 233 

timself witli Tigranes, King of Armenia, by giving him his 
daughter in marriage, formed the bold design of expelling the 
Komans from their extensive possessions in Asia Minor. For a 
time, brilliant success seemed likely to crown the undertaking. 
City after city threw open its gates and welcomed the victor as a 
deliverer from the Roman yoke. Elated by these early successes, 
he issued an order almost unparalleled in cruelty, for a general 
massacre of Roman citizens in Asia, an order which was executed 
with relentless severity. One Roman general after another was 
sent against him, some of whom achieved great and important 
results, but still the struggle continued. At length in the year 
74 B. C, LucuUus was appointed commander of the Roman ar- 
mies in Asia. For seven years he prosecuted the war with great 
vigor and success ; he conquered Mithridates, took the greater 
part of Pontus, invaded Armenia, defeated Tigranes, and took the 
Armenian capital ; but this brilliant career of conquest was finally 
checked by the disaffection of Lis soldiers. Accordingly, in the 
year 6T B. C, he was superseded by Glabrio, who proved to be a 
very inefficient commander. Mithridates and Tigranes promptly 
availed themselves of the opportunity thus offered them of re- 
covering the territory and power which they had lost. It was 
at this crisis in the Roman affairs in the East, that the tribune 
Caius Manilius, in the spring of 66 B. C, moved that Pompey, 
who had just achieved such signal success in the war against the 
pirates, and who was still in Asia at the head of a large and vic- 
torious army, should be intrusted with the chief command in the 
war against Mithridates and Tigranes. The bill, generally known 
as the Manilian law, proposed to clothe Pompey with almost un- 
limited power, and accordingly met with violent opposition from 
Catulus and Hortensius, on the ground that it would be perilous 
to the best interests of the republic to place such extraordinary 
powers in the hands of any one man. It was, however, warmly 
advocated by Caesar and Cicero, and was carried by acclamation. 
Pompey, on receiving this appointment, hastened to encoun- 
ter Mithridates, over whom he soon gained a signal victory. The 
vanquished king barely escaped with his life, and, unable to find 
shelter in Armenia, the dominions of his own son-in-law, he 
made his way through the rugged defiles of the Caucasian Moun- 
tains to the Crimea, where he finally terminated his life with his 
own hand. The kingdom of Pontus became a, Roman province, 



234 NOTES. 

Tigranes submitted without a blow, and the king of the Parthians 
offerred his alliance to the victorious general. Pompej, on his 
return to Rome after an absence of seven years, celebrated his 
triumph with great pomp and display. The imposing pageant 
occupied two entire days. 



ANALYSIS. 

I. Introdtjction. L, II. 

II. The Character op the War against Mithridates. III. — ^YII. 
ni. The Greatness and Importance of the War. YIII., IX. 
lY. The Appointment of a Commander to conduct it: 

1. POMPEY ALONE HAS THE KeQUISITE QUALIFICATIONS. X. — XYI. 

2. Eeply TO THE Objections op Hortensius and Catulus. 

XYIL— XXIII. 
Y. Conclusion. XXIY. 



I. Cicero^ in his Introduction to this^ his Fh'st Effort 
before the People^ states the Seasons which have hith- 
erto deterred him from appearing before them, lie 
thanks them for the Praetorship to which he has just 
been elected^ and promises to use his Influence for the 
Welfare of the State. 

PAGE 

go 1. Frequens conspectus vester, the sight of your crowded assem- 
hly. 

2. Hie locus, this place ; \. e., the Rostra or platform in the 
Forum, from which the orator addressed the people. It was called 
Rostra {heaks) because it was adorned with beaks of ships captured from 
the enemy.— Autem ; repeat quamquam^ and though. — Ad agendum. 
Supply vobiscum or cum populo, for treating with you^ i. e., for proposing 
measures for the action of the people. Only magistrates had the right 
of thus submitting questions to the vote of the people {agere cum populo\ 
but private citizens might address the people by permission from the 
presiding magistrate. — Ampiissimus, the most dignified^ as belonging to 
magistrates. 

3. Ornatissimus, most honorable. 

4. Hoc aditu laudis, from this avenue to fame, i. e., the Rostra. 
G. 425, 2.— Optimo cuique ; G. 458, 1. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 235 

PAGE 

5. Vitae meae rationes, my plans of life. — Ab ineunte aetate, gQ 

from the commencement of active life. 

10. Temporibus, exigencies^ referring to their suits in court. — Ita 
neque. . .unquam fuit, and thus. . .has never been. Construe non^ in- 
volved in neque = et non^ with unquam^ never. Ita refers to the course 
which Cicero has pursued. He tells them that they have lost nothing 
thereby, as others have ever been ready to advocate their cause. 

13. Periculis, suits^ lawsuits. — Caste integreque, honestly and 
jitstly^ with an indirect allusion perhaps to the Cincian law, which for- 
bade an advocate to accept presents from his client, 

13. Fructum amplissimum, a most ample reward, i. e., the prae- 
torship to which he had just been elected. 

14. Dilationem comitiorum, the adjournment of the comitia, i. e., 
of the assembly of the people. In times of great political excitement, 
the comitia were sometimes adjourned through the influence of one party, 
to prevent or delay the consummation of the measures proposed by the 
other party. The interposition of a tribune, an unfavorable omen, or 
any informality in the proceedings, was at any time a sufficient reason 
for adjournment. During the recent election, the comitia had been twice 
adjourned in consequence of the popular excitement in relation to cer- 
tain bills then pending. — Praetor primus ; not frst in ranJc^ as no such 
distinction is here recognized, but the one first elected. 

15. Centuriis cunctis, hy all the centuries ; i. e., by the people 
voting in companies called centuries. The whole assembly consisted of 
one hundred and ninety-four such centuries. Each century cast one 
vote, which was first determined by the majority of the individual voters 
in it. This was the popular assembly of Rome, and yet the whole power 
was in the hands of the wealthy, as they controlled one hundred out of 
the one hundred and ninety-four votes. 

16. Quid praescriberetis ; i. e., to follow Cicero's example. 

17. Quantum vos. . .voluistis, as you have shown a desire that 
there should he hy conferring honors upon me, i. e., as much as you have 
been pleased to confer upon me by electing me to the praetorship. 

19. Ex forensi usu, from practice at the har, lit., forensic, i. e., in 
the Forum. 

3. Ei quoque rei, for this cdso ; i. e., for oratorical ability, as im- 
plied in dicendo. 

4. Illud. Explained by quod in hac. . .nomini possit. 

6. In qua possit ; G. 500. 

8. Virtute, worthy merits. 

9. Mihi; G. 388. — C^pia. . .modus, abundance of materials,, 
proper limit. 



61 



236 NOTES. 



II. Statement of the Case, Plan of the Oration. 

61 11. Ut proficiscatnr ; G. 493, 3. — Inde, unde, at the point from 
which. 

13. Vectigalil)us, tributaries ; construe with infertm\ 

14. Mithridate et Tigrane. See Introduction, p. 232. — Alter 
relictus ; i. e., Mithridates. Six years before the delivery of this ora- 
tion, he was utterly defeated by Lucullus, but finally escaped to Armenia, 
and placed himself under the protection of Tigranes, his son-in-law. In 
the mean time, the Roman army, occupied with the rich spoils of Pon- 
tus, abandoned the pursuit. Thus Mithridates was left {relictus) undis- 
turbed in his retreat. — Alter lacessitus*; i. e., Tigranes, who had been 
greatly exasperated {lacessitus) by the loss of his capital. See Introduc- 
tion, p. 233. 

15. Occasionem . . . oblatam esse. The disaffection in the Ro- 
man army, the recall of Lucullus, and the inefficiency of Glabrio, his 
successor, had furnished them such an opportunity. See Introduction^ 
p. 233. — Asiam ; i. e., the Roman province in Asia, embracing the 
western portion of Asia Minor. 

16. Arbitrantur. The subject is alter ^ alter, — Equitibus Ro- 
mauis. The Roman knights were the capitalists of Rome, and formed 
a distinct order, an aristocracy of wealth. They monopolized all lucra- 
tive enterprises and all commercial pursuits. Individually or in com- 
panies, they usually bought up the public revenues. 

18. In vestris vectigalibus . . .occupatae, invested in farming 
your revenues, 

19. Pro necessitudine, on account of the connection. By birth, 
Cicero belonged to the equestrian order. — Mihi ; Dative of Possessor. 
G. 387. 

21. Bithyniae. Bithynia, a country south of the Euxine Sea, was 
bequeathed to the Roman people by King Nicomedes III., in the year '74 
B. C. — Vicos exustos esse, etc. ; the import of the letters ; dependent 
upon a verb of saying implied in afferuntur litter ae. G. 530, 1. 

22. Regnum Ariobarzanis ; i. e., Cappadocia, south of Pontus. 

23. li. liUcullum. See Introduction, p. 233. 

24. Huic q.ui successerit, he who has succeeded him ; 1. e., his suc- 
cessor in command, M'. Acilius Glabrio, consul the preceding year. G. 
453, 2, 1); 531. 

26. Unum ; i. e., Pompey. By speaking in this way, Cicero inti- 
mates that Pompey does not need to be named. 

27. Imperatorem, as commander ; Predicate Accusative. 



ORATIOX FOR THE MANILIAX LAW. 237 

PA6B 

28. Neminem. Subject of inetui^ to be supplied. g]_ 

30. De genere belli ; construe with esse dicendum. 

31. De imperatore deligeudo ; G. 562, 3. 

33. Ejus modi; also written ejusmodi. Predicate Genitiye ; G. 
186,4; 403.— Quod debeat ; G. 500. 

33. Ad persequendi studium, to zeal in (lit., of) prosecuting it — 
In quo ; G. 453. 

34. A majoribus ; construe with tradita f5f.— Quum, turn ; G. 
587, I. 5. 

2. Quibus amissis, if these are lost. G. 481, 2. g2 

3. Paeis ornamenta, the ornaments of peace^ i. e., whatever is re- 
quisite in time of peace, the comforts and luxuries of hfe. — Subsidia 
belli, the sineics of war, i. e., means of prosecutmg war.— Requiretis, 
yoic icill seek for in vain. 

4. Multorum civium. Especially of the farmers of the revenues. 
See preceding page, line lY ; quorum magnae res aguntur, in vestris vecti- 
galihus exercendis occiipatae. — A vobis ; instead of the Dative, to dis- 
tinguish the agent from the Indkect Object quihus. G. 388, 1, 3). 

in. — Y. The Glory of the Roman JS'ame and the Wei' 
fare of the Roman Allies are in Danger, 

8. Macula. This refers to the great massacre of Roman citizens in 
Asia, in the early part of the Mithridatic War. It is explained by the 
clause quod is qui uno die. . .denotavit. See Introduction, p. 233. — 
Mithridatico bello ; i. e., in the year 88 B. C. G. 426, 1.— Penitus 
jam insedit, has already become deep-seated. 

10. Quod is, qui, that he icho, i. e., Mithridates. 

11. Una significatione litterarum, by the import of a single 
letter. The messenger bore a written order from King Mithridates to aU 
his satraps and governors in Asia Minor, to put to death on a certain 
day all persons of Roman or Italian descent found in their dominions. . 
Eighty thousand lives are said to have been sacrified upon that memo- 
rable day. 

13. Scelere ; G. 419, lY. 

14. Annum ; G. 378. — Annum jam. . .regnat. G. 467, 2 ; Lat. 
Comp. 276, lY. 

15. Latebris, in the retirement^ referring to the remote and retired 
situation of Pontus and Cappadocia. 

16. In vestris vectigalibus ; construe with versari. 

17. In Asiae luce, in the full light of Asia; i. e., in our province 
of Asia, where he can find no hiding-place, but is exposed to the eyes 



238 NOTES, 

PAGB 

g2 of all. — In luce versari is, of course, in contrast with latehris occaltare. 
Mithridates, taking advantage of the recall of LucuUus, had speedily re- 
covered his lost possessions, and was even threatening the alhes and 
tributaries pf the Roman people. 

19. li. Sulla. L. Cornelius Sulla, afterwards the famous dictator, 
commanded in what is called the first Mithridatic W^r, i. e., from 87 to 
84 B. 0. 

20. li. Murena. L. Licinius Murena commanded in the second 
Mithridatic War, from 83 to 81 B. C, 

21. Pulsus ; G. 578, lY. 

23. Quod egerunt . . . quod reliquerunt, for what they did. . .for 
what they left undone. Propter id may be supplied before quod. Some 
critics, regarding quod as a conjunction, translate, because they were active 
. . . because they left the work unfinished. 

24. Sullam res publica revocavit. Sulla was in haste to return 
to Rome to reestablish his authority, as his old rivals of the Marian fac- 
tion were masters of the city. He left his legate, L. Murena, in com- 
mand in Asia. 

26. Reliquum tempus ; i. e., after the recall of Murena. — Non 
ad oblivionem veteris belli, not in allowing the former war to be for- 
gotten ; i. e., by abstaining from all acts of hostility. 

28. Postea quam aedificasset ; G. 471, 4, 1). 

29. Quibuscumque ex gentibus posset, from whatever races he 
could. 

30. Et simularet, ojid all the while was pretending. Observe the 
force of the Imperfect, denoting the continuance of the action. — Bos- 
poranis, the Bosporani^ a people dwelUng on the Cimmerian Bosporus, 
between the Black Sea and the Azof. 

32. Ad eos duces ; i. e., to Sertorius and his associates, then com- 
manding in Spain in the interest of the Marian faction. 

33. Duobus in loeis ; i. e., in Asia and in Spain. — Disjunctissi- 
mis maxinieque diversis, most widely separated and in directly oppo- 
site parts of the world ; i. e., in the East and in the West. Maxime diver- 
sis^ lit., most opposite ; G. 170. 

34. A binis copiis, by two armies (forces). Why not duabus in- 
stead of binis? G. 174, 2, 3).— Terra marique ; G. 422, 1, 1). 

35. De imperio, for the very existence of the empire. 

g3 1- Alterius partis. . .Hispaniensis, the danger in the one direc- 
tion^ that of Sertorius and Spain. 

3. Pompeii. The war was prosecuted by Pompey for four years 
with varying success, but the assassination of Sertorius brought it to a 
sudden conclusion. 



\ 



ORATIOX FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 239 



PAGB 



B. Felicitati ; Indirect Object of trihueiida esse, — Haec extrema, 63 
i7i£se last events^ i. e., his recent reverses. 

7. Fortunae, to his misfortune. 

8. Alio loco ; G. 422, 1, 1). See Chap. YHI., p. 66. 

9. Ei ; G. 386, 2.— Detracta. Supply esse, 

11. Quoniam is est exorsus, since this (i. e., glory) is the begin- 
ning^ i. e., the first topic. See p. 61, line 34, and p. 62, line 6. is is at- 
tracted to agree with the predicate noun exorsus. G. 445, 4. 

12. Suscipiendum. Supply esse. — Putetis ; G. 525. 

14. Injuriosius ; G. 444, 1. — Tot milibas. See note on una sig- 
nificatione litteraricm^ p. 62, line 11. 

16. Quo animo ; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 428, 1, 2).— Legati 
, . .appellati superbius. This seems to be a very mild statement of 
the offence. The Roman ambassadors at Corinth, according to Polybius, 
attempted to address the meeting of the Achaean League, but were in- 
sulted and driven from the assembly. The war which followed resulted 
in the destruction of Corinth and the complete conquest of Greece by 
the Romans in the year 146 B. C. 

17. Corinthum. The celebrated city of Corinth, in Greece. Co- 
rinthum is the subject of exstinctam esse, though the participle agrees with 
the appositive lumen, and not with the subject Corinthimi. G. 462. 

18. Eum regem ; i. e., Mithridates. 

19. Legatum consularem. This was Manius Aquihus, consul 
101 B. C, sent into Asia 90 B. C, to restore the Kings Ariobarzanes and 
-Nicomedes, who had been dethroned by Mithridates. 

20. Excruciatum necavit ; G. 579. 

21. Libertatem imniinutam, an encroachment upon the liberty.^ 
lit., the liberty diminished. G. 580. 

22. Vitam ereptam, the taJcing of life. — Jus violatum, the in- 
fringement of the right. 

23. Persecuti sunt, avenged. — Legatum interfectum, the mur- 
der of an ambassador. G. 580. 

24. Ut illis pulcberrimum fuit, «zs it was most honorable for them. 
28. Quod salus. . .vocatur. This clause is the object oi ferre. — 

In periculum vocatur, is exposed to danger. 

30. Ariobarzanes. See note on regnum Ariobarzanis, p. 61, line 
22. — Socius. . .atque amicus. An honorary title conferred by a de- 
cree of the senate. 

31. Duo reges. See p. 61, lines 12 to 16.— Toti Asiae ; G. 385. 
33. Cuncta Asia, in all Asia. G. 422, 1. 

35. Imperatorem certum; i. e., any one in particular. — De- 
poscere ; construe with audent. 



240 NOTEa 

PAGE 

63 36- Alium ; i. e., Manius Acilius Glabrio. See Ictroduction, p. 23^. 
g^ 2. Unum virum ; i. e., Pompey.— In quo sint ; G. 501, II. 

3. Propter, near, i. e., in their vicinity. Pompey had just achieved 
the most signal success in the war against the pirates, and was still in 
Asia at the head of a large and victorious army. — Quo, for which reason; 
Abl. of Cause. — Carent aegrius, they feel the need of him r/iore keenly. 

4. Maritimum bellum ; i. e., the war against the pirates who in- 
fested the Mediterranean Sea. See Introduction, p. 232. 

T. Ut existimetis ; G. 492, 2. 

8. Dignos quorum salutem . . . commendetis, worthy of having 
their safety intrusted to such a man, lit., worthy whose safety you would in- 
trust, etc., i. e., so worthy that you would, etc. G. 501, III. 

9. Hoc, on this account; explained by quod ceteros. . .differ ant-— 
Ceteros ejus modi homines mittimus, the other men whom we send 
are of such a character, lit., we send the other men of such a character. In 
Chapters XXII. and XXIII., Cicero contrasts the character of Pompey 
with that of the other Roman commanders. 

11. Adventus. Plural, because of its connection with the plural 
ipsorum. 

13. Antea. The fame of his previous military achievements in 
Italy, Africa, Gaul, and Spain, had already reached them. 

VL, VIL The Revenues of the State and the Fortunes 
of JRoman Citizens are in Danger, 

IT. Propter socios. In behalf of their allies in Greece, the Ro- 
mans waged war against the Aetolians and Antiochus, King of Syria, 
from 192 to 189 B. C. The Roman arms were crowned with signal suc- 
cess. The war with Philip Y., King of Macedonia, was undertaken 20O 
B. C. in behalf of the Athenians, and ended in the humiliation of Philip 
196 B. C. The first Punic War, from 264 to 241 B. C, was undertaken 
in the interest of the town of Messana, in Sicily; the second, from 218 
to 202 B. C, grew out of the capture of Saguntum, in Spain ; and the 
third, from 150 to 146 B. C, was undertaken in support of the Numidian 
king Massinissa. It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. 

21. Quum de. . .agatur, since your m^ost important revenues are at 
stake, lit., since it is staked in regard to, etc. Agatur is impersonal. How 
would this clause read if expressed personally ? See p. 62, lines 1 and 2. 

23. Tanta sunt, are so inconsiderable, lit., so great, i. e., only so 
great.— lis ; G. 419, lY. 

25. tJbertate agrorum, magnitudine pastionis, multitu- 
dine, etc. Cicero here specifies the three chief sources of revenue — 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 2^1 

PAGE 

the tithes (decicmae) for the use of the public lands under cultivation, the 64 
rents {scriptura) for the use of the public pastures, and the duties {por- 
torium) on imports and exports. 

27. Facile, imquestionoMy. — Omniljus terris, all other landsy lit, 
all lands. G. 385. 

28. Belli utilitatem, what is usefid in war. 

1. Scriptura. So called from the record {writing) kept of all cattle 65 
pastured upon the public lands. See note on id)ertate agrorum^ etc., p. 
64, Ime 25. 

3. Quo tandem animo. See p. 63, line 16. — Qui nobis. . .pen- 
sitant, who pay tts tribute^ and accordingly have a right to expect pro- 
tection from us. 

4. Qui exercent atque exigunt ; i. e., the Roman knights and 
those who have taken contracts under them, or are in their employ. See 
p. 61, Imes 16 to 20. 

7. Familias maximas, the very numerous households of servants ; 
object of habere. — In saltibus, in the pasture-grounds, 

8. Custodiis, custom-houses. 

10. Illis rebus ; i. e., the revenues. G. 419, I. — Qui vobis fruc- 
tui sunt, loho secure the enjoyment for you ; i. e., both those who pay 
the revenue and those who farm it. G. 390. 

13. Illud quod, that luhich ; explained by quod ad multorum. . .per-' 
tinet. 

14. Extremum, as the last tojnc. See p. 62, line 4 ; aguntur bona., 
etc* Observcj also, the four topics embraced under the general division 
of the Character of the War (genus belli), as presented in the latter part 
of Chapter II. : 1. Agitur gloria ; 2, Agitur salus ; 3. Aguntur vecti' 
galia; 4. Aguntur bona. Cicero, having completed the discussion of the 
first three points, now takes up the last. — Quum essem dicturus ; G. 
481, III. 1. 

15. Quod pertinet, that it (the war) pertains. Quod seems to be 
the conjunction, rather than the relative. 

16. Quorum habenda est ratio, ichose interests ought to be re- 



17. Et publicani. The et finds its correlative in deinde in the next 
paragraph. Omit it m translating. 

18. 'Rationes, business^ pla7is for business, 

19. Per se, of themselves. 

22. Recte ; construe with dicemus. 

24. Ex ceteris ordinibus, of the other classes, i. e., of all classes 
except the publicani jnst mentioned. See line 11 above. Here ordinibus 
seems not to be used in its technical sense to denote the three orders in 



242 KOTES. 

FAGK 

g5 the state— the senate^ the knights^ and the people — but m a more general 
sense to denote the various classes and professions. 

25. Partim, partim, some^ others. — Ipsi, themselves^ i. e., in per- 
son, in distinction from those who remained in Rome and only sent their 
money into the province. 

3T. Collocatas, invested. — Hiimaiiitatis. G. 402, I. 

28. Magnum. . .civium, this large nwnher of eitizervs. 

29. A re publica, /rom that of the republic. G. 39'7, 1, 1). 

30. Primum, in the first place., correlative of deinde below.— Illud 
parvi refert ; G. 408, 2 and 3. Illud is e:^plained by nos. . .reauperare, 

31. Publicanis amissis, when the farmers of the revenue are 
ruined. Fuhlicanis amissis is at best doubtful Latin. The text is prob- 
ably corrupt. 

32. Redimendi facultas, the means of contracting for tliem. 

34. Quod. The antecedent is id in the next line. 

35. Initio belli Asiatici, in the beginning of the Asiatic War^ i. e., 
of the Mithridatic War, 88 B. 0. G. 426, 1. 

36. Memoria, in memory ; Abl. of Means. 

66 1. Romae; G. 421, II. — Solutione impedita, etc., credit fell in 
consequence of a suspension of payment. Capitalists in Rome were so in- 
volved in the heavy losses sustained in Asia that they could not meet 
their payments. 

3. Ut non trahant, without drawing^ lit., so as not to draw. G. 494. 
Instead of ut non^ quin might have been used. G. 498, 3. 

5. Id quod ipsi Tidetis, as you yourselves see, lit., that which. Id 
represents the statement which follows: haec fides atque. . .et cohaeret. 

6. Haec ratio pecuniar um, this system of banking. 

8. Ilia, the latter^ lit., those things^ referring to pecuniis Asiaticis. G. 
450, 1. On gender, see G. 445, 5. 

10. Gloria, salus, vectigalia, fortunae. Recapitulation of the 
four topics which comprise the first general • division, viz., that on the 
Character of the War. See note on extremum^ p. 65, line 14. 

12. Conjunctae cum re public a, Jomec? with the public weal. 

VIIL, IX. The Extent and Importance of the War. 

14. Hoc, this ; explained by belli genus esse ita. . .pertimescendum. 
17. Vobis contemnenda, unworthy of your attention^ lit., deserv- 
ing to be despised by you. 

19. Viro, homini. See Svn. L. 0. 239, II. 

20. Debeatur ; Subj. by Attraction.-— Adventu ; G. 426, 1. This 
was in the year '74 B. C. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 2iS 

PAGE 

21. Ornatas fuisse. . .obsessam esse. Direct Discourse would QQ 
he ornatae erant. . .obsidebatur. 

23. Cyzicenorum. See note on icrbem Ci/zicenorum, p. 55, line 28. 

24. Quam L. Lucullus libera vit, but L. Lucullus delivei^ed it. 
G. 531, 4. 

26. Classem magnam. . .depressam. This naval victory is evi- 
dently the same as that mentioned on p. 55, lines 30 to 33. 

27. Ducibus Sertorianis, under commanders sent by Sertorhis ; 
Abl. Absol. It will be remembered that Sertorius, then commanding in 
Spain in the interest of the Marian faction, was in correspondence with 
Mithridates. See p. 62, lines 30 to 36 ; also note on ad eos duces, p. 62, 
line 32. — Studio, by party-strife. 

30. Legionibus ; Dative. 

31. Ex omni aditu, at every avenue of approach. — Sinopen atque 
Amisum ; cities on the Euxine. 

34. Permultas ; construe with ceteras urbes. — Uno aditu, by his 
mere approach, lit,, by his approach only, i. e., without any actual at- 
tack. 

35. Alios reges. . .gientes. He went first to Tigranes, king of the 
Armenians, and afterwards to Arsaces, king of the Parthians. 

1. Integris vectigalibus, the revenues unimpaii-ed ; Abl. Absolute. 67 

2. liaudis ; Partitive Genitive with satis. — Atque ita, and so be- 
stowed, i. e., so liberally, lit., and in such a manner. Perhaps dicta or 
some similar participle is to be supplied. 

3. Hoc, this, i. e., a nullo. . .esse laiidatura. — Nullo ; G. 457, 2. — 
Istorum. This refers especially to Catulus and Hortensius. See Intro- 
duction, p. 233. 

7. Reliquum bellum, ichat remaiyis of the war, or the 7'emaining 
part of the icar. G. 441, 6. 

10. Medea. Medea, daughter of Aeetes, King of Colchis, eloped 
with Jason, the leader of the Argonautic expedition. Being pursued by 
her father, she resorted to the expedient described in the text. Colchis, 
though not strictly a part of Pontus, is here included under that general 
name ; hence ex eodem Ponto. 

11. Fratris. The name of her brother was Apsyrtus or Absyrtus. 

12. Eorum collectio dispersa, the collection of them thus scat- 
tered. G. 438, 8. 

14. Maximam vim omnem, the whole of the very great quantity; 
object of reliquit. 

16. Bello superiore. See p. 62, line 8. 

19. Ilium, the former ; i. e., Aeetes, the father of Medea. — Hos, 
the latter ; i. e., Roman soldiers. 



244 KOTES, 

TAGS 

67 30. Huac ; i. e., Mithridates. — Tigranes. The son-in-law of Mith- 
ridates. 

31. Rebus suis; G. 385. 

33. Plures gentes. Among these were the Medes, the Albanians, 
the Arabians, and the Iberians. 

36. Neque lacessendas. . .tentandas, should be either provoked 
by attaclc (war) or disturbed. G. 585, 2. 

37. Gravis atque vehemens, painful and exciting. 

38. Gentium barbararum ; i. e., in Asia. — Fan! Mommsen, 
the historian, thinks that Cicero refers to the rich and magnificent tem- 
ple of the Persian goddess Nanaea, in Elymais. 

30. Multae atque magnae ; Gr. 440, 1. — Pfovo quodam ter- 
rore. Fears are now excited upon a religious subject. 

33. Urbem, a city ; i. e., Tigranocerta, the Armenian capital. 

34. Desiderio suorum, by the desire to see their friends. See note 
on desiderio sui, p. 15, line 21. 

35. Fuit enim illud extremum, for the result (last thing) was. 
Illud merely represents the clause, ut ex iis locis. . .quaereretur. 

68 3. Eorum, consisting of those ; Gen. of Specification after manum, 

4. Fere, almost invariably. 

5. Ut alliciant ; G. 495, 3. 

7. Ut. . . videatur ; the Result of qui aut reges sunt. . .regno. — Ut, 
so that. — Nomen regale, the name of king. 

9. Incolumis ; i. e., before his defeat. 

10. Eo, quod, with that which ; explained by ut illam. . .attingeret. 

11. Aeciderat ; Lat. Comp. 624. 

13. In exercitum. . .fecit. In the year 68 B. C, while Lucullus 
was occupied in Mesopotamia, Mithridates, who had returned to Pontus, 
defeated the Roman forces under M. Fabius, and in the following year 
under C. Triarius. 

14. Hoc loco; G. 422, 1, 1).— Poetae, qui. . .scribunt. Cn. 
Naevius, who wrote on the first Punic War, and Q. Ennius, who wrote 
the Roman Annals, are doubtless meant. 

15. Calamitatem ; i. e., the defeat of Triarius. 

16. Imperatoris ; i. e., of Lu<jullus. 

17. Ex sermone rumor, the common tallc^ lit., rumor from conver- 
sation. — Hie, here. — In malo ; G. 426, 2, 1). 

18. Olfensione, disaster. 

19. Incommodis ; G. 385,2. — Potuisset ; Potential Subjunctive. 

30. Modum statuendum, that a limit should be set. 

31. Vetere exemplo ; G. 414, 2. The true reason for the recall 
of Lucullus, the disafifection in his army and the intrigues of his ene- 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 245 



mies, is purposely omitted. — Stipendiis confectis erant, had com- 
pleted their term of service ; lit., were with completed services. G. 428, 1, 2). 

22. Glabrioni. See Introduction, p. 233. 

23. Ea, them^ referring to multa^ but explained by quantum illud. . . 
jmtetis. — Conjectura, hy inference ; i. e., from what he has said, they 
must infer the rest. 

24. Factum, ha^ become. Supply esse. — Pntetis =putare deheatis, 
— Quod conjungant. . .renoveut. . .suscipiant. . .accipiat. Re- 
capitulation of the points, showing the greatness and importance of the 
war. — Conjuugant, wage conjointly. 

25. lutegrae gentes, fresh races ; i. e,, those not previously en- 
gaged. 

26. Novus imperator ; i. e., Glabrio. 

27. Quare, why ; i. e., to show why. 

28. Esset, is; G. 482, 1. 

30. Rebus ; Indirect Object of praeficiendo. — Dicendum esse vi- 
deatur = dicendum sit ; a somewhat favorite pleonasm with Cicero. G. 
'704, II. 

X. The Appointment of a Commander. Qualifications 
of Pompey, Sis Knowledge of Military Affairs. 

31. TJtinam haberetis ; G. 487 ; 488, 1 and 2. 

36. Antiquitatis memoriam, the records of antiquity ; i. e., the 

glory of the ancients. 

2. Sic ; G. 704, II. 6. — In summo imperatore, in a consummate ( 
commander. 

4. Quis igitur, who then ? This question introduces the discussion 
of the first of the four topics just mentioned, scientiam rei militaris. 

5. Hoc homine ; i. e., Pompey. G. 417. — Scientior; i. e.j rei 
militaris. 

6. Acerrimis hostibus ; Ablative Absolute. 

7. Ad patris exercituin. Pompey commenced his military career 
under his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, in the Social War, 89 B. C. He 
was then seventeen years of age. 

8. Extrema pueritia ; G. 441, 6. 

9. Summi imperatoris ; i. e., of his father. 

10. Ipse imperator. At the age of twenty-three, Pompey raised 
three legions of volunteers in Picenum, and, at the head of this force, 
proffered his services to Sulla, who saluted him with the title of Impe^ 
rator. — Hoste, iuimico. See Syn. L. C. 344. 

12. Confecit, has subdued. 



PAGB 



246 NOTES. 

PAGB 

69 13. Ad scientiam est erudita, has been trained to the kno 

14. Suis imperils, by his experience in command. 

15. Triumphis. Pompey had already twice enjoyed the horsor of 
a triumph — in the year 81 B. C, at the age of twenty-five, for his vic- 
tories in Africa, and, ten years later, for his victories in Spain. 

17. Civile. The Civil War in Italy, waged by Sulla against the 
Marian faction. — Africanum. The African War in which Pompey con- 
quered, in the year 81 B. C, a remnant of the Marian faction which had 
fled for protection to Hiarbas, King of Numidia. — Transalpinum. 
The war waged by Pompey against the Transalpine Gauls on his march 
into Spain, ^76 B. 0. 

18. Hispaniense. The war in Spain against Sertorius. See notes 
on ad eos duces^ p. 62, line 82, and on Pompeii^ p. 63, line 3. — Mixtum 
ex. . .nationibus, made-up of states^ etc., i. e., one in which states, etc., 
were involved. These words are explanatory of Hispaniense belluniy but 
the text is doubtful. 

19. Servile. The war against Spartacus, aided by gladiators and 
slaves, 71 B. C. — Navale. The war against the pirates, 6^7 B. C, also 
called maritimum bellum^ p. 64, line 4. See note on the same. 

21. In usu . . . militari, in the range of military experience; lit., 
placed in. 

XL, XII. Pompey'^ s Second Qualification — Valor^ as 
shown in the Various Wars in which he has com- 
manded, 

24. Virtuti, valor. G. 891, 1. Virtus^ in the discussion of this 
topic, with the leading idea of valor, is used in a very comprehensive 
sense, embracing the natural endowments which are essential in a great 
commander, the military gift, ability in war. 

26. Cuiquam inauditum ; G. 391.— Neque enim. . .solae vir- 
tutes, for those are not the only qualifications. The others are mentioned 
m Chap. Xni. 

27. Qnae. . .existimantur, which are usually so regarded. 

30. Qnae tanta sunt quanta non fuerunt, and these qualities 
are greater, lit., as great as they have not been. 

33. Italia; i. e., in the Civil War. See note on civile, line 17 
above. 

35. Sicilia. In the year 82 B. C, Pompey was sent by Sulla into 
Sicily to subdue the remnant of the Marian faction which had taken 
refuge in that island. 

36. Africa. See note on Africanum, line 11 above. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 247 

PAGR 

I. Eorum ipsorum sanguine, with the blood of those very enemies. 70 
Out of a force of 20,000, according to Plutarch, only 3,000 survived tlie 
battle. 

3. Gallia. See note on Transalpinum^ p. 69, line lY. 

4. Hispania, See note on Hispaniense^ p. 69, line 18. 

5. Iterum et saepius, again and again. 

6. Quum premeretur; G. 518, II. — Taetro, disgraceful^ because 
waged against gladiators and slaves. 

7. Absente ; i. e., in Spain. 

9. Adventu. . .sepultum. This is extravagant and undeserved 
praise. Pompey, arriving from Spain just after Spartacus and his whole 
army had been defeated by Marcus Crassus, gained an easy victory over 
6,000 fugitives who had escaped from the battle-field. 

II. Maria omnia ; i. e., the different seas composing the Mediter- 
ranean, or connected with it, as the Adriatic, the Aegean, etc. Cicero 
here refers to the war against the pirates. — Qnum universa, tnm, not 
only all the seas^ but also. 

13. Quis ; G. 454, 1.— Toto marl ; G. 422, 1, 1). 

16. Hieme, in winter^ when there was less danger from pirates, but 
more from storm and shipwreck. — Referto marl ; Abl. Absol. — Prae- 
donum ; G. 399, 2, 2). 

17. Tarn vetus. The war against the pirates extended through a 
period of upwards of twenty years. — Tarn late divisum, so widely ex- 
tended. 

18. Arbitraretur; G. 486, 4. 

23. Cui praesidio fuistis, whom have yw.i protected ? G. 390. 

24. Quam mnltas captas urbes. The number is said to have 
reached four hundred. The pirates had at one time one thousand vessels 
under their conmiand. 

26. Fuit ; G. 471, 1. 

27. Populi ; G. 399, 3, 3). 

28. Propugnacnlis imperii, icith the bulwarks of their power ^ i. e., 
with their army and navy. — Sna, their ovm^ referring to populi Romani. 

31. Brundisio. A town on the eastern coast of Italy, the usual 
port of embarkation for the East. — Hieme snmma, in midwinter. 

33. Captos. Supply esse. The subject is eos^ the omitted antece- 
dent of qui. — Legati. . .redempti sint. It is not known to what 
Cicero here refers. 

34. Duodecim secures, two praetors^ lit., twelve axes; the symbols 
of office, by metonymy for the officers. G. 705, 11. In the provinces, 
each praetor was attended by six lictors with the fasces. Plutarch men- 
tions these praetors under the names of Sextilius and Bellinus. 



248 NOTES. 



PAOS 



70 35. Cnidum. A city in Caria. — Colophonem. A city in Lydia. 
— Samum. A city on the island of Samus, on the coast of Asia Minor. 

36. Innnmerabiles. See note on quam multas, etc., line 24. 

71 2. Vitaiii . . . ducitis, you derive life and breath; i. e., the grain 
with which to support life. 

3. Cajetae. A town and harbor on the coast of Latium, now Gaeta. 
— Celeberriimim, very much frequented. 

4. Inspectante praetore. It is not known who this praetor was. 

5. Miseno. A town and harbor on the coast of Campania. — Ejus 
ipsius liberos qui, the child of that very one who. Plutarch says that 
a daughter of Antonius was carried off by the pirates. This is undoubt- 
edly the case to which Cicero refers, as liberos may mean either child or 
children. It is, however, uncertain whether this Antonius was M. Anto- 
nius, the orator, or his son M. Antonius, the father of the triumvir. 

7. Ostiense, of or at Ostia, the port of Rome at the mouth of the 
Tiber. G. 441, 5. The pirates are said even to have burnt the ships in 
the harbor of Ostia. 

9. Cui consul praepositus esset. Relative clause denoting Re- 
sult ; a fleet so important as to be commanded by a consul. G. 501, L 
Who the consul was is not known. 

14. Oceani ostium, the Straits of Gibraltar^ called Oceani ostium, 
the mouth of the ocean, to harmonize with ostium Tiberinum. 

18. Taiii brevi tempore. About ninety days. See note on unde- 
quinquagesimo die, line 29 below ; also Introduction, p. 232. 

19. Quam celeriter, as speedily as. 

30. Tanti belli impetus, the so vast military expedition, lit., the 
onset (impetuous movement) of so great a war ; a figure at once bold and 
poetic, but difficult to reproduce in English. — Nondum tempestivo. . . 
mari ; i. e., very early in the Spring. G. 431. 

22, Sardinian!. The large island of Sardinia, west of Italy, was 
one of the principal granaries of Rome. 

23. Frumentaria subsidia, granaries. 

25. Duabus Hispaniis ; i. e., Hispania citerior and Ilispania ul- 
terior, separated by the river Iberus, now the Ebro. With Hispaniis sup- 
ply confirmatis. 

26. Illyrici maris ; i. e., the part of the Adriatic bordering upon 
niyria. — Achaiam. Achaia here denotes the Peloponnesus. 

27. Italiae duo maria ; i. e., the Adriatic on the east, and the 
Tuscan on the west. 

28. Adornavit, supplied. 

29. Ut, after. — Brundisio ; G. 421. — Undeqninquagesimo die. 
According to Plutarch, the earlier operations of the war, prior to the em- 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 249 

PAGB 

barkation from Brundisium, occupied forty days, making in all about 71 
ninety days. 

30. Ciliciam. Cilicia, upon the northeastern coast of the Mediter- 
ranean, was the stronghold of the pirates. 

31. Partim, partim, either^ or, 

33. Cretensibus ; Indirect object of ademit and imperavit. G. 385, 
4. The Cretans, after the subjugation of the island was substantially 
effected by Quintus Metellus, proposed to surrender to Pompey, then in 
Pamphylia, in the hope of thus obtaining easier terms. He accepted the 
offer, and sent envoys to Metellus to inform him of the fact. But Metel- 
lus, who had been charged with the prosecution of this war, disregarding 
the command of Pompey, compelled the whole island to surrender to 
himself. — Pamphyliam. In Asia Minor, on the north of the Mediter- 
ranean. 

35. Obsidesque. Here our idiom requires that que after the nega- 
tive (non) should be rendered but 

XIII. , XIV. Pompey not only possesses Valor ^ but many 
Kindred Qualities of Great Value in a Commander, 

3. Est haec, this is ; i. e., such is^ referring to the description just 72 
given. — Imperatoris, as a commander ; in apposition with e/ws, under- 
stood, lit., of him (as) commander. 

4. Quas paulo ante. See note on neque enim. . .solae virtutes^ p. 
69, line 26. 

5. Non enim bellandi. . .qnaerenda est. This is only a repe- 
tition of neque enim illae. . .providendo^ p. 69, line 26, here completed by 
sed multae. . .virtutis. 

7. Artes eximiae, excellent qualities. — Hiijns ; construe with vir- 
tutis. 

8. Innocentia, hlamelessness^ uprightness ; especially in this instance 
freedom from avarice, G. 428. For the exact sense in which this and 
the accompanying ablatives are here used, see the discussion which fol- 
lows. The treatment of innocentia occupies the remainder of this chap- 
ter. Temperantia^ self-control, is treated in the first paragraph of the 
next chapter ; facilitas^ affability, ingenium^ native talent, ability, fides^ 
good faith, trustworthiness, and humanitas^ kindness, humanity, in the 
last paragraph of that chapter. 

11. Quae, these. G. 445, 3, 1); 453. 
13. Summa, of the highest order ^ i. e., in Pompey. 
13. Magis, better. — Aliorum contentione, by a comparison with 
others ; i. e., by comparing them with the qualities found in other men. — 



250 NOTES. 



PAGB 



72 Ipsa ; construe. with m, they can themselves. — Cognosci atque intel- 

ligi. Cognosce means to perceive^ learn, by the senses or from exter- 
nal sources ; intelligo, to understand, comprehend, by the mind. 

15. Ullo in nuniero putare, to regard in any sense as a command- 
er, lit., in any number or enumeration, i. e., of commanders. 

16. Centuriatus veneant. The allusion may be to Glabrio, now 
in command against Mithridates, or it may be more general, as Cicero 
afterwards uses the plural, qui haec fecerint, line 22 below. 

1 8. Cogitare. Supply possumus putare from the preceding sentence. 

19. Cupiditatem provinciae, a desire to retain his province, lit., 
a desire of his province. Money was sometimes given to influential magis- 
trates to secure their cooperation in preventing the recall of generals. 

20. In quaestn, at interest. 

21. Facit nt. . .videamini, shows that you recognize, lit., makes 
that you appear, etc., i. e., causes you to appear, etc. 

23. Nisi qui voluerit, unless he shall choose, lit., if not he who shall 
choose. Supply is as the antecedent of qui. 

25. Quocumque ventum est, wherever they have gone. G. 301, 1, 

26. Ferant, carry with them, cause, — Itinera, quae . . . Italia ; 
i. e., the various Italian wars. 

29. Existimetis. See note onputetis, p. 68, line 24. 

30. Plures ; construe with urbes, and repeat with civitates, 

31. Hibernis, by their winter quarters, i. e., by the soldiers in win- 
ter quarters. 

33. Ipse ; G. 452, 1. 

35. Ilic, in this state of things, lit., here. — Ceteris ; G. 386, 2. 

36. Cujus. . .pervenerint ; G. 519; 519, 1. — In Asiam ; i. e., 
when led thither by Pompey in the war against the pirates. — Non modo 
manus, not only no hand. G. 584, 2. 

I7Q 3. Hibernent, are passing the winter ; i. e., under Pompey, on the 
borders of Cilicia. 

4. Ut sumptum. . .militem, to expend money on the soldiery. 

5. Hiemis; construe y^\\h perfugium, a refuge from the winter. G. 
393, 1. 

6. Avaritiae perfugium, a resort for avarice ; i. e., for the grati- 
fication of avarice. 

10. Cur sum, progress. — \vi^^\iXviVS%., was achieved. Supply ^sse. 

15. Non amoenitas ad delectationem, no delightful sce7iery to 
the enjoyment of it. Here non, lit., not, belonging to the verb, may be 
rendered no. 

16. Non nobilitas urbis, no renowned city, lit., not the renown of 
a city. Even in Athens he remained only a few hours. 



J 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAjST LAW. 251 



PAGB 



17. Signa, statues. — Tabulas, paintings, 73 

19. Tollenda esse. Rome was already rich in works of art which 
her commanders had taken from Grecian cities. — Ea, these; in appo- 
sition with signa^ etc. 

23. Hac quondam eontinentia, of this self-control once common, 
or which once existed. Observe the position of quondam, implying that 
this sdfcontrol is a characteristic of the past rather than of the present. 
Quod. The antecedent is the clause /msse homines, . . co7iiinentia, — Jam 
videbatur, was already beginning to appear. 

29. liiberae, freely allowed. 

30. Querimoniae. Querimonia is properly a complaint vMch seeks 
redress, and is, therefore, more than querela, which may be only the ex- 
pression of a momentary feeling. — Aliorumi injuriis, injuries from, 
others. 

33. Imperatoria, apjpropriate for a commander. 

34. Hoc ipso ex loco ; i. e., the Rostra from which he had often 
addressed the people. 

36. Sanctissimam, most inviolable. 

I. Dictu; G. 570. 74 
3. Quin transmittendum sit ; G. 498, 3. 

5. Quodam; G. 456, 1. 

XY., XVI. Ponipey's other Qualifications, He is a Man 
not only of Great Personal Influence and Authority^ 
but also of Pare Good Fortune and Success, 

6. Quoniam valet. A reason for introducing the topic, but not 
a reason for certe nemini dubium est. — Auctoritas. This word seems 
to be here used in a very comprehensive sense, including not only inflio- 
ence and authority, but also reputation. 

9. Pertinere. This infinitive, with its subject, quid hostes. . .existi- 
ment^ depends upon ignorat. 

II. Homines. Subject of commoveri, which, in rendering, should 
be brought in directly before ut aut contemnant. . .ament, as that clause 
expresses the result of commoveri. 

16. Id quod, that which. — Id is in apposition with vos tanta. . ./e- 
cistis. G. 445, 7.— Tanta. . .judicia. This refers to the extraordinary 
honors which had been conferred upon Pompey, and the important com- 
mands with which he had been intrusted. See Introduction, p. 232. 

18. Quo = ?^^ CO. Hence the Subj. of ^q^mM, pervaserit, G. 500, 1. 
— Illius diei ; i. e., the day when Pompey was appointed commander 
in the war against the pirates. 



252 NOTES. 



PAGS 



I 



74 22. Ut plura non dicam ; G. 493, 1. 

25. Sumantur, may be taken ; Potential Subj. — Qui quo die, on 

the day upon which. G. 453, 3. 

27. Ex summa inopia, immediately after the greatest scarcity. JEx^ 
lit., out o/, denoting a sudden change. The depredations of the pirates 
had so embarrassed commerce that grain in Kome had become very scarce 
and dear. 

28. Unius homiuis spe, through the hope reposed in one man^ i. e., 
in Pompej. The price of grain fell because the gram-markets of the 
world would be open to Roman commerce as soon as the pirates should 
be subdued. 

30. Jam, moreover. — Calamitate . . . pauIo ante admonui. See 
note on in exercitum. . .fecit, p. 68, line 12. 

32. Cre vissent,-. haberet ; construe with quum. G. 518, II. 

33. Amisissetis, nisi attulisset ; G. 510. 

34. Ipsum discrimen. . .temporis, at the very crisis of that 
period. — Ad eas regiones ; i. e., into Pamphylia and Cilicia in quest 
of the pirates. 

75 2. Perfecturus sit ; G. 481, III. 1. 

6. Ilia res, the following fact^ explained by quod. . .dediderunt and 
quod. . .dixerunt. G. 450, 3. 

T. Auctoritatem. Subject of esse to be supplied. 

8. Tempore ; G. 426, 2, 2), (3).. 

9. Cretensium. See note on Cretensibus, p. '71, line 33, 

10. Noster imperator. Quintus Metellus. 

11. In ultimas terras; i. e., Pamphylia. See note on Famphy- 
liam^ p. 71, line 33. Ultimas seems to have been here used for effect. 
It may indeed be true of Pamphylia in respect to Rome, but not in re- 
spect to Crete. 

14. Eum quem, one whom. 

15. li quibus erat molestum. The reference is to the party of 
Q. Metellus Pius, the other commander in the war against Sertorius, to 
whom it would be, of course, somewhat annoying that an ambassador 
should be sent to Pompey rather than to Metellus. The real facts in the 
case, however, are not known. According to the common account, Mithri- 
dates negotiated neither with Pompey nor with Metellus, but with Sertorius. 

18. Auctoritatem. Subject of valituram esse. 

21. Existimetis. See note on putetis, p. 68, line 24. 

22. Reliquum est ut dicamus ; G. 556, 1. 2. — De felicitate. 
The last of the four qualifications of a general. See p. 69, lines 3 and 
4. — Quam praestare nemo potest, which no one can guarantee; be- 
cause it is purely a gift from the gods. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 253 

PAGS 

23. Possumus, hut which we may. Supply the omitted conjunction. 75 
G. 587, III. 4. 

24. Sicut, as, referring to timide et pauca. — Homines. Subject of 
dicere to be supplied. — De potestate deorum, concerning the power of 
the gods ; i. e., concerning a matter which is entirely in the power of the 
gods. — Timide, cautiously, 

25. Maximo, Marceilo. See note on Maximi, Marcelli^ p. 56, 
line 5. 

26. Scipioni. Probably Scipio Africanus Minor. See note on alter 
Africanus^ p. 46, line 13. — Mario. See note on Mariics qui bisy etc., p. 
46, line 17. 

27. Saepius, repeatedly. 

28. Mandata. Mse with commissos belongs also with mandata. — 
Fuit quibusdam snmmis viris, some very eminent men have had, 
Viris, Dative of Possessor. 

31. Adjuneta, granted to them ; a participle, 

32. Hae, such, 

34. Reliqna, the future^ lit., the rest, 

35. Invisa, offensive. 

2. Terra mariqne; G. 422, 1, 1), — Ut . . . assenserint ; Indirect 76 
Question. — Ut, how. 

3. Volant atibus ; Indirect Object of each of the four following 
verbs. 

7. Tacitus ; G. 443. — Qnot et quantas, as. 

8. Quod ut sit, that this may he ; Purpose of velle et optare. Quod 
refers to the success mentioned in the preceding sentence. 

12. Quare qunm, etc. Cicero here gives a summary of the several 
points already discussed. In the next chapter he enters upon the con- 
sideration of objections. 

16. Quiu conferatis, to employ. 

XVII. — XIX. Reply to th& Objection of Hortensms. 

20. Si esset, erat deligendus ; G. 510, 2. 

23. Opportunitas, fortunate circumstance, 

24. Ab iis qui habent ; i. e., from Lucullus and Glabrio. 

26. Cetera ; i. e., cetera hella. — Summa ; construe with salute, 

27. Bellum regium, war with Icings ; i. e., with Mithridates and 
Tigranes, lit., royal war. 

30. Aflfectus, honored. — Q. Catulus. Quintus Lutatius Catulus, a 
distinguished member and leader of the Roman aristocracy, consul 78 
B. 0, Hence vestris heneficiis amplissimis affectus. 
12 



254 NOTES. 

PJLGB 

76 32. Q. Hortensius. Quintus Hortensius, a distinguished orator 
and advocate, a man of great wealth and influence, consul 69 B. 0. — 
Hatione, plan^ or view. 

33. Multis locis, on many points. G. 422, 1, 1). 

34. Tametsi cognoscetis. . .contrarias, although you will see 
attthorities on the other side^ i. e., opposed to Catulus and Hortensius. 
Those authorities are given on p. 82, lines 20 to 81. 

36. Ipsa re ac ratione, from the nature of the case ; lit., from the 
thing itself and its nature or condition. G. ^704, II. 2. 

77 1- Hoc, on this account ; Ablative of Cause. 

7. Obsolevit ista oratio, such language has lost its force ; because 
he had used it before in opposing the appointment of Pompey to the 
command against the pirates, and the result had shown the wisdom of 
the appointment. 

8. Tu idem; G. 451, 3.— Q. Hortensi; G. 52, 2. 

10. A. Gabinium. The author of the Gabinian law, by which 
Pompey was placed in command against the pirates. The law did not, 
indeed, name Pompey, but it was plain to all from the very outset that 
no other commander could be appointed under it. 

14. Turn si valuisset, hodie teneremus ; G. 510, 1. 

16. Vera causa, the true i7iteresfs. 

18. Quum capiebantur ; G. 469, IL— Legati. . .praetoresque. 
See Chap. XII., p. 70, especially lines 31 to 36. 

20. Commeatu, from supplies. G. 425, 2. 

21. Rem transmarinam, business beyond the sea. 

23. Non dico Atheniensium, / do not speak of that of the Athe- 
nians. Supply civitatem. Athens was one of the most celebrated of the 
Grecian cities. For upwards of half a century its naval power was very 
great. 

25. Karthaginiensium. The Carthaginians in Northern Africa, 
with whom the Komans waged the Punic Wars, once controlled the Medi- 
terranean. — Maritimis rebus, naval resources. 

26. Rhodiorum. The Rhodians, inhabiting the island of Rhodes, 
in the Aegean Sea, were distinguished for their maritime power. 

27. Quae civitas uiiquam. These words resume the question |j 
interrupted by the parenthetical clause, non dico. . .remansit. 

29. Regiosiis. . .maritimae, of the maritime territory and coast. 
31. Ille, the re7iowned. 

34. Utilitatis, of their interests. 

35. Nos, quorum majores, ii, we^ the people (lit., those)^ whose an- 
cestors, li^ in apposition with nos^ becomes in effect the .antecedent of 
quorum. — Antiochum. See note on propter socios^ p. 64, line 1'7. — 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 255 



PA6B 



Persemque. Perses, the last King of Macedonia, was conquered by 77 
L. Aemilius Paullus, 168 B. C. He, however, escaped with a small force 
to the island of Samothrace, where he was blockaded by the Roman ad- 
miral On, Octavius, to whom he was compelled to surrender. See note 
on Paullus ille^ p. 46, line 15. 

36. Omnibus navalibus pngnis ; i. e., in the first Punic War. 
See note on propter socios, p. 64, line 1'7. 

3. Tutam, salvos. See Syn. L. C. 321. 78 

5. Praestare, to keep or preserve. — Turn, quum, at the time wlmiy 
introducing an illustration of socios. . .praestare poteramus = as we were 
at the time (turn) when (quum). 

6. Delos. After the fall of Corinth, 146 B. C, Delos became an im- 
portant centre of trade. — Aegaeo mari, the Aegean 8ea ; i. e., the part 
of the Mediterranean between Greece and Asia Minor. 

7. Oneribus, freights. 

8. Nihil timebat. Because it was under the protection of Rome. 

10. Appia via. The Appian Way, the most celebrated of the Ro- 
man roads, extended from Rome to the port of Brundisium. The portion 
near the sea was often visited by the corsairs. 

12. Quum reliquissent ; G. 515, I. 

13. Exuviis uauticis, etc., with naval trophies^ etc. Hence the 
name Rostra^ beaks. See note on hie locus, p. 60, line 2. 

14. Bono auimo, with a good intention. 

17. Dolori suo, their own feelings^ occasioned by the depredations 
of the pirates. 

18. Una lex. The Gabinian law. See p. '7Y, lines 10 to 12. 

20. Effecit ut aliqnando videremur, caused us to appear (lit., 
that we should appear) at length. G. 492, 1. 

21. Quo, wherefore. 

22. Obtrectatum . . . adhuc, that opposition has thus far heen 
made. G. 301, 1. — Gabinio, Pompeio ; Indirect Object oi obtrectatum 
esse. — Gabinio. . ,anne, shall I say to Gabinius or. 

23. Id. Nominative in apposition with obtrectatum esse adhuc 
utrique. — IVe legaretur. . .Pompeio, that A. Gabinius might not be 
appointed lieutenant to Cn. Pompey. According to Roman law, no one 
could receive an appointment under a statute proposed by himself. 
Hence Gabinius could not be a lieutenant under the Gabinian law, but 
Pompey now asks that he may be so appointed under the Manilian law, 
which Cicero is now advocating. 

25. Legatum quern velit, such a lieutenant as he wishes. G. 501, 1. 

26. Qui impetret, to obtain his request. G. 501, III. — Quum 
ceteri, since our other generals. 



256 NOTES, 



PAGE 



78 29. Expers gloriae. G. 399, 2, 2), (3). 

31. Pericuio, at his peril. If the law had worked badly, Gabinius 
wc»ild have been held responsible for the result. — An ; G. 346, II. 2, 4). 
— Falcidius, Metellus, etc. These are mentioned, not because they 
were men of note, but simply because they had served as lieutenants the 
year after they had been tribunes of the people. The objection, how- 
ever, to the appointment of Gabinius as lieutenant to Pompey in the war 
against the pirates, was not that he had just been tribune of the people, 
but that he was himself the author of the law under which alone such 
appointment could be made. 

33. Honoris causa, with respect ; lit., because of honor. 

33. Quum fuissent, after (though) they had been.. Time with Con- 
cession. G. 518, II. 

34. Sunt tarn diligentes, are they (people) so scrupidotcs. 

79 1. Esse deberet. Supply legatus. — De quo legando, the question 
of his appointment as lieutenant. 

3. Me relaturuHi, that I will present the subject. This Cicero had a 
right to do as praetor, unless forbidden by the express command (inimi- 
cum edictmn) of the consuls. 

4. Quo minus defendam; G. 499. — Vestrum jus benefici- 
umque, your right and favor, referring probably to the right and privi- 
lege conferred upon Pompey of appointing his own lieutenants. 

5. Praeter intercessionem, except the veto of the tribune, to which 
all must submit. 

7. Quid liceat, what is lawfid. The veto of the tribune must be 
used only in the interest of the people. 

9. Pompeio socius adscribitur, is assigned (i. e., in public esti- 
mation) to Pompey as his associate. 

10. Uni, to one commander. 

XX., XXI. "Reply to the Objection of Catulus. 

13. Q. Catuli. See note on Q. Catulus, p. 76, line 30. 

14. Dicendum esse videatur. See note on the same words, p. 
68, line 30. 

15. Si poneretis, si factum esset. In a conditional sentence 
with two conditional clauses, the force of the Latin is usually best shown 
by rendering the conclusion (in quo. . .habiiuri) after the first condition 
{si. . .poneretis). — Si quid eo factum esset, if any thing should happen 
to him, more literally, become of him. G. 434, 2. 

18. In ipso, in him; i. e., in Catulus. The incident here related 
occurred the preceding year, during the discussion upon the Gabinian law. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 257 

PA6X 

19. Q,uam ^ossit = ut earn possit, G. 500. yg 

21. In hoc ipso, upon this particular point; i. e., upon the pro- 
priety of inYesting Pompey with the sole command, 

23. Quo minus certa ac minus diuturna, hoc magis, the less 
certain and lasting^ the more. — Quo, hoc, the^ the ; lit., by ichichy by this, 
or by as micch as] by so much. Abl. of Difference. G. 418. 

25. At enim, but indeed ; introducing the main objection of Catu- 
lus, that the proposed measure is at variance with Roman custom. — 
Quid novi, any thing new, Nbvi, adjective used substantively (G. 441, 
2) ; Partitive Gen. after qziid. G. 396, III. 2, 3). 

28. !Pf ovorum consiliorum rationes, new measures ; a circum- 
locution for nova consilia, as the latter would not accord well in form with 
navos casus temporum. 

29. Punicum. The third Punic War, from 150 to 146 B. C. 

30. Hispaniense. The Spanish War, from 149 B. C. to the fall 
of Xumantia, 133 B. C. — Ab uno imperatore ; i. e., by Scipio Afri- 
canus Minor. See note on alter Africanus, p. 46, line 13.' 

34. C. Mario. Caius Marius conquered Jugurtha, King of Xu- 
midia, 105 B. C., the Teutones, 102 B. C, and the Chnbri, 101 B. C. The 
Cimbri and the Teutones were warlike tribes from the north. 

1. Novi nihil. See note on quid novi, p. 79, line 25. gQ 

2. Summa voluntate, with thefidl consent. 

3. Adolescentulum. . .conficere. Subject of est, understood. G. 
556, I. (1). See note on ipse imperator, p. 69, line 10. 

4. Conficere, should raise. 

5. Ductu suo, tinder his own command ; i. e., with an independent 
command. 

7. Peradolescenti. Pompey was at the time twenty-four years 
t>f age. — Senatorio gradu. The earliest age at which a Roman might 
at this time attain the senatorial rank was probably twenty-seven ; some 
authorities say thirty. 

8. Siciliam atque Africam. After the defeat of the Marian 
party in Italy, 82 B. C., Pompey was sent against the remnant of that 
faction in Sicily and Africa. See note on Africanum, p. 69, line 17. 

12. Equitem Romanum triumphare. According to Roman 
custom, the honor of a triumph could be granted to no one who had not 
held the office of consul or praetor. That honor was, however, granted 
to Pompey before he had held either office. See note on triumphis, p. 
69, line 15. 

16. Duo consules. The consuls of the year TY B. C, Mam. Ae- 
milius Lepidus and D. Junius Brutus, not particularly distinguished. Cla- 
rissimi fortissimiqu£ are here only complimentary terms. — Ut eques. . . 



258 NOTES. 

PAGE 

80 mitteretiir. Subject of est^ understood. G. 556, I. 2. Instead of ut 
with the subjunctive, the infinitive might have been used as in conficere 
in the fourth line above : quam adolescentulum . . . conficere, 

17. Bellum maximum. The war against Sertorius in Spain. 
See notes on ad eos duces^ p. 62, line 32, and on Pompeii^ p. 63, line 3. 
19. JVon nemo. What would nemo non mean ? G. 585, 1. 

30. Pro consule, as proconsul^ lit., instead of a consid. The con- 
suls, at the expiration of their term of office, were usually appointed 
governors of provinces, with the title of proconsul. — Ij. Philippus. 
L. Marcius Philippus, a friend of Pompey, and an eloquent orator, consul 
91 B. C. 

21. Non pro consule. . .consulibus, with thepower^ not of a con- 
sul^ hut of the considsj a witticism which Cicero quotes to glorify Pompey. 

22. Rei publicae, the public trusty i. e., the war. 

25. Legibus solutus, released from the laws ; i. e., from those laws 
which made him ineligible to the consulship, by requiring that the can- 
didate should be at least forty-two years of age, and that he should have 
held the offices of quaestor and praetor. Pompey was only thirty-five, 
and had never been either quaestor or praetor. — Ante ; construe with 
quam. 

26. Ullum alium magistratum ; i. e., any of the higher or curule 
offices. To hold the lowest of these, viz., that of the curuh aedile^ one 
must be at least thirty-six years of age. — Per leges licuisset, would 
have been laivful ; Potential Subjunctive. 

27. Iterum triumpharet ; i. e., for his victories in Spain. See 
note on triumphls, p. 69, line 15. 

28. Quae nova, the new measures, which, 

31. Profecta sunt a auctoritate, have been conferred by the au- 
thority, lit., have proceeded from, etc. 

XXil., XXIII. Contrast between Pompey and other Ro- 
man Commanders, Authorities in Favor of the Bill. 

34. Videant, let them take care. 

81 2. Suo jure, in their own right; i. e., with perfect propriety, as they 
had done so in the case of the Gabinian law, with the most important re- 
sults to the state. 

3. Vel, even. 

8. Plus in re publica vidistis, saw more clearly the public inter- 
ests ; lit., saw more (farther) in (in regard to) the public interests. 

9. Vos, if you. The condition continues, though the conjunction is 
omitted. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 259 



TAGS 



11. Isti principes, those leaders; i. e., leaders though they are, 81 
they must obey the Roman people. — Sibi, auctoritati ; G. 388 ; 884. 

13. Bello. . .regio. See notes on belli Asiatici, p. 65, line 35, and 
on helium regium^ p. 76, line 27. 

15. Difficile est. Because of the great temptations to selfishness 
and avarice which those distant countries presented. 

16. Asia. See note on Asiam, p. 61, line 15.— Cilicia. A district 
of Asia Minor, on the northern shores of the Mediterranean. — Syria, 
A country on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. 

17. Ita versari, so to condiict himself. — Nihil aliud nisi, nothing 
except. G. 588, III. 1. 

18. Pudore. . .moderatiores, of greater self-control (i. e., less law- 
less) from, their regard for decency and moderation. 

26. Jam requiruntur, are already becoming scarce ; i. e., they have 
been already plundered. 

27. Causa belli, a pretext for «?(3rr.— Inferatur. Potential Sub- 
junctive. G. 486, III. 

28. Coram, face to face ; render in private. 

29. IVoverunt ; G. 297, I. 2, 

32. Hostium simulatione, under the pretence of acting against the 
enemy. 

33. Non modo, sed, not to say^ but. 

34. Tribuni miilitum. Each Roman legion had six military tri- 
bunes. — Animos . . . capere, to satisfy the desires and demands. 

35. Collatis signis, i7i battle ; lit., the standards having been brought 
together ; i. e., in an engagement. 

4. Qui mittatur; G. 501, III. 82 

6. Istis pacata esse videatur. If a city is wealthy, these avari- 
cious generals will easily find a pretext for plundering it. 

7. Ora maritima . . . requisivit ; i. e., in the war agtinst the 
pirates. — Ora maritima, the sea-coast ;^ L e., its inhabitants. 

9. Praetores, etc. Among others, M. Antonius Creticus, who was 
sent against the pirates 74 B. C, richly deserved the severe censure here 
pronounced against the Roman commanders. 

10. Praetor paucos. Among the few noble exceptions, Cicero 
doubtless had P. Serviiius Yatia especially in mind, as he was present, 
favored the proposed law, and had himself commanded with great suc- 
cess in the war against the pirates, 

11. Classium nomine, with their so-called fleets^ lit., ivith the name 
of fleets. 

13. Quibus jacturis, with what expenditure of money ; i. e., in 
bribery to secure an appointment. — Quibus condicionibus, upon 



260 NOTES. 

PAGB 

82 '^^<^i termSy referring doubtless to engagements made with those who 
aided them in securing the appointment. 

14. Ignorant videlicet. Sarcastic and ironical. They pretend 
to be ignorant, or at least act as if they were. 

15. Quasi videamus ; G. 50&. 
IT. Nolite dubitare ; G. 538, 2. 

18. Hnic nni, to this one man (Pompey); i. e., instead of dividing 
the command among several generals. — Qui nnus, the only one who. G. 
453, 5.— Inventus sit, gaudeant; Subjunctive of Result. 

19. Queni venisse gaudeant, whom they rejoice to see come^ lit., to 
have come, 

20. Auctoritatibus confirmandam. See note on tametsi cog- 
noscetis, . .contrarias^ p. ^76, line 34. 

21. Est vobis auctor, you have the authority of^ or more lit., you 
have as an adviser. 

22. P. Servilius. P. Servilius Yatia, surnamed Isauricus from his 
famous victory over the Isaurians. He had already spoken in favor of 
the Manihan law. He was consul 79 B. C, and commanded with great 
success against the pirates from 78 to 75 B. C. — Tantae exstiterunt, 
have been so great. 

24. Est C. Curio. Supply vobis auctor, C. Scribonius Curio, a 
Roman general and orator, consul 76 B. 0. He commanded in Macedo- 
nia from 75 to 73 B. C, and triumphed over the Dardanians and Thra- 
cians, 71 B. C. 

26. Praeditus. With beneficiis and rebus^ render distinguished. — 
Cn. Iicntulus. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul 72 B. C, a 
lieutenant of Pompey in the war against the pirates. 

27. Pro, in accordance with^ or as shown by. 

28. C. Cassius. C. Cassius Yarns, consul 73 B. C, defeated by 
Spartacus in the Servile War, 72 B. C. 

29. Yidete, horumne, etc,,, observe whether, etc. 

30. Illorum ; i. e., of Catulus and Hortensius. 

XXIV. Conclusion. 

32. C. Manili. Caius Manilius, the tribune of the people and the 
author of the Manilian law, G. 52, 2. 

34. Auctore populo Romano, with the support of the Roman 
people. G. 431. 

35. Neve, and not. G. 490, 1. 

OQ 2. Iterum, a second time. They had witnessed a similar scene during 
the discussion of the Gabinian law» 



i 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 261 

PAGK 

3. Quid est quod dubitemus, what reason is there why we should 83 
doubt? G. 501, I. 1. 

4. De perficiendi facultate, in regard to our ability to accomplish 
iiy i. e., to secure the appointment of Pompey. 

5. Quidquid possum, whatever influence I possess. G. 380, 2. 

6. Hoc beneficio, through (by) this flavor^ \, e., through his office 
as praetor, as explained by hac potestate praeioria, 

9. Eos maxime, qui. Cicero refers, doubtless, to those gods 
whose temples were in the immediate vicinity of the Forum, as Jupiter, 
Castor, Yenus, Concord, and others. — Huic loco temploque, this con- 
secrated place ; i. e., the Rostra. Templum^ w liich often means not a 
temple, but a consecrated place, is simply explanatory of hco. 

10. Qui ad rem publicam adeunt, who apply themselves to public 
affairs. 

12. Neque quo putem ; G. 520, 8. 

14. Praesidia periculis. . .honoribus, defence against perils and 
aid i7i securing honors, G. 392. The consulship was the only remaining 
object of Cicero's ambition. 

16. Ut homiuem. . .oportet, as far as it is proper for a man to 
promise this^ implying that such security comes only from the gods. — 
Repellemus ; G. 446, 2. 

17. Eadem ilia. . .vitae ; i. e., from the practice of his profession 
at the bar. 

19. Feret, shall permit, 

20. Mihi ; 388, 1. 

22. Tantumque abest ut . . . videar, ut intelligam, and so far 
am I from appearing. . .that I know. G. 496, 3. — Ut. . .videar ; Sub- 
ject of abest. 

25. Vobis non inutiles, not useless to you. By metonymy the 
effect for the catise. Strictly, it is Cicero's course of action, not the en- 
mities incurred thereby, which will be advantageous to the state. G. 705, 
II. — Hoc honore ; i. e., the praetorship. 

28. Rationibus, personal interests. 



OEATION FOE MAECELLUS, 

DELIVERED IN THE SENATE, BEFORE CAESAR, IN THE 
YEAR 46 B. C. 



INTEODUCTIOK 

Maectjs Olacjdius Maecellus belonged to the ancient and il- 
lustrious Claudian gens, which had produced a long line of dis- 
tinguished statesmen and generals. He was the intimate friend 
of Cicero, was an orator of some repute, was consul in the year 
61 B. 0., and, while in office, incurred the displeasure of Caesar, 
then commanding in Gaul, by proposing that he should be re- 
called from his province. At the opening of the Civil War, he 
betook himself to the camp of Pompey, but, after the battle of 
Pharsalia, he retired to Mitylene, where he devoted himself to the 
study of philosophy and oratory. Here he repeatedly received 
letters from his friend Cicero, urging him, both for his own sake 
and for the sake of his country, to return to Eome and receive 
pardon from Caesar. This, however, he persistently refused to do. 

Thus the case stood when, in the summer of 46 B. C, Lucius 
Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, mentioned Marcellus in the senate as 
a suitable subject for clemency. Caius Marcellus, the brother of 
the e;rile, instantly threw himself at Caesar's feet, while the whole 
senate attested their sympathy and interest by gathering about 
the Dictator in the attitude of suppliants. Caesar, whose policy 
to his opponents had from the first been marked by great clem- 
ency, said that he would not refuse the request of the senate, 
though he clearly foresaw the peril which would attend the recall 
of implacable opponents and foes. Cicero, who had for a long 
time been living in comparative seclusion, was so overjoyed at 
this announcement that he delivered upon the spot a spirited ora- 
tion eulogizing in the strongest terms the magnanimity of the 




JULIUS CAESAR. 



p. 2a 



ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 263 

Dictator, and thanking Mm for this exercise of his accustomed 
clemency and mercy. 

Marcellus, being thus honorably recalled and restored in full 
to all the rights of Koman citizenship, could no longer refuse to 
comply with the earnest entreaties of his friend Cicero to return 
to his native land. Accordingly, after some delay, he started 
upon his homeward journey, but he had proceeded only as far as 
Athens when he was assassinated by one of his attendants. His 
body was burned in the Academy, and a marble monument was 
erected to his memory. 



ANALYSIS. 

I. Introduction. I. 
II. Eulogy upon the Clemency and Magnanimity of Caesar. 

n.— -Yi. 

m. Reply to the Opinion of Caesar that he has liyed long 
ENOUGH. YII. — ^X. 

lY. Conclusion. XL 



I. Introduction. Cicero^ m mew of the Clemency of 
Caesar^ is unable longer to remain silent, 

PAGB 

1. Diutnrni silentii. This silence had continued for several years, o^ 
Cicero left Rome with the title of proconsul, in the year 51 B. C, to 
take charge of the province of Cilicia. In the Civil War he espoused 
the cause of Pompey, but, after the disastrous battle of Pharsalia, he 
returned to Italy, where he was finally pardoned by Caesar ui the year 

47 B. C. He took no part, however, in the discussions of the senate 
until the magnanimity of Caesar in pardoning his friend Marcellus called 
forth the present oration. — £rain usus, had observed ; i. e., before the 
pardon of Marcellus ; hence Pluperfect. 

2. Dolore, from soyn'ow ; explained by doleham enim^ etc., line 12 
below. 

3. Verecundia, from a sense of propriety ; explained by iiec fas 
esse, etc., line 15 below. 

4. Vellem ; G. 482, 1. 

6. Clementiam ; i. e., the clemency of Caesar in pardoning Mar- 



264 KOTES. 



PAGB 



84 cellus.— Remm omninm ; coDstrue mih poiesta(e.—Modnm, modera- 
tion. 

8. Tacitus ; G. 443.~M. enim Marcello. See Introduction, p. 

262. On the position of emm, see G. 602, III. 

10. Illius. This depends upon vocem and auctoritatem, 

13. Quum fuisset ; G. 518, I.—In eadem causa ; i. e., in the 

party of Pompey. 

16. Studiorum ; construe with aemulo atque imitatore. Marcellus 
was an orator. 

17. Quasi quodam; G. 456, 2. — Socio, comite; Predicate Abl 
after distracto. G. 362, 3. 

18. Interclusam, closed ; i. e., long since laid aside. 

19. His omnibus ; i, e., the senators ; Indirect Object of sustidit 

20. Signum sustulisti, you have raised the standard ; a metaphor 
from military life. 

21. In multis, m the case of many persons ; i. e., of those whom 
Caesar had pardoned. 

85 1. Omnibus. Dative. 

2. Commemoratis offensionibus. Caesar had just spoken of 
the implacable hostility of Marcellus. 

8. Dato beneficio. . .accept© ; G. 580, 

9. Cujus. . .pervenerit ; G. 501, I. 

II. — TV, Caesar has won Great Glory hy his Valor and 
Military Achievements^ hut still greater hy his Memarh- 
ahle Magnanimity and Clemency, 

15. Nullius, no man's ; G. 457, 2. This genitive depends upon 
jlumen. G. 397, 2. — Tantum; predicate adjective. — Flumen inge^ 
nii, A bold figure. 

18. V ace tuB,, witJi your permission. 

20. Idque usurpare, and to mjxke (use) this statement^ viz., omnes 
, . ,res gestas . . . conferri, 

24. Numero proeliorum. Pliny says that Caesar fought fifty bat- 
ties. According to Plutarch, he stormed more than eight hundred cities. 
— Varietate regionum. Caesar fought in Gaul, Britain, Germany, 
Spain, Italy, Epirus, Thessaly, Africa, and Asia Minor. 

25. Dissimilitudine bellorum, in diversity of modes of warfare. 

27. Cursibus, marches. 

28. liUStratae sunt, they have been traversed. This verb means to 
traverse and explore somewhat fully, while peragro is simply to go 
through. 



ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 265 

PAGB 

SO. Mens, cogitatio. 3Iens, the mind, the thinking faculty ; cogi- 85 
tatioy the exercise of that faculty. — Capere, to comprehend^ grasp. 

31. Alia majora. Cicero refers to Caesar's forbearance and mag- 
nanimity. 

32. Ducibus ; G. 886, 2, 

33. Cum multis, with many ; i. e., with many others. — Impera- 
tornm ; G. 399, 3, 3). 

1. Ducit. The subject is a pronoun referring to /oWi/Tia. 86 

2. Hujus gloriae ; i. e., the glory derived from pardoning Marcel- 
lus. 

7. In societatem, for a share ; \, e., to share. 

9. Nunquam enim. Cicero here adds, in a style somewhat rhetori- 
cal, but not very precise, the reason why fortune can claim no share in 
the glory derived from an act of generosity ; because in such acts rash- 
ness (temeritas) and chance {casus) have no part. 

11. Gentes. . .barbaras; as the Germans, Gauls, and Britons. — > 
Multitudine innumerabiles ; as the Gauls and Egyptians. 

12. IjOcis infinitas, with vast extent of territory ; lit., unlimited in 
places ; i. e. in territory. 

13. Naturam et condicionem, ut, such a nature and character^ 
that. 

16. Vincere, cohibere, etc. In apposition with haec, line 19 be- 
low. — Adversarium ; Marcellus. 

18. Amplificare. . .pristinam dignitatem. This language im- 
plies that this act of Caesar corrfers new honor and dignity upon Mar- 
cellus. 

24. Ejus modi res ; i. e., praises for military achievements. 

25. Obstrepi videntur, seem to he drowned. G, 549, 4, 1), 

30. In fictis, in fiction \ lit,, in fictitious things. 

31. Te. Oh]QQX, oi efferemus. 

33. Ut velis, so that you desire ; i. e., we know from the expression 
of your countenance {ps cernimus) that you desire. Subjunctive of Re- 
sult. 

36. Medius fidius ; also written mediusfidius^ and me dius fidius ; 
used in emphatic asseverations and oaths ; most truly., certainly., indeed. 
The original form was probably me Dius Fidius juvet^ may the true God 
help me ! 

1. Ilia auctoritas, the authority of that man ; i. e., of Marcellus, 87 
lit., that authority., referring, doubtless, to his senatorial rank and influ- 
ence. 

3. C. Marcelli. The brother of Marcus Marcellus, the exile. See 
Introduction, p. 262. 



266 NOTES. 

PACK 

87 ^' FiGtate J fraternal affection, 

6. Marcello conservato ; G. 580. 

7, Ad pancos. There remained at the time, so far as is known, 
only three surviving members of the family. 

9. Gratulationibus, congratulations ; by metonymy for successes, 
achievements, occasions for joy and congratulations. 

11. Muito. . .comitatu ; i. e., with a large number of officers and 
men to share the honor. 

13. Tu idem es, you are at once; lit., you the same one are. 

13. Quae quidem, etc. In this sentence there is an anacoluthon 
after the parenthetical clause, nihil. . .vetustas. G. ^704, III. 4. Other- 
wise the clause, at haec tua. . .laudibuSy would depend upon ut„ The 
general thought is this : Which is in truth so great^ that time may indeed 
destroy your trophies^ hut will only enhance the glory derived from this act. 

16. Quotidie. The usual distinction between quotidie alid in dies 
would here require the latter. 

IT. Quantum operibus, etc. Construe thus: diuturnitas tantum 
afferat laudihus quantum^ etc. 

30. Ut possit ;• G. 492, 4, 1). 

31. Perinde atque, exactly as. G. 587, I. 2. 

33. Quae ilia. . .adepta, which it (victory) had secured^ referring 
especially to the power which it gave him over his political opponents. 

v., VL The Significance and Influence of this Act of 
Mercy, Caesar^ s Present Course contrasted with the 
Plans of his Opponents, 

37. Hoc judicium. . .attendite ; G. 525, 2. 

39. Fato nescio quo, hy I know not what destiny. 

34. Reddidit ; like conservavit^ dependent upon quum. 

35. Non ille, etc. Here begins the leading clause of the sentence. 

36. A plerisque ; i. e., by most of the partisans of Pompey. Cice- 
ro is interested in excusing the party as much as possible, not only be- 
cause he had himself belonged to it, but also because he desires to pro- 
cure the pardon of still other members of it. — Ignoratione ; i. e., 
through ignorance of the intentions of Caesar. — Potius ; construe with 
quamj in the next line, 

88' 1- Bellum ; i. e., the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. 

3. De pace audiendum, that proposals of peace should he listened 
to. This statement is literally true, as is shown by his letters. From the 
very beginning of the struggle between Pompey and Caesar, he labored 
to effect a reconciliation, hoping thus to avert the horrors of civil war. 



A 



ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 267 



PAGE 



5. Ilia ; construe with arma civilia, gg 

6. Pacis ; G. 399. — Togae, the toga; the garb of peace, added to 
pads as a synonym e. 

7. Private officio, non publico, /rom a sense of personal obli- 
gation^ not of duty to the state ; i. e., his personal obligations to Pompey 
were so great that he could not desert him. This is, however, but a poor 
excuse, if he thought Pompey in the wrong. 

8. Grati. . .memoria, grateful recollections^ lit., a faithful recollec- 
tion of grateful feehngs (mind). 

13. Integra re, before the outbreak of the war ; Abl. Absolute. 

14. Capitis periculo ; i. e., from Pompey 's party, who would listen 
to no compromise. — Ex quo, wherefore. 

32. Hujus rei ; i. e., that he too favored peace. 

35. Certorum ; i. e., of certain persons who might be named ; re- 
ferring, perhaps, to Lentulus, Domitius, and others among the roore vio- 
lent members of his own party. 

34. Partis ; construe with victoriam. Pompey's party is of course 
meant. 

35. Futuram fuisse victoriam. In apposition with id, and thus 
dependent upon dicam. 

36. Armatis, those in arms agahist them ; i. e.. the party of Caesar. 
G. 385. 

1. Otiosis, peaceable citizens ; i. e., those who were neutral. gg 

4, Expetiverunt, excitaverunt ; G. 508 ; 527, 2, 1). 

8. Bono, endowment ; referring especially to clementiam et sapientiam 
above. G. 414, 2, 1). 

10. Ex quo, from which ; referring especially to bono, which is, 
however, more fully explained hj foi'tuna et gloria tind natura et moribus. 

16. Quae. Object of dicer e. For gender, see G. 445, 3, 1). 

1 8. A virtute ; G. 414, 6. 

19. Commodata, loaned ; thus delicately reminding Caesar of the 
uncertain tenure by which he holds them. 

33. Specie. . .publicae, by some apparent public benefit, lit., appear- 
ance of etc. 

34. Fuisse, that you ivey^e ; i. e., when they feared you. They have 
now learned their mistake. 

VII. Reply to the Opinion of Caesar that his Life is in 

Danger. 

36. Nunc venio, etc. With these words commences the second 
general division of the oration. — Atrocissimam suspicionem tuam, 



268 KOTES. 

PAGB 

39 i^^^ ruGst atrocious crime which you suspect^ lit., your most atrociom suspi^ 
cion. Suspicionem is here used by metonymy for the thing suspected^ i. e., 
the suspected crime ; hence atrocissimam ; hence also quae providenda 
estj which is not at all applicable to the suspicion^ but only to the crime 
to which that suspicion relates. 

28. Civibus, nobis ; G. 417, 1. 

31. In alterutro, on one side or the other, 

33. Iste, that one; i. e., the one to whom you refer. — Tarn de- 
mens ; i. e., as to plot against your Hfe. 

33. Quam quibus. After quam supply ^^, the omitted antecedent 
of quibus. 

34. Eo nnmero qui = numero eorum qui. 

36. Quo duce, hujus vitam, the life of this man^ under whose com^ 
mand. 

90 2- Qui fuerunt. Supply inimicL 

9. Tarn nihil cogitans, so thoughtless. 

10. Nee, nee ; G. 585, 2. 

11. Unius tua; G. 397, 3. 

13. Omnium, ^w^^ljvitam. — Dies noctesque; Lat. Comp. 411, 2. 
18. Consensio, a conspiracy. 

VIIL, IX. Caesar has a Great Work yet to accomplish — 
a Work mdispe?isable alike to the Welfare of the State 
and to his own Fame, 

30. Sunt excitanda, must he raised up^ restored ; oppoised to jacere 
in the next line. 

31. Quod. This refers to the clause quae jacere belli. . .prostrata. 
33. Propaganda suboles, popmlation must be increased. It had 

been greatly reduced by the carnage of the civil wars. 

24. Diffluxerunt, have gone to ruin. — Vincienda sunt, must he 
secured^ recovered. — IVon fuit recusandum, it was unavoidable; lit., 
was not to be refused. 

29. Togatus, clad in the toga^ i. e., in time of peace. 

33. Sapientissimam. The remark of Caesar is so called because 
it shows a philosophic contempt of death. 

33. Invitus, with regret. G. 443. — Naturae vixi. Caesar was 
probably fifty-four years old. 

91 1. Pxudentiam,jt)7w^oso/?%. — Periculo ; G. 414. 
3. Id audirem, / would assent to it. 

9. Istud, that ; i. e., the measure of life designated in the preceding 
sentence. — Gloriae; Dative. 



ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 269 

PAGB 

19. Pervagata, wide-spread^ well known ; construe with fama. 9I 

20. Magnorum ; construe with meritorum, 

22. Pars, actus, part^ act ; i. e., of the drama of life. 

23. £aque. Ea refers to rem puhlicam. G. 419, L 

25. Te. Subject of vixisse. — Voles ; G. 4'70, 2. 

26. Dicito ; G. 534, 11. ; 537, I. 

27. Hoc ipsum diu. Diu is here used substantively, referring 
back to diu vixisse. G. 42, III. 2. — Aliquid extremum, an end, 

31. Fuit, flagravit; G. 587, III. 4. 
33. Continetur, consists of. 

35. Huic. This refers to aeternitas, which, however, includes pos- 
ie7'itas and memoria saeculorum om7iium. — Inservias ; G. 496, 1. 

36. Quae miretur ; G. 501, I. The antecedent is multa. — Jam 
pridem habet ; G. 467, 2. 

2. Imperia. Object of audientes and legentes. — Rhenum; i, e., go 
Caesar's achievements in the vicinity of the Rhine, referring to his victo- 
ries over the Gauls and Germans. 

3. Oceanum. This refers to the invasion of Britain. — Nilnm ; 
i. e., Caesar's military achievements in Egypt. 

4. Munera, festivals, games ; so called because they were regarded 
as presents from the magistrates to the people. Caesar had recently given 
such festivals. 

10. Aliquid requirent, will find some defect in them, 

11. Illud, hoc, the former^ the latter. Illud refers to incendium ; 
hoCj to incendium. restinxisse. 

12. Consilii ; Predicate Genitive. — Servi, regard. 

15. Cupiditate, affection; a synonyme of amore. 

16. Turn ; i. e., multis post saeculis. — Quidam ; i. e., the Epicureans, 
who did not believe in a future existence. 

X. The Dissensions of Civil War are happily termi- 
nated. The Safety of the State depends upon the 
Safety of Caesar. 

19. Diversae voluntates. Cicero now returns to the dissensions 
of the recent Civil War. 

21. Obscuritas, uncertainty ; i. e., in regard to the merits of the 
case. 

22. Clarissimos duces. Caesar and Pompey. 

24. Perfuncta est, has reached the close of 

25. Qui inflammaret ; Subjunctive of Result. 

28. Ab aliis, ab aliis, hy some, from others. 



270 NOTES. 

rAGS 

92 30. liiberatus. Concessive. G. 578, lY. 

34. Uuum velint, should have one desire. 

35. Non solum, not to say, 

36. Nisi te salvo et manente ; G. 431, 3. 

93 ^- Haec, these things^ i. e., the city and state. 
4. Tibi ; Indirect Object of jooZ^^cfmwr. 

6. Excubias, cnstodias. Of these two synonymes, the former 
gives prominence to the idea of watching, the latter to that of guarding, 

XI. Conclusion. 

8. TJjide est orsa, etc. ; i. e., in the expression of thanks, the main 
object of the oration. 

9. Majores. Supply gratias. With haheo, the singular is more 
common, but the plural is here retained from gratias agimus. See Syn. 
L. C. 548. 

11. Precibus et lacrimis. See Introduction, p. 262. 
13. Stantibus dicere, to rise and sag so. 

13. Quod decet, id ; i. e., laetari omnes, etc., as explained in the 
next clause. 

16. Quod autem. . .est, quum id, etc., hut since hy my solicitude^ 
etc., I showed proof {marks, lit., that which is of ) of the strongest affection, 
etc. The antecedent of quod is id, line 19, from which it is separated by 
the long parenthetical clause, quae. . .nemini. 

17. Quae mea erga ilium, and this feeling of mine towards him. 
G. 453. 

19. Fratri, hrotJier. See Introduction. Some render it, cousin. 

23. Ut maximus cumulus accesserit ; briefly expressed for ut 
maximum cumulum accessisse conftear, as to admit that, etc. — Omnibus 
rebus. Ablative. 

24. Tamen. The correlative is implied in the Abl. Absol., me con- 
servato, ornato. 

25. Quod. The antecedent is implied in the clause, maximus. ..ac- 
cesserit. 



OEATION FOR LIGAEIUS, 

DELIVERED IN THE FORUM, BEFORE THE DICTATOR CAESAR, 
IN THE YEAR 46 B. C. 

INTEODUCTIOI^. 

QuiNTUs LiGAErus, in whose behalf this interesting and beau- 
tiful oration was delivered, had been an active partisan of Pom- 
pey in the Civil War. 

In the year 50 B. C, Ligarius, who was then lieutenant under 
Oaius Considius, governor of Africa, was left in charge of that 
province when the governor himself returned to Kome to sue for 
the consulship. At the opening of the Civil War, a few months 
later, he was importuned by the friends of Pompey in Africa, to 
put himself at their head, and thus secure the province for their 
party, but this he positively refused to do. About this time, 
however, P. Attius Yarns, who had commanded for Pompey in 
Picenum, but had been deserted by his troops, arrived in Africa 
and assumed the command. Ligarius readily consented to serve 
under him, and thus united his fortunes with the cause of Pom- 
pey. He was finally taken prisoner at Adrumetum, where his 
life was spared through the clemency of Caesar, though he was 
not permitted to return to Rome. An effort was, however, soon 
after made by his friends to secure his recall from exile, but Quin- 
tus Tubero, who had himself been a partisan of Pompey, i)ut had 
been pardoned by the Dictator, sought to defeat this movement 
in his behalf by preferring a formal charge against him as one 
who had borne arms in Africa against Caesar. Cicero replied in 
defence, praying that the clemency which the Dictator had shown 
to him and to Tubero, might not be refused to Ligarius in his 
misfortune and exile. The appeal was successful, and Ligarius 



272 NOTES. 

was pardoned, but he still remained implacable, and, two years 
after, became one of the assassins of Caesar. . 



ANALYSIS. 

I. Introduction. I. 

n. Reply to the Charge of the Accuser. II.— IX. 
III. Appeal to Caesar's Clemency. X. — XII. 



Introduction. Cicero ridicules the Charge brought 
against Ligarius^ and gives a Brief Statement of the 

Case, 



PAGE 



94 1. Novum crimen, etc. The first ten hnes of this oration furnish 
us a specimen of well-sustained irony and ridicule. 

2. Propinquus meus. The exact relationship is not known, but 
Lucius Tubero, the father of the accuser, is supposed to have married 
into the Tullian gens, to which Cicero belonged. — Tubero, Ligarium. 
See Introduction, p. 271. 

3. In Africa fuisse. To make the accusation appear as ludicrous 
as possible, the orator artfully omits the essential part of it, viz., that 
while in Africa Ligarlus bore arms against Caesar. — C. Pansa. C. 
Yibius Pansa, a friend of Caesar, afterwards consul 43 B. C. 

4. Fretus. . .ausus est conj&teri. Observe the irony. Pansa had 
already interceded in behalf of Ligarius. 

6. Quum neque scire s, since you would not Tcnow^ i. e., as I sup- 
posed. The whole subject is presented in as ludicrous a light as possible. 
Of course Caesar could not be ignorant of the fact that Ligarius had 
been in Africa. 

7. tJt abuterer, to take advantage of ; the Purpose of paratics 
veneram. 

10. Integrum, an open question. 

11. Omissaque controversia, etc. Cicero drops the irony for the 
present. 

13. liiberationem, veniam, acquittal, pardon. 

14. Habes igitur, etc. Cicero now turns to Tubero, the accuser. 
— Quod. The antecedent is id, understood, with which confitentem renin 
is in apposition. 

16. In ea parte; i. e., in the party of Pompey. — Qua te. The 



ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 273 



PAGB 



preposition in is readily supplied from in ea parte. — Te. Subject of 94 
fuisse. G. 531, 1, 

IT. Patrem. Lucius Tubero, who also belonged to Pompey's party. 
— Coufiteammi ; G. 496, 1. 

21. C. Considio. See Introduction, p. 271. In the Civil War, 
Considius espoused the cause of Pompey. 

22. Civibus ; i. e., to the Roman citizens residing in Africa. 

3. Invitus ; G. 443. 95 

8. Salntis ; construe with ducem^ a leader to secure their safety. 

9. Ad suos. His family remained neutral. 

11. P. Attius Varus. See Introduction, p. 2'71. — Praetor. The 
term praetor^ or propraetor^ was a common title for a Roman governor, 
— Africam obtinuerat ; i. e., a few years before. — Uticam, to Uiica ; 
then the chief city of the province. G. 379. 

15. Nuilo publico cousilio, withoiit any legal authority, 

16. Qui cuperet ; G. 519.— Paulum conquievit, obtained a little 
rest., i. e., rest for a short time. He was compelled, however, soon after 
to take part in the war. 

II. Beview of the Conduct of Ligarius in Africa, 

21. Ei,/or ^7, i. e., for the province. — Pacem esse, that there should 
hepeace^ i. e., that peace should continue. Pacem esse is the subject of 
expediret. ^ 

24. Habuit, had as its motive. 

28. Quod, during which. G. S'ZS. — Quod si, and if this. G. 453. 

31. Fratribus ; i. e., his two brothers, who remained neutral. 

34. Hie, under these circumstances. 

5. Defendit, asserts in the defence, gg 

7. De alio audienti ; i. e., while listening to his defence of Liga- 
rius. — De se ipso, in regard to himself i. e., Cicero. 

III. Panegyric upon the Clemeyicy of Caesar in pardon- 
ing Cicero and Tuhero, 

9. Quam non reformidem, how entirely free lam from fear. — 
Lux liberalitatis . . .oboriatur. Observe the figurative character of 
the expression. 

10. Sapientiae. Cicero here suggests that clemency is a mark of 
wisdom. 

11. Voce contendam ut, / will raise my voice (lit,, strive with my 
voice) so that. 



274 NOTES. 



PAOS 



96 12. Gesto etiam ex parte magna. After the opening of the 
Civil War, Cicero hesitated for months, but finally espoused the cause 
of Pompey. See note on dluturni silentii, p. 84, line 1. 

16. Anteqiiam vidit. Caesar was then prosecuting the war in 
Egypt, and had not seen Cicero since his return to Italy. 

19. Alterum. Supply imperatorem. Cicero had recently received 
the title of imperator for his military successes in Cihcia. — A quo con- 
cessos, bi/ whose permission^ Ht., by whom granted. 

20. Fasces laureates. These were the insignia of victory. Cicero 
was very proud of them, and retained them for a long time in the hope 
of ultimately obtaining the honor of a triumph. 

21. Turn denique, si, onli/ if^ lit., then finally, if; i. e., then, and 
then only. 

24. Ut andeam. Indirect Question. Cicero implies that he would 
not dare to say that Ligarius had voluntarily taken up arms against 
Caesar as he himself had done, because it would not be true. The ex- 
pression may, however, be explained as ironical. 

25. De Ligarii ; G. 39Y, 1. 

2T. Industriae ; i. e., his application to his profession as an orator. 

32. Prohibitum se . . . queritur. Soon after Yariis had assumed 
the command in Africa, L. Aelius Tubero, who had just been appointed 
governor of the province, arrived in the harbor of Utica, accompanied 
by his son Quintus. Yarns at once issued an order that neither father 
nor son should be allowed to land. Ligarius is supposed to have exe- 
cuted the order. 

35. In acie Pharsalica, in the battle of Pharsalia^ or Pharsalus ; 
the decisive battle, fought 48 B. C, near Pharsalus, in Thessaly. Pom- 
pey was defeated, and Caesar became master of Home. 

36. Qui sensus. . .tuorum, what were the sentiments of your arms ; 
i. e., with what feehiigs and purpose did you take up arms ? The oratory 
in this passage, it will be observed, becomes impassioned and highly 
figurative. 

97 1- Cupiebas, optabas. Synonymes, of which the former ex- 
presses a stronger desire^ the latter a more calm determination. 

3. lisdem in armis. Not, indeed, in the same battle, but on th» 
same side in the war. 

IV., V. The Accusation against Ligarius is cruel and 
inhuman. 

4. !Egimus, did we aim at ? — Nisi ut . . . possemus, except that we 
might have the power Svhich Caesar (lit., this one) now possesses. 



It 



ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 275 

PAGB 

5. Quorum impunitas, whose pardon ; referring to the pardon of 97 
Tubero. 

7. Nonnihil desidero, I miss somewhat. 

11. Agi. The subject is earn, understood, referring to caiisam. 

15. Vim, effect^ purpose. 

17. Mores. Supply sunt. — Usque ... incitari odio. In Appo- 
sition with mores. 

18. Levium, impulsive. — Graecorum. Predicate Genitive, ex- 
plaining the Predicate Adjective extemi. 

20. Hoc T. Broccho, Titus Brocchus here present. He was the 
brother of the mother of Ligarius, 

21. Ejus, 7^5, referring to Brocchus. — Suo, Ais, referring to Ligarius. 

22. Num est, is that it ? i. e., is thai your object ? referring to quid 
agis^ line 19 above. 

25. Eum dictatorem ; i. e., L. Cornelius Sulla, during whose ter- 
rible proscriptions thousands of Roman citizens were put to death, 

27. Praemiis. Sulla offered a reward of two talents for the head 
of any proscribed person. 

28. Ab hoc eodem, hy this same man^ i. e., by Caesar, who, in the 
year 64 B. C, seventeen years after {aliquot annis post) the events just 
mentioned, brought prosecutions against the unprincipled agents of Sulla. 

32. Generis, virtutis ; G. 39Y, 2. Tubero belonged to the Aelian 
gens, which had produced many illustrious names. 

35. Parum attenditis, you do not sufficiently consider^ i. e., the 
consequences of your prosecution. 

36. Eo. Explained hj ut. . .videamiiii esse contenti. 

5. Ad pedes, at his feet ; L e., at the feet of Caesar. — Causae 98 
fidentes ; Lat. Comp. 238, 4. 

7. Supplicum voce ; i. e., from the privilege of making suppli- 
cation. 

8. Domi ; i. e., at the house of Caesar. 

10. Cave ignoscas; G. 535, 1, 2); 493, 2. — Te fratrum mise- 
reat; G. 410, III. 

12. Hoc ; i. e., id te oppugnare et. . .tollere. — Quod. The antecedent 
is id^ not Jwc. 

14. Perfugium misericordiae ; i. e., the refuge derived from 
Caesar's mercy and clemency. 

16. Per te obtines. po-^s^ss by nature. 

18. De victoribus, de victis. De with the Abl. to avoid the am- 
biguity of the genitives victorum^ victorum. G. 898, 4, 2). 

20. Iguosci nemini, no one to be pardoned. G. 301, 1. 

21. Etiam hi ; i. e., the Tuberos, father and son. 



276 NOTES. 

PAQB 

98 24. Salnti civi ; G. 390. — Saluti esse, to defend ; used of an ad- 
vocate. 

29. Tunc, then ; i. e., in the case just supposed. 

32. Qua qui utitur, and lie who employs it. G. 453, 3. 

YI. The Charge of Crime against Ligarius is unreason- 
able and absurd, 

34. Primus aditns, the first step, i. e., in approaching the subject. 
— Postulatio, request ; referring to the application which Tubero made 
to Caesar, in accordance with Roman law, for permission to institute a 
prosecution. 

36. Vel quod, vel quod. Supply dicere vellet 

99 2. Ilia causa ; i. e., the cause of Pompey. 

4. Qui durius, who call it hy a severer name. Supply appellant. 

6. Nostri mali, of our misfortune, i. e., of the Civil War. 

10. I/ice at esse miser os, may we he allowed to he (i. e., be regard- 
ed as) unfortunate ; i. e., unfortunate (miseros) rather than wicked (scele- 
ratos). 

12. Fuerint, they may have heen. — Sceleris crimine carere, to 
he free from the impuiation of crime. 

13. 'ParTicidii, of treason. 

15. Contumeliam. Cicero refers, doubtless, to the decree of the 
senate, passed 49 B. C, requiring Caesar to resign the governorship of 
Gaul and disband his army. 

18. TJt tibi cum. . .conveniret, to make an agreement with, etc. 

23. Quum voluisses, since you would have wished ; i. e., if Tubero's 
view is correct. 
. "24. Iliam ; G. 445, 4. 

25. Utrisque cupientibus, aberrantibus ; Abl. Absol. On 
utrisque, see G. 459, 4. 

2T. Principum ; i. e., of Caesar and Pompey. 

28. Non par. . .sequebantur. In rank, the party of Pompey, 
which was also the senatorial party, was greatly superior. 

"•; YII. — IX. The Vourse of Ligarius in the Civil War 
/ contrasted with that of Tubero, 

34. Utrum. Subject oi fuisse ; explained by the clauses, Ligarium 
. . . exire, and vos . . . venire, in apposition with it, 

36. Poteramusne. Supply in Africam non venire from the pre- 
ceding line. 



ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 277 



rAGX 



I. Nnllo modo. This is Cicero's answer. 100 
3. Qnum parere. . .erat ; i. e., before the Civil War began. 

5. Aliter, otherwise^ i. e., to act otherwise. — Disciplinae, training^ 
education. 

6. Quitons rebus ^loxieYSiini^ in which you glory ; i. e., obedience 
to the senate. 

7. Tuberonis sors...est. Provinces were assigned by lot. Lu- 
cius Tubero, the father of Quintus, is meant. 

9. Excusare, to excuse himself^ i. e., from accepting a province. 

II. Militiae contnbernales. In the Social or Marsian War, 88 
B. C. — Post affines. By Tubero's marriage into the TuUian gens. 

14. Qnidam. This refers, doubtless, to some one still living, some 
prominent partisan of Pompey.: — Ita opponebat, so presented. 

18. Quorum erat una causa, whose cause was the same ; referring 
to the praetors who had received provinces. 

19. Jam occupatam; i. e., by Varus. See p. 95, lines 10 to 15; 
also note on prohibitum se. . .queritiir^ p. 96, line 32. 

20. Si crimen est voluisse, if it is a crime to have wished; i. e., 
to have wished to get possession of Africa. 

23. Quam. . .maluisse, than that some one (i. e., Varus) preferred 
to retain it. — Se. Subject of ohtinere to be supplied. 

26. Quoquo modo . . . habet, however that is. 

27. Essetis. Supply recepti. 

28. Tradituri fuistis ; G. 510, 2. 

33. Cujus interfuit, whose interest it was. 

35. Non esset probata, would not have been approved^ i. e., by you, 
because it would have been a dishonorable act. 

2. Veniebatis. Addressed to Tubero, in the plural, to include both JOl 
father and son. For the force of the tense, see G. 469, 1. — Igitur, 
then ; resuming the main subject. G. 587, IV. 3. 

3. Unam ex omnibus, of aU toithout exception. — Huic victoriae, 
to the success of this cause ; i. e., of Caesar^s cause. 

4. Rex. Juba, King of Numidia, a firm friend of Pompey. 

5. Aliena, averse to it; Predicate Adj. with erat^ understood. — 
Conventus ; Genitive. Conventus here denotes an association^ or cor- 
poration^ consisting of Roman citizens residing in a province. The pow- 
erful association here mentioned espoused the cause of Pompey. 

7. Dubitem ; G. 486, n. 

11. Si veniebatis, venissetis. Mixed form of a conditional sen- 
tence. The Indicative in the condition admits for the moment, for the 
Bake of the argument, the supposed defence of Tubero : If you were 
ffoing^ etc. ; to assume for the moment this line of defence for you. 
13 



278. NOTES. 

PACK 

101 16. In hoc ; explained hj vos . , , Caesari tradituros. — Gloriemini 

per me licet, you may boast so far as I am concerned. Supply ut. 

31. Sed vide, etc. A vein of sarcasm and irony, commencing at 
this point, extends to line 7 on the next page. The satire in constantiam 
is heightened by the fact that Tubero had contrasted his own early aban- 
donment of the cause of Pompey, with the persistent obstinacy of Liga- 
rius in defending that cause. 

22. Quamvis probarem, however much I might approve it, 

25. Nescio an possim ; G. 526, 2, 2). 

26. Quotns quisqne, how manyi implying that the number is 
small. 

27. A qnibus partibns, ad eos ipsos ; G. 445, 5. 

28. Cum crudelitate. He was not even permitted to place his 
sick son on shore. 

29. Cnjnsdam, «, lit. a certain. — Ejus viri, quem, of a man whom^ 
or of such a man as. G. 402, I. 

32. Ut cetera fuissent, even zf (grant that) other things had been. 
G. 516, 11. The Pluperfect has the same force here as in conditional 
sentences. 

33. Quae nequaquam fuerunt. Tubero was far superior, not 
only in birth and station, but also in talent and culture. He belonged 
to the Aelian gens, which was of much higher rank than the Attian, to 
which Varus belonged. 

34. Praecipuum, special advantage. — Justo cum imperio, with 
a regular command^ i. e., with a command which had been regularly con- 
ferred upon him by the senate, though their action had not been ratified 
by the people. 

102 1- Aliquam, any other. 

4. Ista res ; i. e., your treatment. — Nihil commovisset, etc. As 
Yarns was not removed from the command. 

6. In praesidiis, within his lines^ L e., on his side, indeed, but 
without participating in his cause. 

7. An, ut fit, etc. We have here an anacoluthon. The question 
introduced by an is interrupted by the long parenthesis, nee in. . . 
pacem cogitare^ after which the thought is resumed in the declarative 
form. The question would probably have been as follows : an vincere 
volehatis ? 

9. Tum sero. Cicero, on his return from CiKcia, found the Civil 
War virtually begun. See note on diuturni silentii, p. 84, line 1. 

12. In eum locum, ul>i, into a position where. — Tibi esset. . .vi- 
cisses; i. e., in your opinion. Vicisses^ attracted from the Put. Perf. 

14. Hanc salutem ; i. e., the security which we all now enjoy. — 



ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 279 

PAGB 

Illi victoriae, to that victory ; i. e., to the victory which you then de- 102 
sired. 



X. — XII. Appeal to Caesar"^ s Clemency, 

15. Vos constantiae; G. 410, III. 

19. Qui putetis, since you think = in thinking. G. 519. 

31. Itaque, then^ or accordingly. The connection of thought is as 
follows : In view of Caesar's willingness to forgive, as suggested by iff- 
noverii in the line above, it is not necessary to defend Ligarius, but merely 
to commend him to clemency. This thought is, however, expressed inter- 
rogatively ; num tibi. . .occupatus? — Tibi ; i. e., to Caesar. — In causa, 
in a legal defence. 

23. Ad unam summam, to one principal point. 

33. Vel humanitatis vel, whether we call it your humanity^ or^ lit., 
whether of your humanity, or. On^vel, vel, see G. 587, II. 2. Humani- 
talis is a Gen. of Specification. G. 396, Y. 

35. Te in foro tenuit. Caesar was for many years a prominent 
orator and advocate. At the early age of twenty-three, he distinguished 
himself in the prosecutions against Dolabella and other influential parti- 
san leaders, for crimes committed under the administration of the Dicta- 
tor Sulla. — Ratio honorum, the pursuit of honors. The profession of 
law and of oratory opened to ambitious Romans the most direct road to 
positions of honor and influence. 

36. Non putavit ; si unquam posthac, he did not think, if ever 
hereafter, i. e., if he should ever do it again ; the language of a child 
pleading before his father in behalf of a brother. 

38. Non cogitavit. Observe the difference in meaning between 
non putavit, he did not think, i. e., he did it without thinking {thought- 
lessly), and non cogitavit, he had no thought of it, i. e., not only did not 
do it, but had no thought of doing it. 

39. Die. . .quaere, taceo ; G. 585, 2. Cicero professes to make 
no defence before Caesar as a judge, but to appeal to him as a father. 

31. Legatus ante bellum. . .tnus. A skilful enumeration of the 
very arguments in regard to which he had just remarked, ne haec quidem 
colligo. 

32. Bello oppressus, overtaken by the war ; i. e., by the Civil War. 
36. Ignoscatur. Supply ei. G. 801, 1. 

1. Arroganter. Supply oro. — Plurimi. Supply impetraverunt. jQg 
7. Causas . . . quam vultus ; i. e., Caesar regards not so much the 

persons {vultus, faces) of the petitioners, as the grounds or reasons 

(caicsas) for the petition. 



280 NOTES. 

lAUK 

103 ^- Quiim illius, /o ivhat actent he was the friend of him. Supply 
necessat'ius. 

10. Itaquc. . .qilidcni. . .lainoii, accord i uglify though goudo indeed 
givey etc., yet I see. Itaqiie inlioduccs the whole aontonee, of wliicli the 
leading member l)ei!;ins with .sW Video^ while trihuis in quidcin. . .concedas 
U virtually a eoncesnive clause. 

11. Qiioriiiii. . .doltuciii, ivhosc sorrow you see to be most gcmiiriCy 
i. c., who are interceding in behalf of those whose wrongs and sullerings 
awaken genuine sympathy. 

17. Hoc quotl solos; i. e., eausas rogantium. 

18. PosNiim. ..Sabiiios. liigarius was himself of Sabine origin. 
The Sabines here mcntionod are his relatives and friends present at the 
trial. 

19. Toliimqiic ag^nim Sabiiium. This is only a rhetorical exag- 
geration. The Sabines were a valiant people dwelling in the highlands 
of Central Italy. 

31. T. Urocchi. See note on hoc T. Broceho, p. 1)7, line 20. 
*Z*Z. Squalorem, the mourning garhy referring to the neglected and 
soiled garments worn in mourning. 

20. Tua vox ilia ; ext)lained in the next sentence, te ciihn dicercy 
etc. — Quae vicit, which gained you the vietoryy i. e., in the Civil War, 
implying that Caesar's success was due to his generous policy. 

WZ. Tuos, fw your friends ; G. 441, 1. — IIuuc spleiidorem om- 
w'wuw -^ hos splcndidos onines. /Splendor and splendidus are the usual 
titles of honor in speaking of Roman knights; as aniplitudoy ampluSy 
and amplissiniuSy arc applied to senators, and hone^tus to ordinary citi- 
zens. 

34. Ij. Corfidiiiiii. l>y a strange oversight, Cicero inserted this 
name in preparing the oration for ])ublication, although Corfidius died 
before the oration w'as delivered. lie subsequently discovered his error, 
and attempted to have the name erased from every copy then in exist- 
ence, but he did not succeed. — Vestc mutata ; i. c., in the garb of 
monrning. 

3G. Qui tecum fueruiit ; i. e., had not joined Tompey in the Civil 
War. 

104 1. Couscrva tuis suos, to your friends preserre their friend.'i. G. 
440, 4. The connection of thought is this : Tlie parties mentioned are 
your friends; Ligarius is their friend ; therefore preserve him for them. 

3. Hoc, this ; i. e., Caesar^s remark, quoted above, p. 103, line 31, 
te onines, qui contra, te non cssent^ tuos putarc. 

6. Potuissct; (^ 532, 2, 1). 

7. Fucrit futurus ; Subjunctive after quin, G. 510, 2, 1), 



ORATION FOR LIGARITJS. 281 

TA.«n 

8. Hornm consensum. . .conflatum, their sentiments in harmony 104 
and in almost perfect unison. 

9. Prope aequalitate =prope aequalihus naturis. Some critics 
make it refer to age, and take it in the sense of prope aequali actate. 

10. Ut. . .sequerentur ; Subject oi futurum fuisse. G. 495, 2; 
551, I. 5. 

12. Tempestate. . .unus, one (i. e., Quintus) was carried away by 
the storm, I e., of war. The figure is that of a vessel driven from its 
course by the violence of the tempest. 

13. Consilio, designedly.— Horum ; G. 399, 3, 2). 

14. Sed ierit, but he may have gone; i. e., admit that he went. 

17. Qualis T. Ligarius. . .tuam. Cicero probably refers to the 
service which Ligarius rendered Caesar in the year 56 B. C, when the 
latter obtained an appropriation for his Gallic campaigns. Cicero favored 
the appropriation ; hence the significance of his remark, quum tuis om- 
nibus negotiis interessem. — Quaestor urbanus. This officer had charge 
of the pubUc treasury. 

20. Hoc ; i. e., oblivisci nihil, etc. — Animi, ingenii. Ilerc animi 
refers to Caesar's kind feelings, and ingenii to his good judgment. 

21. Te ; repeated from line 19 above. — De aliis. . .quaestoribus ; 
referring probably to quaestors who had been less obliging than Ligarius. 

23. Xihil egit aliud, had no other object. — Haec ; i. e., the pres- 
ent state of affairs. 

25. Quam. This refers to salutem, and is the object of dcderis. — 
Hujus ; construe with officio. It refers to 2\ Ligarius. 

26. Utrisque his, to these two parties, i. c., to Quintus Ligarius the 
exile, on the one hand, and to his two brothers on the other. 

29. Condonaveris, you will have presented, i, e., restored. 

30, Fac idem, do the same. — De, in the case of. — Ilomine nobi- 
lissimo ; i. e., Marcus Marcellus, recently pardoned by Caesar. See the 
preceding oration, p. 84. 

1. Populare, acceptable to the people. — Nulla de, no one of. — 105 
Nulla, nee, nee ; G. 585, 2. 

5. Ut possis, your ability, lit., that you may be able. 

8. Te ipsum loqui tecum ; i. c., that you should reflect upon the 
subject. 



OEATIOX FOR KIXG DEIOTAEUS, 

DELrrERED BEFORE CAESAR, IX HIS OWN HOUSE, IX THE 
YEAR 45 B. C. 

D^TEODUCTIOX. 

DziOTAErs, in whose defence tMs oration was delivered, was 
tetrarch of Galatia, in Asia Minor. In the Mithridatic War he 
supported the Roman cause so warmly that the senate, in recog-. 
nition of his services, added Armenia !Minor to his dominions, 
and conferred upon him the title of king. In the Civil War he 
espoused the cause of Pompey, and was present with him in the 
disastrous hattle of Pharsalia ; but soon after that defeat he re- 
turned to Galatia, and at once availed himself of every means in 
his power to effect a reconciliation with Caesar. Accordingly, at 
the close of the African War, when that victorious commander, 
already sole master of Rome, appeared in Asia, Deiotarus, divest- 
ing himself of his royal robes, and assuming the garb of a sup- 
pliant, presented himself before him and implored pardon for the 
part which he had taken in the Civil War. Caesar not only 
granted his petition, but also restored to him his kingly title and 
his royal robes. 

In the year 45 B. C, Deiotarus was accused by his own grand- 
son, Castor, of having, two years before, formed the design of 
assassinating Caesar, who was at that time his guest. The ac- 
cuser, moreover, alleged that his grandfather had, from the first, 
been at heart the foe of the Dictator, and that he had shown his 
hostility on several occasions. Deiotarus at once sent an embassy 
to Rome to rej)ly to these charges. Phidippus, his physician and 
slave, accompanied the embassy, but was finally won over by 
Castor, and joined in the accusation. The case was tried before 



ORATIOX FOR KIXG DEIOTARUS. 283 

Caesar himself, in Ms own house. Cicero -andertook the defence, 
and pronounced the oration now before us. The result of the 
trial is not known. It is probable that no decision was made. 



AliTALTSIS. 

I. Inteodijction. L, II. 

II. The Hopes of the Accusers, m. — Y. 

III. Refutation of the Charges. YI. — ^XII. 
lY. Conclusion. Xin.— XY. 



L, II. Introduction. Cicero calls Attention to the I>iffir 
culties under which he speaks. 

- 1. Quum. . .turn, while. . .especially. Here qmimmYolxQs, concession^ i ac 
as well as time ; hence the Subjunctive soleam. 

3. Aetas. Cicero was in his sixty-second year. 

4. Tides ^ fidelity^ i. e., fidelity to his client. 

10. Pro perpetuis ejns. . .meritis. See Introduction, p. 282. 

13. Alter ius, alterius. The former refers to Castor, the latter to 
Phidippns. See Introduction. 

13. Crudelem Castorem ; G. 381. 

15. Adolescentiae . . .intulerit, in his youth has occasioned terror. 
In Rome ambitious young men often sought to bring themselves into 
notice by prosecuting magistrates and prominent citizens. 

19. A legatomm pediljus, froyn the service of the ambassadors. 
The reference is to the ambassadors whom Deiotarus sent to Rome to 
look after the defence. Phidippus accompanied them, but he finally 
yielded to the solicitations of Castor, and testified against his master. — 
Fugitivi. Phidippus is so called because he deserted the cause of his 
master. 

1. Regiam == 7T^z,9. 107 

2. De fortunis. . .extiniescebam. Cicero intimates his alarm for 
the public safety, if slaves should be allowed to testify against their 
masters. 

3. Ne tormentis qnidem, not even by torture. Though the rack 
was supposed to be very effective in eliciting truth, yet a slave could not 
even upon the rack testify against his master. 



284 NOTES. 

PAGB 

107 '^' Solutus, voluntarily^ lit., free, without compulsion, in contrast with 
in eculio, 

8. Illud ; explained in the next sentence. 

12. Arguare. The second person is often thus used of an indej&nite 
subject, youj i. e., any one, one. Lat. Comp. 500, I. 

17. i)e te ceteros. . .judicare. Cicero thus delicately reminds 
the Dictator that even he cannot disregard public opinion." 

18. In disceptatione versata est, has been tried. 

26. Eodem. . .te. Cicero adds this to show Caesar that he does 
not object to the judge. 

31. Deorum, populi, senatus. These words correspond in an in- 
verse order to curiam, forum, caelum. 

34. Quae angustiora faciunt, restrict these things, i. e., restrict 
me in these respects. 

35. Qui pro multis saepe dixisti. It will be remembered that 
Caesar was himself for many years an advocate in the Koman courts. 
See note on te in foro tenuit, p. 102, line 25. Observe the combination 
pro multis saepe, on many occasions, and in behalf of many persons, but 
not in behalf of many persons at any one time. 

36. Ad te ipsum referre, to judge from yourself, lit., to refer to 
yourself. 

III. — ^V. The Hopes of the Accusers. The Conduct of 
Deiotarus during the Civil War, 

108 8. Affectum ilium. . .detrimentis. In settling affairs at the 
close of his brilliant campaign in Asia, Caesar deprived Deiotarus of Ar- 
menia Minor and a portion of bis other possessions. 

16. Deiotaro hospes hospiti, a guest to Deiotarus, your host. At 
the close of his campaign in Asia, Caesar was for a short time the guest 
of Deiotarus. 

17. Non tarn in. . .quam firmiorem, not so sure (trustworthy) in 
...as. The form of the expression is a very unusual one, resulting, per- 
haps, from a combination of non tarn firmam quam, and non firmiorem 
quam. 

21. Semel, once for all ; explained by neyno unquam te. . .senserit. 
25. Officio parum functum, who had not properly discharged his 
duty. 

27. Cui tamen ipsi rei, and yet for this very thing. 

28. Ipse aetatis. . .esset, but had himself presented the excuse of 
age ; i. e., had availed himself of this excuse for not joining Pompey in 
person. 



ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 285 

rAGK 

30. Amicitiae culpam, neglect of friendship^ i. e., remissness in ]_08 
the discharge of its duties. 

33. Errore communi lapsus est. Cicero says Deiotarus only 
made the mistake which so many others made. 

1. Est perturbatus, was embarrassed ; hence misled. jQg 
4. Nobis imperatoribus. Cicero, it will be remembered, had the 

title of Imperator. See note on alterum^ p. "96, line 19. 

9. Ut audivit consules. . .effusam. This is the exaggerated re- 
port which, according to Cicero, reached Deiotarus after the opening of 
the Civil War ; but perhaps the report contained almost as much fact as 
fiction. The whole senatorial party, panic-stricken, had fled from Italy, 
and joined Pompey in Greece. 

13. Ulli veri. Supply nuntii et rumores. — De condicionibus. 
This refers to the terms of settlement which Caesar proposed in the hope 
of averting the Civil War. 

15. Certorum hominum. The most prominent were C. Claudius 
Marcellus and L. Cornehus Lentulus, the consuls, and P. Scipio, M. Cato, 
L. Domitiu-s, and M. Bibulus. 

16. Usque eo, quoad, even until. 

21. Tu ipse. . .maxima. Caesar procured the ratification of Pom- 
pey's acts in Asia. 

35. Populi Romani, conferred by the Roman people ; Subjective 
Genitive. 

35. Fugientem. Pompey fled to Greece when Caesar crossed the 
Rubicon and advanced upon Rome. 

36. Pharsalico proelio. This was the celebrated battle of Phar- 
salus, or Pharsalia, in which Pompey was utterly defeated on the ninth 
of August, 48 B. C. 

2. Errori, si quid. . .factum esse, that he had gone far enough in JJQ 
error ^ if he had acted ignorantly. 

4. Alexandrinum bellum. Caesar having pursued Pompey into 
Egypt, espoused the cause of Cleopatra against her brother Ptolemy, and 
thus became involved in a war with the Alexandrians. 

5. Cn. Domiitii. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, who. was then command- 
ing in Asia for Caesar. 

6. Ephesum, to Ephesus^ a celebrated city of Ionia. — Eum. It is 
not known to whom Cicero refers. 

9. Qua uterere, for you to use. G. 500. 

10. Pharnacem. Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, was King of 
the Bosporus. 

15. Domi suae; G. 423, 3, 2). 

17. Cujus tanti sceleris fuerit, what a great crime it would have 



286 NOTES. 

PAGB 

110 ^een! G. 402, I. ; 525. In the Direct Discourse, /wm^ would have been 
fuit as in line 24 below. G. 475, 4, 1). 

22. In eo tyrannum inveniri, to be found a tyrant in the case of 
him. 

27. Cum regno distractus esset, would have been involved in 
strife with his realm. 

28. Non modo, not to say. 

VI., VII. Reply to the Specific Charge that Deiotarus had 
designed to assassinate Caesar, 

30. Credo. Ironical. 

111 1- -^^^ ^^* • •C^'^GJ^ct, could be committed neither by ; more literally, 
could occur neither to. 

4. Confingitis. This is addressed to the accusers. 

5. At quam. . .quidem. Supply confingitis. — Suspiciose, in a 
manner to awaken suspicion^ i. e., against Deiotarus. 

6. Inqnit. The subject is the omitted pronoun referring to Phidip- 
pus. See Introduction, p. 282. — Castellum Peium. One of the cas- 
tles of Deiotarus. 

9. Priiisquam accnni'beres, before you dined. See note on accur- 
ba7Ues, p. 16, line 31. 

13. Pkidippum. . .corruptum. This is in apposition with causa^ 
which may be here rendered fact or report. It is called causa rather than 
res, because it forms an element in the case (causa). 

14. Isto adoleseente. Castor. 

17. A consuetudine criniinandi, yVom^Ae wswcyi«(?cws«^^o?^y i. e., 
the charge of poisoning was not uncommon. 

18. Res, the thing ^ i. e,, Cicero's conjecture. 

23. Hospitalis, the god of hospitality. 
27. De armis celare te ; G. 574, 3, 1). 

30. Inspicere. Supply munera^ implied in quibus te rex munerar^ 
constituerat. See line 8 above. 

32. Dimisit exercitum. Cicero adopts this expression to ridicule 
the absurd charge. 

34. Itaque fecisti, and you did so. 

36. Quum in eonvivio. . .fuisses, when you had feasted affably 
and jovially. — Isti ; for ivisti. 

112 2. Attains. Attains III., King of Pergamus. Livy makes a similar 
statement in regard to Antiochus, King of Syria. Cicero may have mis- 
taken the name. — P. Africannm. See note on alter Africanus^ p. 46, 
Hne 13. 



ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 287 

PAGB 

10. Num quid. Supply factum est. — Ex disciplina, in accord- W2 
ance with the usage. 

16. Acta res criminose est, the thing done furnishes matter for 
an accusation ; Ironical. — Vomere. With epicures, this was the usual 
method of avoiding the effects of an imprudent gratification of the ap- 
petite. 

19. Perduint; G. 239, 3.— Fugitive. Phidippus is meant. 
.24. Ille, Ae, i. e., Deiotarus. 

26. Mitteret. Supply ut eum. 

VIII. — XII. Jieply to the other Allegatio7is against 
Deiotarus, 

34. In speculis, on the watch. — Animo alieno ; G. 428. 

4. Antea ; i. e., before" Caesar deprived him of a part of his realm. 113 

5. Misit, attempted to send. — Caecilium nescio quein, one Cae- 
cilius. Q. Caecilius Bassus, a partisan of Pompey, is meant. 

11. Causam illam, that cause, i. e., the cause of Pompey. 

14. Addit. Castor adds, as a separate charge, that Deiotarus, when 
he aided Caesar against Pharnaces, did not send his best cavalry. 
21. Alexandriae. Alexandria was the capital of Egypt. 

23. Ei quern ... praefeceras. Cn. Domitius. See note on the 
same, p. 110, line 5. 

24. Ad periculum, etc. This refers to the expedition against 
Pharnaces. 

25. Secutum. . . Africanum. This war, which began 47 B. C, was 
brought to a close by Caesar's victory at Thapsus, on the sixth of April 
of the following year. 

30. Nicaeam Ephesumque, to Nicaea and Ephesus ; the former 
a city in Bithynia, the latter in Ionia. 

32. Domitium. Cn. Domitius, mentioned in line 23 as quern Asiae 
praefeceras. The report that he had perished at sea was false. — Te in 
castello. circumsederi. In the winter of 4*7 and 46 B. C, Caesar was 
obliged to intrench himself, and to act only on the defensive. 

33. Eadem sententia ; Abl. of Characteristic ; so also qua. 

35. Pereant, etc. The authorship both of the original Greek and 
of the Latin version is unknown. — Amici. In the application of this 
verse, amid refers to Domitius, and inimici to Caesar. 

1. Qui ; G. 188, 3. 114 

6. rurcifer,^Ae culprit, i. e., Phidippus. Slaves were often com- 
pelled to bear upon their necks the furca, an instrument of punishment 
in the form of the letter Y. 



288 NOTES. 

TAGS 

114 '^. Vino se obruisse, surfeited himself with wine. 

8. Nudum, in his tuniCy i. e., having thrown off his outer garment. 
For the host, or for any of his guests, thus to dance at a feast, was at 
least exceedingly undignified. 

14. Fortem, etc. Supply did. 

20. Equitibus Romauis. The equestrian order, it will be remem- 
bered, included the bankers, the merchants, the farmers of the revenue, 
and, in fine, the business men of the Roman world. 

22. Regium nomen, the title of king, 

23. Quidquid a. . .vacabat, when he was not occupied in. G. 378. 

24. Res rationesque=^rerum rationes, business relations. 

25. Tetrarches, tetrarc\ his oflScial title before the Romans made 
him king. 

27. Qui. The antecedent is the pronoun is. — Adolescens ; G. 
363, 3. 

34. Illam aetatem, his advanced age. — Quibus studiis, ea = ^a; 
studia quibus. 

36. Ut uteretur. Utendi might have been used. 

115 3. Adolescens. Castor. Cicero here takes occasion to rally him a 
little for his ostentatious display of skill in horsemanship. He served 
under Cicero when the latter was Proconsul of Cilicia, in Asia Minor. 

4. Commilito. Cicero and Castor were both with Pompey in 
Greece. 

6. Pater. The father was Castor Saocondarius, who had married 
the daughter of Deiotarus. — Quos concur sus, what crowds^ i. e., of 
spectators. 

13. Ista domus, that family of yours^ addressed to Castor. 

19. Sint inimicitiae, grant that tliere is enmity.^ i. e., between your- 
self and Deiotarus. 

21. Antea ; construe with quam. 

24. Gerere poteratis, non, you might have conducted, and not 

26. Adeone, ut, is it., moreover, to he conceded that. Supply conce- 
datur. 

29. Domum, to your house. G. 379, 3, 1). 

32. A tanta auctoritate, hy so high authority, i. e., by Caesar. 

34. Id, quod intus est. Cicero refers thus contemptuously to the 
slave Pbidippus. 

35. Fit in dominatu, etc., the slave becomes the master, the master 
the slave. 

116 ^* ^^' I^ODaitins. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, tribune cf the peo- 
ple 104 B. C, consul 96 B. C. 

3. M. Scaurum, M. Scaurus Aemilius, consul 115 B. C. — In ju- 



ORATION FOR KLS'G DEIOTARUS. 289 

PAGE 

dicinm populi, to trial before the people. Scaurus was accused of hav- ]_lg 
ing neglected certain religious rites. 

6. Ad Scaurnmque ; G. 602, m. 4. 

12. At, hut^ it may he said. — Semel, o?iIi/ once. — Esset prodnctns, 
lie had been brought forward^ \. e., as a witness. 

14. Cn. Domitium. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, already mentioned. 
See p. 110, line 5. Huiie implies that he is present at the trial. — Ser. 
Sulpicio. SerTius StJpicius Rufus, one of the most learned jurists of 
the age. 

16. T. Torqnato. Who this voung man was is not known. 

20. Domestica immanitate, with the ferocUy characteristic of 
your own horae^ i. e., of a barbarian land in contrast with Rome {iiostrae 
civiiatis). 

22. Quam acute, etc. This is addressed to Caesar. Notice the 
irony. — Blesaniius. One of the ambassadors of Deiotarus. 

25. Statna inter reges posita. By the decree of the senate, 
Caesar's statue was placed among those of the seven kings of Rome. 

26. Plaudi tibi ; G. 301, 1. 

29. Multornm enim. etc. Ironical. 

4. Si locus alfert invidiam. . .clarior. Here Cicero touches \Y] 
the real objection, but answers it only in part. The objection was not so 
much to the statue itself, or to its conspicuous position, as to the fact 
that it stood among the statues of the kings (inter reges). Caesar had 
two statues also upon the Rostra. 

Xm. — XV. Conclusion. 

16. Multatum. Caesar had taken some of the possessions of Dei- 
otarus and given them to his own followers. 

17. Multis tibi. . .tribuenda; i. e., that you must reward your 
numerous followers. MvJtis. Indirect Object ; tibi. Dative of Agent. 

19. Antiochus. Antiochus HI., sumamed the Great. He reigned 
from 223 to 187 B. C. — Rex Asiae. This was his title before he was 
conquered, 190 B. C, by Scipio, and deprived of his possessions west of 
Mount Taurus. He was afterwards called King of Syria. 

20. L. Scipione. Lucius Scipio, the brother of Scipio Africanus 
Major. — Tauro. Mount Taurus, in the southeastern part of Asia 
Minor. 

21. Asiain. quae . . . provincia. See note on Asiam^ p. 61, line 15. 
25. Multam sustulerat, had suffered punishmerd. Jfultam^ and 

not jx^enu?n^ is used, because the punishment consisted m the loss of a 
portion of his empire. 



290 NOTES. 

PAGK 

117 31' Habere in. . .virtute ; i. e., that he has in himself, in his own 
mind and character, a possession which cannot be taken from him. 

36. Asia, Cappadocia. . .Syria. These countries were the scene 
of the bloody wars which the Romans had so long been waging in 
Asia. In this list, Cicero uses the term Asia simply of the Roman prov- 
ince of that name, which did not include Cappadocia, Pontus, Cilicia, and 
Syria. 

118 ^- Summa . . . sola bona. The former was the doctrine of the 
Peripatetics, the latter of the Stoics. 

15. Tarracone, at Tarraco^ a city in Spain. 

21. Res pnblica, public service^ explained by magna ejics officia, . . 
meurrij which refers to the service which Deiotarus rendered Cicero during 
the proconsulship of the latter in Cilicia. 

25. Quibus semel ignotum esse oportet, to whom pardon should 
have been granted once for all, i. e., the pardon which has been granted 
should be valid forever. 

32. Ipsa ; i. e., misericordia tua. 

33. Duos reges. King Deiotarus and his son are meant. See p. 
llT,line26. 

34. Id quod, that influence which, i. e., though he had refused to be 
influenced by anger, he will yield to a feeling of compassion. 

119 3. Sociorum regum et amicorum, of kings who are our allies 
and friends. 

11. Regum amicissimi, most faithful friends of the kings, i. e., 
of these two kings. 

12. Exquire de Blesamio, ascertain in regard to Blesamius, See 
p. 116, lines 22 to 28. 

26. Alterum, alterum, the one, i. e., sententiam. . .pestem impor- 
taturam esse regibus, the other, i.e., sententiam ... famam cum salute 
importaturam, etc.— lUorum, of those men, i. e., of the accusers, Castor 
and Phidippus. 



THE FIEST PHILIPPIC, 

DELIVERED BEFORE THE SENATE, IX THE TEMPLE OF COX- 
CORD, IX THE YEAR 44 B. C. 

IXTEODUCTIOX. 

Caesae Tras assassinated on tlie fifteentli of March, in the 
year 44 B. C. Mark Antony, his colleague in the consulship, at 
once sought safety in concealment, while the conspirators, but 
feebly supported by the people, fled to the capitol for shelter. 
For a time, general constellation prevailed, but a compromise 
Tras speedily effected. On the seventeenth of March the senate 
decreed a general amnesty, appointed a public funeral for Caesar, 
and confirmed all his acts. Quiet was happily restored, but it 
was destined to be of short duration. The funeral oration pro- 
nounced by Antony over the body of Caesar, so wrought upon 
the feelings of the people that, refusing to allow the remains to 
be removed to the Campus Martius, they proceeded to burn them 
with funeral honors in the Forum itself. The wildest excitement 
prevailed ; pai'ty spirit was again aroused. Antony, not yet 
prepared to defy the senate, adopted conciliatory measures, and 
even proposed the abolition of the dictatorship. In the mean 
time, he was carefully maturing his ambitious designs. He was 
already in possession of Caesar's papers, and, professing to carry 
out the measures which he found in them, he began to remit 
taxes, distribute honors, and recall exiles. In all this he was 
supported by his colleague, P. Cornelius Dolabella, who had suc- 
ceeded to the consulship made vacant by the death of Caesar. 

In the mean time, Cicero, in deep despondency, had left Rome. 
The bright visions of the restored republic which gladdened his 
heart on the Ides of March, had forever vanished. For the next 
few months he remained comparatively inactive, and at length 



292 NOTES. 

embarked for Greece by way of Syracuse ; but having been driven 
back by unfavorable winds to Leucopetra, on tbe southern coast 
of Italy, he was informed that favorable tidings had recently been 
received from Eome, that there was a prospect of a complete 
reconciliation of parties, and that the state needed his presence 
and counsel. Accordingly, abandoning his contemplated visit to 
Greece, he hastened to Eome, where he arrived on the thirty- 
first of August. But his expectations were again disappointed. 
Antony, whose power was still unchecked, had summoned the 
senate to meet on the following day, to decree new honors to 
• Caesar's memory. Cicero excused himself from attending, on the 
ground of fatigue and ill health ; but Antony, losing his self-pos- 
session, rose in his place and assailed the absent senator with a 
tirade of abuse. On the following day, the senate was again in 
session, but Antony found it convenient to be absent. Cicero 
was present, and, in the course of the debate, delivered his First 
Philippic* It was a masterly effort. With calm dignity and per- 
fect self-possession, he explained his own course, stated his views 
of the duties of the hour, and exposed the ambitious designs of 
Antony. 



ANALYSIS. 

I. Introduction. I. — ^YI. 
11. Ratification of Caesar's Acts. VII.— X. 
III. Dangers of the Present Policy of the Consuls. XL — XT. 



I. — Yl, Introduction, Cicero explains his recent 3fove- 
ments. He had planned a Journey to Greece^ hut had 
returned to Rome without accomplishing it. He re- 
plies to the Threats of Antony. 

PA.GB 

120 ^- Profectionis et reversionis. See Introduction, p. 291. Re- 
versio is the appropriate word, as Cicero returned without attaining the 
object of his journey. 



* So called from the Philippics of Demostlienes pronounced against Philip of 
Macedon. 



THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 293 

PAGE 

4. Aliquando ; i. e., after the assassination of Caesar on the Ides 120 
of March. 

8. Eo die. This was the seventeenth of March. — Aedem Tellu- 
ris. This was probably situated on the western slope of the Esquiline 
HiU. The senate met in this temple because the senate-house was too 
near the capitol, which was held by the conspirators. 

9. Atheniensium . . . exemplum. The allusion is to the general 
amnesty proclaimed after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants, 403 B. C. 
The Greek word which Cicero is said to have used was afjcprjcrrlay equiva- 
lent to the Latin ohlivio. 

15. Per liberos ==j(9er puerwn. Antony treated with Brutus and 
the other conspirators in the capitol, and sent them his son as a hostage. 

19. Res optimas deferebat, he reported most excellent measures. 
This refers probably to the purport of documents found among Caesar's 
papers. — Nihil turn. . .reperiebatur. Subsequently Antony pretend- 
ed to find many things of a very different character. 

1. Num qui, etc. Num immuiiitates, etc. These inquiries re- 121 
late to the purport of Caesar's papers. — Unum. This was probably 
Sex. Clodius, the unprincipled agent of the notorious Publius Clodius. 

3. Ser. Sulpicio. See note on the same, p. 116, line 14. — Ne qua 
tabula. Laws were engraved upon brazen tablets, which were for a 
time exposed to pubHc view, and then deposited in the treasury. 

8. De qua. . .diximus ; i. e., the proposition was adopted without 
debate. 

16. Quod saepe justum. Originally dictators were appointed 
only in times of great danger. They were invested with almost unlimited 
power, but only for a period of six months. Sulla, in the year 82 B. C, 
was the first to make himself perpetual dictator. 

18. Liberatus. The energetic measures adopted by Antony prom- 
ised peace and security. 

19. Uncus. . .fugitive, etc. Uncus was the hook by which the 
bodies of executed criminals were dragged away and thrown into the 
Tiber. The allusion is to the pretender Amatius, who, claiming to 
be the grandson of C. Marius, Caesar's uncle, attempted to raise a dis- 
turbance, but was put to death by Antony. 

21. Cum collega. P. Cornelius Dolabella became the colleague 
of Antony in the consulship after the death of Caesar. 

23. Abfuisset. Antony was absent from the city during a part of 
April and May. — lis ; i. e., to Antony and Dolabella. 

24. Bustum, a monument ; called in line 30 below columna. 

25. Illam insepultam sepulturam, that irregular burial; refer- 
ring to the burning of Caesar's body, contrary to custom, in the Forum. 



294 NOTES. 

PAGR 

121 32. Ut. . .edixerant. They had called a meeting of the senate. 

33. Nihil per senatum, etc. Supply /m^. Antony procured the 
ratification of his measures by the comitia^ but, according to Cicero, few 
respectable citizens were present. 

34. Consules designati. C. Pansa and A. Hirtius. 

122 ^- Veterani. . .caverat. The senate had assigned lands to these 
veterans in various parts of Italy. 

6. Jus. . .liberum. Dolabella had given him a commission as his 
lieutenant for his province of Syria. He calls it liberum^ because he 
could use it or not at pleasure, at any time within a period of five years. 

T. Kalendis Januariis . . . videbatur. Because upon that day 
the government would be organized under the new consuls. 

11. Brundisium, etc. Brundisium, on the southeastern coast of 
Italy, the usual port of embarkation for Greece, was under the control 
of the partisans of Antony. 

13. Syracusas, to Syracuse ; an important city in Sicily. 

19. Regini. See note on Regini^ p. 49, line 32. 

22. Intempesta nox, late at nighty the dead of night. 

26. Contionem. Of this speech we know only what we can gather 
from this passage. 

28. Edictum Bruti et Cassii. This was probably the farewell 
proclamation w^hich they issued on leaving Italy, Brutus and Cassius, it 
will be remembered, were leading conspirators. 

31. Boni quid, something good^ i. e., some good news. 

33. Rem conventuram, that an arrangement would he effected^ i. e., 
between opposing parties. 

34. Remissis. . .Galliis. Antony endeavored to secure the prov- 
ince of Cisalpine Gaul for himself, although it had been assigned to D. 
Brutus. It was, moreover, at one time reported that he intended also to 
claim Transalpine Gaul. 

J_23 3. Ad tempus ; i. e., in time for the meeting of the senate on the 
first of September. — Sed ne. Supply timebam before ne. 

5. Veliam, to Velia^ a town in Lucania, in Southern Italy. 

7. Ex qua Brutus, etc. Brutus the conspirator was going into 
voluntary exile. 

12. li. Pisonis oratio. Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, advocated the 
authority of the senate. 

13. Id ipsum, this fact itself 

17. Hunc ut sequerer, to support him. 

22. Erga so, towards herself i. e., to the state. Se rather than earn 
is used to give prominence to rei puhlicae^ as if he had said ut res pub- 
lica haberet. 



THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 295 

PAGB 

24. Utriusque consilii =profectionis et reversionis. ]_23 

26. Antonii injuria. This refers to the threats of Antony in con- 
sequence of the absence of Cicero from his place in the senate. See In- 
troduction, p. 291. 

27. Idque me debere esse, and that I ought to he so^ lit., this^ i. e., 
a friend. 

31. Ea res, ut, such a subject that. 

32. Hannibal, Pyrrhi. Hannibal was the celebrated Carthagin- 
ian general with whom the Romans waged the Second Punic War, 219 to 
201 B. C. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, invaded Italy 280 B. C. Observe 
the irony in this passage. 

34. Appium. Appius Claudius persuaded the senate to reject the 
terms proposed by Pyrrhus. 

35. De supplicationibus, etc. When a thanksgiving was decreed 
in honor of a victorious general, senators were ordinarily very ready to 
show their interest in the subject by attending. The proposition of An- 
tony, however, seems to have been that, at all future thanlvsgivings, honor 
should be paid to Caesar as a deified hero. 

1. Pignoribus. The consuls had a right to demand pledges of 124 
senators as security for their attendance. 

6. Cum fabris. . .venturum esse, i. e., for the purpose of demol- 
ishing it. 

10. Publice ; construe with aedificatam. Cicero's house, which was 
destroyed by Clodius, was rebuilt at the public expense. 

12. Quam sententiam dicturus essem. Cicero would, of course, 
have opposed the measure recommended by Antony. 

16. Parentalia, festivals in honor of deceased relatives. 

17. Inexpiabiles religiones, urvpardonahle rites, 

19. Brutus. L. Junius Brutus, who, five hundred years before, 
aided in expelling King Tarquin. He is here represented as the ancestor 
of M. Brutus, Caesar's assassin. 

26. Earn, ut possem, such that I might 

29. Quae partim . . . partim, some of which . . . others. 

1. Ne unus modo, that not one only ; referring to Piso. See p. 123, 125 
line 12. 

9. Quae, malum! est ista, etc., what, the ynischief means that^ 
etc. C 590. 

10. Fuerit quaedam necessaria, some of it may have been com- 
pidsory. It was so of course on the part of the followers of Antony. — 
Hoc, this, i. e., that one should express one's own convictions and main- 
tain the right. 

15. Alium deesse. This depends upon suspicionem. 



396 iSrOTES. 

VII. — X. Cicero favors the Hatification of the Acts of 
Caesar^ but protests against Certain Measures w^ '^ 
Antony professed to have found in the Dictator's , 
vate Papers, 

PAOB 

125 ^^' Sine advocatis, without his assistants ; referring to the sol 
who attended him the day before. 

27. Doceret ; construe, like adesset, with vellem. 
34. Promisit ; i. e., in his menaoranda. 

126 4. Pecunia utinam, etc. The public money in the Temple oi" 
amounted, at the death of Caesar, to almost $30,000,000. Antony took 
possession of this money. The Temple of Ops stood on the Capitohne 
Hill.— Ad Opis ; G. SOY, 1. 

5. Cruenta, blood-stained^ so called because of the manner in which 
it was collected by Caesar. 

10. Gracchi. C. Sempronius Gracchus, who, as tribune for the 
years 123 and 122 B. C, made many reforms in the interest of the peo- 
ple. His laws embodying these reforms are called the Sempronian Laws, 
from Sempronius, as laws and ordinances were usually called after the 
middle name {nomen) of the proposer. — Sullae. L. Cornelius Sulla, the 
well-known Dictator. His measures, embodied in the Cornelian Laws, 
were in the interest of the senate and the aristocracy. 

19. Optima re publica, in the best period of the republic. 

20. Ne praetoriae . . . obtinerentur. This is the purport of one 
of Caesar's own laws, the Julia Lex de Provinciis. Provinces were called 
praetorian or consular, accordingly as they were governed by praetors or 
consuls. ^ 

23. De tertia decuria, in regard to the third decury^ or class ; i. e., 
of judges. The Aurelian Law, YO B. C, established three classes (decu- 
riae) of judges ; one to be selected from senators, one from knights, and 
one from the tribunes of the treasury. Caesar, by his Lex Julia, abol- 
ished the last class, but Antony put in its place a third class consisting 
chiefly of centurions and soldiers. See note on ex dissemione, etc., p. 44, 
line 1 ; also on judices, p. 48, line 1. 

28. Quod, id, but that which. G. 587, III. 4.— Centuriatis co- 
mitiis. See note on centuriis^ p. 60, line 15. 

30. Isti ordini. . .lege Julia, etc. Under those laws, a Roman 
citizen who held the ofiSce of centurion had just as good prospects of an 
appointment as judge, as he would have had if not a centurion, but no 
better. 

31. Julia, Aurelia. See note on de tertia centuria, lino 23 above. 



THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 297 

PAGB 

— Pompeia. The Pompeian Law, passed 55 B. C, imposed a property 126 
qualification ; hence census praefiniehatur. 

34. Qui ordines duxerunt, who have led the companies^ i. e., have 
been centurions. 

1. Quod est lautius. A position in the cavalry was more highly 127 
esteemed than one in the infantry. 

3. Legione Alaudarum. This was one of the legions which 
Caesar raised in Gaul. 

6. liCgis index, the purport of the law, 

10, Sordes, low hirth. 

13. De vi et majestatis, /or violence and treason. G. 410, II, and 
4,3). 

25. Ad earn ipsam vim reverti. The appeal to the people would 
be made for the sole purpose of resisting the authority of the court, and 
of preventing the decision from being put into execution. 

34. Quid est aliud hortari, what is this but exhorting^ lit., to ex- 
hort is what else. 

1. Quid quod obrogatur, etc., ivhat of the fact that a change is 128 
made in, etc. Lat. Comp., 482. Ohrogatur is impersonal; legihus is in 
the Dative. G. 301, 1. 

3. Ei aqua. . .interdici. Practically, this was equivalent to a 
sentence of banishment, which could not be pronounced against a Roman 
citizen except in this indirect manner. 

9. Fixas, published, more literally, posted up ; i. e., in some public 
place. See note on ne qua tabida, p. 121, line 3. 

11. A mortuo; i. e., by Caesar. 

14. Uno auctore. Antony is meant. 

16. Quibus latis ; G. 580.— Eisque ; G. 453, 2. 

21. Ne id quidem, not even this, i. e., to object to them. The peo- 
ple had no opportunity to object to the passage of these laws, as they 
were never proposed for their consideration. 

27. Quas tu. Supply narras, or memoras. 

33. Ilia legitima, those words prescribed by law, referring to the 
words consules populum, etc., the usual preamble in such cases. 

34. Rogaverunt. See note on quae rogatae sunt, p. 10, line 31. 

3. Promulgatis, proposed, not yet enacted, so that the question of 129 
their passage is still an open one {est integrum vobis). 

XL — XV. The Evils and Bangers of the Course which 
the Consuls are pursuing. 
6. Vos, you, i. e., Dolabella and his absent colleague, Antony. 



298 NOTES. 



PAGB 



129 1^- Avorum et avunculi. The allusion is to his paternal grand- 
father, M. Antonius, the orator, consul 99 B. 0. ; to his maternal grand- 
father, L. Julius Caesar, consul 90 B. 0. ; and to his maternal uncle, L. 
Julius Caesar, consul 64 B. C. 

11. Sed eum. . .audio. These words resume the thought inter- 
rupted by the long parenthesis. Eum and audio virtually repeat collegam 
and aiunt. 

14. Proponam jus aequum, / will make a fair proposition. It 
is contained iu the next sentence : -%o si, etc. — Opinor, arbitror. See 
Syn. L. C. 576. 

27. Feremus amici naturam, we will bear with a friend^ s natural 
disposition. 

29. Quod cavebimus. These words are not to be regarded as a 
part of the warning, but as expressing Cicero's intention to guard against 
the danger. 

31. Quam mortis, than that of death^ i. e., the danger or fear of 
death. Cicero seems to intimate that he does not intend to appear in the 
senate in future at the risk of his life. If sickness is a valid excuse for 
absence from the senate, the danger of death is surely no less so. 

130 9- Expiato foro . . . impiorum. Dolabella removed the column 
which had been erected in the Forum in honor of Caesar, and dispersed 
the rabble. See p. 121, lines 24 to 31. 

13. Quo auctore, by whose advice^ lit., whom as an adviser. 

15. Consensum ilium tbeatri, that unanimity of the whole au- 
dience in the theatre^ referring to the applause with which he was greeted 
in the theatre after he had thrown down Caesar's column. 

16. Tibi offensi. Dolabella had made himself very unpopular 
while tribune of the people. 

22. In aede Telluris. See p. 120, lines 9 and 14: also note on 
aedem Telluris, p. 120, line 8.— Non ; G. 346, II. 1, 2). 

25. Senatus. Subject of liberatus est, understood. 

27. Auspiciorum a te, etc. Antony at first attempted to invali- 
date the election of Dolabella by declaring the omens unfavorable. 

29. In Capitolium. The conspirators had taken refuge in the 
capitol. Antony sealed the compact which he made with them by send- 
ing them his own son as a hostage, 

36. Dictaturae nomen sustulisti. See Introduction, p. 291. 

131 2. M. Manlii. This was Marcus Manlius, who saved the capitol 
from the Gauls, 390 B. C, but was afterwards put to death on a charge 
of aiming at royal power. 

3. Manlium Marcum. These names are not to be construed to- 
gether. Manlium is the subject of vocari, Marcum the predicate after it. 



THE FIRST PHILIPFIC. 299 

PACK 

9. Licet qnod. . .loquatur, eroery one may say utiat he pleases^ lit., 131 
what pleases every one. The subject of loquatur is quisque to be supplied 
from cuique. 

12. Domestici. Cicero doubtless refers especially to Antony's 
wife Fulvia, who was notoriously avaricious. 

21. Quod, tkis^ i. e., metui^ et6. Quod is the subject of fuisse. — 
Illi ipsi, to that very one^ i. e., to Atreus, in the tragedy of that name, 
by Attius. 

23. Avum tuum. M. Antonius, the orator. See note on avorum^ 
p. 129, line 10. 

25. Ut metueretur, in such a way as to he feared. 

29. li. Cinnae. L. Cinna, the famous leader of the popular party, 
colleague of Marius in the consulship 86 B. C. 

7. Gladiatoribus, at the gladiatorial contests. Supply significant 132 
from line 10 below. 

8. Statuae ; Dative, depending upon dati^ or some similar word to 
be supplied. 

9. Tribunis plebis. Probably Ti. Canutius and L. Cassius. 

11. Apollinarium ludornm. These games were celebrated on 
the seventh of July, with great pomp and display. Brutus the conspira- 
tor, as praetor urbanus, defrayed the expenses. Cicero represents the 
applause of the people as an approval of the course of the conspirators. 

14. Ipsis. . .non licebat. The leading conspirators had deemed 
it prudent to leave the city. 

16. Attio. The tragic poet, whose Tereus was acted at these 
games. — Sexagesimo post auno ; i. e., sixty years after his tragedy 
was first brought upon the stage. 

17. liUdis suis caruit, wa^ not permitted to attend his oion games. 
Brutus, as praetor urbanus, had charge of these games ; hence ludis suis. 

28. A. Hirtii. A. Hirtius, consul-elect, whose iUness had caused 
great solicitude. 



DICTIOE"ARY. 



For Explanation of References and Abbreviations, see page 136. 



A— AC 



A. Abbr. for Aulus. 

a, ab, abs, prep, withabl. G. 434, 
3. From, away from, on the side of, 
in the direction of, on, in; ab occi- 
dentCy in the west ; from, after ; from, 
by, by means of. 

ab-dico, arey aviy afftnij v. ti\ 
(dtco, to proclaim). To abdicate, 
resign. 

abditus, a, um, part, and adj. 
(abdo). Hidden, concealed. 

ab-do, det^e, dtdi, diturriy v. tr. {do^ 
to place, found only in compounds) . 
To remove, put away; to conceal; 
se ahderej to hide one's self, bury 
one's self. 

ab-diico, ere^ duxi^ diwium, v. tr. 
To lead away, take away, withdraw. 

ab-eo, ire, ii, Uum, v. intr. To 
go away, depart. 

ab-erro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
To go astray, deviate, depart, L. 6. 

ab-horreo, ere, ui, v. intr. {hor- 
reo, to shrink from). To be free 
from, be at variance or discordant 
with, disregard, differ from. 

abii. See abeo. 

ab-jicio, ere, jeci, jeetum, v. tr. 
(Jdcio) . To thrpw away, cast from, 
14 



cast off, cast out, cast down, throw 
down ; to hurl ; to renounce. 

ablatus, a, um, part, from aufero. 

ab-ripio, ere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
(rdpio) . To snatch away,take away by 
violence, tear off or away, carry away. 

abs. See a, 

absconditus, a, um, adj. (abs- 
co7ido, to hide) . Hidden, concealed, 
secret. 

absens, entis, part, {absum). Ab- 
sent, being awa}^ ; at a distance ; illo 
absente, in his absence, iii. C. 7. 

absolutio, dnis,L (ab-solvo). Ac- 
quittal, iii. C. 4. 

abs-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, v. 
tr. To di^aw or di-ag away ; to keep 
aloof; to relieve. 

abstuli. See auflro, 

ab-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To be 
absent or away from; to be distant 
from ; to be beyond the reach of. 

abundantia, ae, f. (abundans, 
from abundo) . Abundance, affluence. 

ab-undo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
{unda, a wave) . To flow over, abound 
in, abound. 

ab-utor, i, usus sum, v. dep. To 
abuse, misuse ; to take advantage of, 
L. 1. 

ac, conj. See atque. 
(301) 



302 



ACCEDO— ADDUCO 



accedo, ere, cessiy cessum, v. intr. 
{ady cedo) . To go near to, approach ; 
to be applied, be added. 

accelero, are, avi, dtuntf v. tr. 
and intr. {ad, celerOy to quicken). 
To hasten ; to make haste, ii. C. 4. 

acceptus, a, um, part, and adj. 
[accipio) . Agreeable, welcome. 

accido, ^re, cidi, v. intr. {ad, 
cddo).. To fall, fall upon; to befall, 
occur, happen. 

accipio, ere^ cepi, ceptunif v. tr. 
{ad, cdpio) . To receive, gain, accept ; 
to attain, get, experience ; to learn. 

accommodatus, «, wm, pai-t. and 
adj. {accommddo). Suitable, fitted. 

acconimodo, are, dvi, dtum, v.tr. 
{ad, commodo, to adjust). To adjust, 
adapt, fit, put on, aiTange, accommo- 
date. 

acciibo, are, ui, Uum, v. intr. {ad, 
cuho, to lie). To lie near; to recline, 
ii. C. 5. 

accumbo, ere, cubui, cilhttum, v. 
mtv,. {ad, cumho, obs., to lie). To re- 
cline at table, dine, D. 6. 

accurate, adv. {aceurdtus, accu- 
rate, exact) . Accurately, with care, 
carefully. 

accusatio, wiis, f. {accuso). A 
charge, accusation. 

accusator, oris, m. {accuso). An 
accuser, L. 1. 

accuso, are, dvi, alum, v. tr. {ad, 
causa) . To accuse, blame, reproach, 
censure, find fault with. 

acer, dcris, dcre, adj. Sharp, keen, 
pungent; disagreeable, violent, se- 
vere; active, energetic. 

acerbe, adv. {acerbus). Houghly, 
bitterly, harshly, cruelly, sharply. 

acerbitas, dtis, f. {acerbus). 
Harshness, sour or disagreeable taste ; 
severity, rigor, unkindness; bitter- 
ness ; sorrow, trouble, calamity, hard- 
ship, bitter fate. 

acerbus, a, um, adj. Sour, disa- 
greeable ; bitter, severe, hard. 

acervus, i, m. A heap, pile, 
collection. 



Achaia, ae, f. A countiy in the 
northern part of the Peloponnesus ; 
the Peloponnesus, M. L. 12. 

Achilles, is, m. The hero of the 
Iliad of Homer, A. 10. 

acies, ei, f. An edge ; a line of 
battle, array ; a battle. 

acquiesco, ere, qiiievi, qidetiim^ 
V. intr. {ad, quiesco). To repose, 
rest, D. 2. 

acquiro, ere, quisivi, qulsitum, v. 
tr. {ad, quaere). To procure, get, 
obtain, acquire, add. 

acriter, dcrius, dcerrtme, adv. 
{deer) . Sharply, vigorouslj", eagerly, 
violently, courageously, zealously, 
vigilantly. 

acroama, dtis, n. (a Greek word). 
Anything heard, an entertainment, 
as music or reading, A. 9. 

actio, onis, f. {ago) . A pleading, 
management of a suit, D. 2. 

actum, i, n. {ago). A transac- 
tion, measure, act, P. 7. 

actus, a, um, pait. from dgo. 

actus, us, m. {ago). An act, ac- 
tion, M. 9. 

acuo, ere, dcui, utum, v. tr. To 
shai-pen, incite, L. 4. 

acute, adv. {dcutus, sharp) . Acute- 
ly, sagaciously, D. 12. 

ad, prep, with accus. I. Of space : 
to, towards, in the direction of, in, at, 
near, among, at the house of. II. Of 
TIME : towards, to, till, at ; ad tem- 
pus, in time, P. 4. III. Of other 
RELATIONS : 1) With numerals : to- 
wards, about. 2) Of purpose: to, 
for; ad deponendam audaciam, i. C. 
2. 3) In respect to, for, in, according 
to, as to, in point of, after, in con- 
formity with. 

ad-aequo, are, dvi, dtu7n, v. tr. 
{aequo, to make equal). To make 
equal. 

ad -do, ere, dldi, dUum, v. tr. {do, 
to place, found only in compounds). 
To add, join to. 

ad-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
To lead or conduct to, bring, convey 



ADEMI— ADVENTICIUS 



303 



to, draw towards; to induce, lead, 
influence. 

ademi. Se ddimo, 

ad-eo, irej ii, Uum, v. tr. and inti*. 
To go to, approach; to enter upon; 
to visit. 

ad-eo, adv. To that point, so far, 
to such a degree, so much ; even. 

adeps, ipisj m. and f. Fat, cor- 
pulence, iii. C. 7. 

adeptus, a, wn^ part, from ddipis- 
cor. 

ad-hibeo, ere, ni, itum, v. ti-. 
(hdbeo). To bring to, summon, in- 
vite, admit, receive, bring, call in ; to 
use, employ ; to furnish. 

ad-hortor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
To encourage, incite, exhort, urge. 

ad-huc, adv. Up to this time, 
hitherto, thus far, as yet, still. 

adii. See ddeo. 

ad-inio, ere, emi, empium, v. tr. 
{e?no, to acquire). To take away, 
deprive of, remove. 

ad-ipiscor, i, eptus sum, v. dep. 
(dpiscor, to seize). To obtain, get, 
acquire, secure, attain. 

ad ire. See ddeo. 

aditus, us, m. (ddeo). An ap- 
proach, avenue, step; access, admit- 
tance ; permission to approach, right 
of access or inter\^iew. 

adjumeiitum, i, n. (adJUvo). 
Help, aid, assistance, support, M.L. 24. 

ad-jungo, ere,junxi, junctum, v. 
tr. To join to, add, grant, bind to, 
annex, unite. 

adjutor, om, m. (a«?/iSco). Help- 
er, aid, assistant. 

ad-juvo, are, juvi, jvtitm, v. tr. 
To help, assist, aid; to avail, profit, 
be of use. 

ad-minister, tri, m. {minister, a 
servant). A seiwant, assistant, at- 
tendant. 

ad-ministra, ae, f. {ministra, a 
maid-seiwant) . A handmaid, maid- 
servant, assistant, M. L. 13. 

ad-ministro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{ministro, to seiwe). To be at hand, 



assist, seiwe ; to take in hand, man- 
age, guide, direct, administer. 

admirabilis, e, adj. {admiror). 
Wonderful, remarkable, admirable. 

admirandus, a, urn, adj. {admi- 
ror). Admirable, wondeiiul. 

admiratio, dnis, f. {cvdmiror). 
Admiration, A. 3. 

ad-miror, dri, dtus su?n, v. dep. 
To wonder at, admire. 

ad-mitto, ere, misi, missiim, v. tr. 
To admit, allow. 

ad-moneo, ere, ui, Uum, v. tr. 
To admonish, warn, advise; to re- 
mind, suggest ; to urge. 

admonitu, m., only in abl. sing. 
{admoneo). At the advice, sugges- 
tion, admonition, exhortation. 

admurmiiratio, dnis, f. {admitr- 
iniiro, to murmur at). A murmuring. 

adolesceiis, e7itis, m. {adolesco). 
A youth, young man. 

adolesceutia, ae, f. {adolescens) . 
Youthful age, youth. 

addleseentiilus, i, m. G. 315, 1. 
{adoUscens) . A very young man. 

adolesco, ere, died, uUum, v. intr. 
incep. {adoleo, to increase). To grow 
up, come to maturity. 

ad-orno, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
furnish, supply, M. L. 12. 

ad-scisco, ere, scivi, scitum, v. tr. 
{scisco, to seek to know). To take, 
receive, admit, join to. 

ad-scribo. See ascriho. 

ad-sisto, ere, stUi, v. intr. {sisto, 
to stand) . To stand by or near, be 
present. 

ad-sto, are, stiti, stdtum or stXtiim, 
v. intr. To stand at, by, or near, be 
present at, A. 10. 

ad-snm, esse,adfui ovaffui, v. intr. 
To be present or at hand ; to aid, as- 
sist. 

adulter, eri, m. An adulterer, 

adultus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{ddolesco). Mature, ripe, fully de- 
veloped, i. C. 12. 

adventicius, a, um, adj. {adven- 
ttis). Foreign, M. L. 9. 



304 



ADVENTUS—AFFLIGO 



adveiitus, usy m. {advenioy to ar- 
rive). Arrival, approach, coming. 

adversarius, n', m. {adversus). 
An opponent, adversary, enemy. 

adverser, ariy atus sum, v. dep. 
{adversus). To resist, oppose, with- 
stand, P. 15. 

adversus, a, imiy part, and adj. 
(adverto). Turned to, opposite, over 
against; unfavorable; res adversae, 
unfavorable circumstances, adversity. 

adversus, prep, with ace. {ad- 
verto). Against, opposite to. 

ad-vesperascit, ere^ vesperdvity 
V. imper. (vesperascoy to become 
evening). Evening or twilight is 
coming on, it is growing dark, iii.C. 2. 

advocatus, i, m. (ad-voco). An 
assistant, P. 7. 

aedes, ^5, f. A temple, ii. C. 6 ; 
pLy a house. 

aedificium,n, n. {aedifico). An 
edifice, building. 

aedifico, arCy aviy afumy v. tr. 
{aedes y fdcio) . To build, construct, 
make. 

Aes^aeus, a, wm, adj. Aegean ; 
Aegaeuin mare., the Aegean Sea, the 
part of the Mediterranean between 
Greece and Asia Minor, M. L. 18. 

aeger, gray grumy adj. Sick, in- 
disposed, feeblcj suffering, faint. 

aegre, aegriusy aegerrimey adv. 
{aeger) . With difficulty ; ill. 

aegrotus, a, wm, adj. {aeger). 
Sick, ill. 

Aegyptus, ^, f. Egypt, L. 3. 

Aemilius, ii. m. M. Aemilius 
Scaurus, a statesman and orator, A. 3. 

aemulus, e, m. One who vies 
with another, a rival, M. 1. 

aeneus, a, wm, adj. {aes). Bra- 
zen, bronze, D. 7. 

aequalitas, atisy f. {aequdlisy 
equal). Equality, L. 12. 

aeque, adv. {aeguus). Equally; 
aeque acy in the same manner as, iii. 
C. 12. 

aequitas, dtis,i. {aeguus). Equal- 
ity; justice, equity, impartiality. 



aequus, a, um, adj. Even, level; 
favorable, suitable ; equal, like ; just, 
right, honorable, reasonable; calm, 
composed; aegims animus, equa- 
nimity. 

aerarium, m, n. {aerarius) . The 
treasury, ii. C. 11. 

aerarius, a, ««m, adj. {aes). Re- 
lating to the treasury, of the treasury. 

aerumna, aey f. Trouble, suffer- 
ing, distress, iv. C. 4. 

aes, aei^isy n. Brass, copper ; aeray 
brazen tablets, iii. C. 8; money, as 
the first Roman coins were made of 
copper ; aes alienumy debt. 

aestas, dtisy f. Summer. 

aestus, usy m. Heat, burning heat. 

aetas, dtiSy f. {aevumy age). Pe- 
riod of life, age ; old age. 

aeternitas, dtiSy f. {aeternus). 
Eternity, M. 9. 

aeternus, a, wm, adj. {aevuniy 
age) . Everlasting, eternal, perpetual, 

Aetoli, orurriy m. pi. The Aetoli- 
ans, inhabitants of Aetolia, a country 
in Centi-al Greece, A. 11 ; M. L. 6. 

affero, ferre, attuliy alldtumy v. tr. 
{ady fero). To bring to, apply, im- 
part, offer, present, add; to con- 
tribute, afford; to occasion, cause, 
effect, produce. 

aff icio, erey feci, fectumy v. ti\ 
{ady fdcio). To affect, influence, 
treat, visit ; poendy suppliciOy to pun- 
ish. 

affigo, erByfixiy fixunty v. tr. {ady 
fig 6). To fix, fasten upon, attach to. 

affiugo, ersy finxiy fictuiriy v. tr. 
{ady fingo). To assert falsely, add 
falsely; to add. 

affiiiis. By adj. {ady finis). Con- 
nected, related; concerned in, con- 
nected with, iv. C. 3. 

affirmo, drCy dviy dtumy v. tr. {ady 
fir mo) . To afiirm, assert, M. 2. 

afllicto, drey dviy dtuniy v. tr. freq. 
{affligo). To agitate, toss, trouble, 
vex, afllict. 

affligo, erCy flixiy fiictumy v. tr. 
{ady fligoy to strike). To strike or 



AITLUENS— ALIUS 



305 



dash against ; to cast down, prostrate, 
afflict. 

affluens, entis^ adj. {affliio, to 
abound). Abounding, rich in, A. 3. 

Africa, ae, f. Africa. 

Africanus, a, «<m, adj. {Africa). 
African ; hellimx Africanum, the Af- 
rican War in which Pompey con- 
quered the remnant of the Marian 
faction in Numidia, 81 b. c, M. L. 10 ; 
the war between Caesar and the par- 
tisans of Pompey in Africa, 47 B. c, 
D. 9. 

Africanus, t, m. A cognomen of 
two of the Scipios, iv. C. 10; A. 7; 
A. 9 ; D. 7. See Scipio. 

age, interj. (imperat. of ago). 
Come ! M. L. 14. 

ager, gri^ m. Land, territory, 
field, country, district; agriy pi., the 
country. 

aggrego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{ady grex). To collect, assemble. 

agito, d?'e, dviy dtum, v. tr. freq. 
{ago) . To put in motion, drive ; to 
disturb, excite ; to agitate, discuss. 

agnosco, ere, noviy nitum, v. tr. 
{ady gnosco = nosco) . To recognize, 
i. C. 7. 

ago, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. I. To 
put in motion, drive. 1. To drive 
away, carry off, convey away. 2. To 
drive before one's self, pursue. II. 
To pursue a course of action. 1. To 
express, state ; gratiaSy to give thanks. 

2. To perform, accomplish, manage, 
pursue, transact, do ; id agere ut, to 
attempt to ; res agitur, a case is tried. 

3. To plead, discuss. 4. To pass, 
spend. Agiy pass, to be at stake, M. 
L. 2. Intr.y to act, proceed. 

agrarius, a, wm, adj. {dger). Re- 
lating to lands, agrarian ; dgrdrii, m. 
pL, the supporters of the agrarian 
laws, which related to the division of 
the public lands. 

agrestis, e, adj. {dger). Rustic. 

agricola, ae, m. {dger, colo). A 
farmer, husbandman, D. 9. 

Ahala, ae, m. C. Sei-vilius Ahala, 



master of the horse under the dicta- 
tor Cincinnatus, i. C. 1. 

aio, V. tr. def. G. 297, II. 1. To 
say. 

alacritas, dtis, f. (a/acer, lively) . 
Liveliness, ardor, zeal, eagerness, 
promptness. 

Alaudae, aruniy f. pi. The Alau- 
dae, the name of a legion raised by 
Caesar in Gaul, P. 8. 

alea, ae, f. A game of dice, gam- 
ing, gambling, ii. C. 5. 

aleator, oris, m. {alea). A gam- 
bler, gamester, ii. C. 10. 

Alexander, dri, m. Alexander 
the Great, King of Macedonia and 
conqueror of the world, A. 10. 

Alexandria, ae, f. {Alexander). 
Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, 

Alexaridrinas, a, urn, adj. {Al- 
exandria). Alexandrian; bellmn Al- 
exandrinum, the war between Caesar 
and the Alexandrians, D. 5. 

alieuigena, ae, m. adj. and subs. 
{alienus, gigno, to beget) . Of foreign 
birth, foreign ; a foreigner. 

alienus, a, wm, adj. {dims). Be- 
longing to another, foreign to, averse ; 
aes aliemim, debt; unfavorable, un- 
friendly; dlienus, i, m., a stranger, 
foreigner, A. 9. 

aliquando, adv. («^%m5). Some 
time or other, at some time, at length. 

aliquanto, adv. {alius, qziantus)., 
A little, somewhat. 

aliquis or aliqni, qua, quid or 
quod, pron. indef. {alius, quis) . Some 
one, any one, some, any, anything. 

aliquo, adv. {aliquis). To some 
place, somewhere, i. C 7. 

aliquot, indef. num. indecl. {alius, 
quot) . Some, several, a few. 

aliter, adv. {alius). Otherwise, 
in a different manner. 

aliunde, adv. {alius, unde). From 
some other source, from another per- 
son, place, or thing, L. 1. 

alius, a, ud, adj. G. 151. Other, 
another; alius . . . alius, one ... 



306 



ALLATUS-ANIMADYERSIO 



another ; alii . . . aliiy some . . . oth- 
ers. 

allatus, a, urrty part, from affero. 

allicio, ere, lexi^ lectum^ v. tr. 
{ady IdciOf to entice). To attract, al- 
lure, entice. 

Allobroges, w?n, m. (sing. Al- 
lohrox, ogis). A people of Gaul, 
iii. C. 2. 

alo, ere, dlui^ dlUum, and altxim^ 
V. tr. To nourish, support, sustain, 
maintain, foster, confirm. 

Alpes, twm, f. pi. The Alps. 

altaria, ^wm, n. pi. (alius). An 
altar, i. C. 9. 

alter, era, emm, adj. G. 151. One 
of two, the other ; alter . . . alter, the 
one . . . the other; aUeri . . . alteri, 
the one party . . . the other ; the sec- 
ond. 

alterniis, a, um, adj. (aUe?-) . One 
after another, by turns, alternate. 

alter-iiter, alter fitra or aUerautray 
altirutritm or alferUmiUrumy adj. G. 
151, 4. {uter^ which of two). One of 
two ; in alterutro, on one side or the 
other, M. 7. 

altus, CT, uniy adj. {dlo). High, 
tall, lofty. 

alveolus, i, m. G. 315, 2. {alvetis, 
a hollow). A gaming-board. 

amans, antis, part, and adj. 
(dmo). Loving, fond of, attached 
to, devoted to. 

ambo, ae, o, num. adj. G. 175, 2. 
Both. 

amens, e7itis, adj. (a, mens). 
Mad, frantic. 

amentia, ae, f. (amens). Mad- 
ness, folly, want of reason. 

amicio, ire, ^ew^ or ixi, ictumy v. 
tr. (aw, around, jdcio). To throw 
around, to clothe, ii. C. 10. 

amicitia, oe, f. (amicus). Friend- 
ship, alliance. 

amictus, «, iim, part, from am- 
icio. 

amicus, a, t«m, adj. (amo) . Friend- 
ly, well-disposed; dmicuSy e, m., a 
friend, an ally. 



Amisus, i, f. A city of Pontus 
on the Euxine, M. L. 8. »-« 

a-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
To send away, dismiss; to lose, let 
pass ; to ruin, M. L. 7. 

amo, are, dvi, dtu?n, v. tr. To 
love. 

amoenitas, dtisy f. (amoenusy 
pleasant). Pleasantness, agreeable 
scenery, M. L. 14. 

amor, orisy m. (dmo). Love, af- 
fection. 

ample, adv. (amplus). Abun- 
dantly, copiously, generously; am- 
pliusy comp., further, more. 

amplector, ^, plexus sum, v. dep. 
(aniy around, plectOy to bend). To 
embrace, hold, include, iv.C. 2. 

amplifico, are, dvi, dttim, v. tr. 
(amplus, fdcio). To enlarge, ex- 
tend, increase. 

amplitudo, tnis, f. (amplus). 
Size, greatness, dignity, grandeur, 
consequence, advancement. 

amplus, a, um, adj. (am, around, 
pleOy to fill). Of large extent, great, 
spacious; abundant, ample; mag- 
nificent, noble, illustrious, renowned, 
honorable, dignified. 

an, conj. Whether, or. G. 346, 

n. 2. 

anceps, ctpUis, adj., (an = amby 
two, double, caput). Having two 
heads ; double, twofold ; doubtful. 

ango, Srcy anxiy v. tr. To vox, 
distress, A. 11. 

angulus, ^■, m. Corner, angle, 
nook. 

angustiae, drumy f. pi. (angus- 
tus). Narrow space, defile, narrow- 
ness, narrow limits. 

august us, a, umy adj. (ango). 
Narrow, strait, contracted, resti-icted. 

anhelo, drCy dvi, dtum, v. tr. and 
intr..(am, around, hdlOy to breathe). 
To breathe forth, ii. C. 1; to pant, 
gasp. 

anlma, ae, f. Breath ; life, exist- 
ence ; the soul, spirit. 

animadversio, oiiisy L (animad- 



ANIMADVEKTO— ARBITROR 



307 



Verio). The act of noticing; chas- 
tisement, ■*i^ni3hinent, iv. C. 6; P. 2. 

animadverto, ere, verti, versum, 
V. tr. {anitnus, ady verto). To turn 
one's attention to, attend, take heed, 
notice, observe, perceive ; to punish. 

animus, ^, m. The mind, soul, 
intellect ; the attention ; the thoughts, 
imagination, will, purpose, desire, 
design; animum inducer e^ to deter- 
mine, i. C. 9 ; inclination, disposition ; 
regard, affection; feeling, anger, 
courage, spirit. 

an-ne, conj. Or, M. L. 19. 

Aniiius, w, m. The name of a 
Boman gens^ iii. C. 6 ; see Chilo. 

annoiia, ae, f. (annus). The 
produce of the year, corn, provisions. 

annuo, ere, nui, v. intr. {ad, nuo, 
to nod). To nod assent ; to assent. 

annas, i, m. A year. 

ante. I. Prep, with accus. Before, 
BOTH OF SPACE AND TIME ; ante diem^ 
see note on p. 3, 1. 16. II. Adv. 
Before, in advance ; previously, ago. 

antea, adv. (an^e, is). Formerly, 
before. 

ante-cello, ere, v. intr. {cello, to 
urge). To surpass, excel. 

S-wte-fevo, f err e, tali, latum, y. tr. 
To bear before, place before, prefer. 

ante-lucanus, a, um, adj. {lux). 
Continued until daybreak, prolonged 
till morning, ii. C. 10. 

ante-pono, ere^ pdsui, pdsUmnf 
V. tr. To place before, give the pref- 
erence to, prefer. 

ante-qnam, conj. Sooner than, 
before. 

Antigonus, i, ra. Antigonus, an 
ambassador of Deiotarus, D. 15. 

Antiochia, ae, f. {Antiochus). 
Antioch, an important city of Syria. 

Antiochus, ?', m. Antiochus, sur- 
named the Great, King of Syria, 223 
to 187 b. c, M. L. 6;'d. 13. 

antiquitas, atis^ f. {antiquus). 
The past, antiquity, M. L. 10. 

antiquus, a, um, adj. {a?ite) . An- 
cient, old, olden- 



Antonius, ii, m. M. Antonius, 
Mark Antony, the distinguished tri- 
umvir and enemy of Cicero ; see the 
First Philippic. 

aperio, ire, perui, pertwn, v. tr. 
To open. 

aperte, adv. (apertus). Openly, 
publicly. 

apertus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{aperio). Open, exposed, uncovered, 
naked, undisguised. 

Apollinaris, e, adj. (Apollo). 
Apollinarian, in honor of Apollo. 

apparatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{appd7'o) . Prepared ; magnificent, 
sumptuous, ii. C. 9; P. 15- 

apparo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. (ad, 
paro). To prepare, make ready, put 
in order. 

appello, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad^ 
pello). To accost, address; to name, 
call. 

Appenninus,^, ni. TheApennine 
range of mountains, the Apennines, 
ii. C. 10. 

appetens, entis, adj. (ad-peto)^ 
Desirous, eager for, M. L. 3. 

Appius, ii, m. A Boman prac- 
nomen, A. 5 ; P. 5. 

Appius, a, um, adj. (Appius). 
Appian ; Appia via, the Appian Way, 
extending from Rome to Brundisium, 
M. L. 18. 

approbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(ad, probo). To approve, commend. 

appropinquo, are, avi, atum, v. 
intr. (ad, propinquo, to approach) - 
To approach, draw near. 

aptus, a, um, adj. (obsol. dpo, to 
seize). Fit for, suitable, adapted. 

apud, prep, with ace. At, by, 
near, before, in the presence of; with, 
among, at the house of. 

Apulia, ae, f. A country in 
Southern Italy. 

aqua, ae, f. Water. 

aquila, ««, f. The eagle, the 
standard of the Boman legiOn. 

ara, ae, f. An altar. 

arbitror, ariy atus sum, v. dep. 



308 



ARCEO-ATTALUS 



{arbiter y a judge) . To judge, think, 
consider. 

arceo, ere, cui, v. tr. To keep 
off; to hinder. 

arcesso, ere, cessiviy cessitum, v. 
tr.. To cause to approach; to call, 
send for, summon, invite. 

Archias, ae, m. A. Licinias Ar- 
chias ; see Introduction to the Oration 
for Archias. 

ardeo, ere, arsiy arsuniy v. intr. 
To burn, be on fire ; to be inflamed, 
be excited, burn. 

ardor, ori5, m. {ardeo). A glow- 
ing, brightness, iii. C. 8; heat, ex- 
citement. 

argenteus,a, iiniy adj. {argentuni) . 
Of silver, silver, i. C. 9. 

argentunij i, n. Silver; silver 
ware. 

argumeiitum, i, n. (arguo). An 
argument, proof. 

arguo, ere, wz, utuMy v. tr. To 
accuse, charge. 

Ariobarzanes^ isy m. A king of 
Cappadocia, M. L. 2. 

arma, drurriy n. pi. Arms, wea- 
pons; war. 

Armenius, ii, m. {Armejiia), 
An Armenian, an inhabitant of Ar- 
menia in Asia, A. 9. 

armo, are^ avi, atum, v. tr. To 
arm, equip ; of shins : to fit out, fur- 
nish. 

arripio, ere, ripuiy reptuniy v. tr. 
{ad, rdpio). To seize, lay hold of. 

arroganter, adv. {arrdgans, arro- 
gant). Arrogantly, insolently. 

ars, artisy f. Skill, art, faculty; 
science, knowledge, method; qual- 
ity, M. L. 13. 

artifex, ^e^s, m. and f. {arsy fa- 
cio). An artist, A. 5. 

arx, arcisy f. {arceo) » A fortified 
heio;-ht; a citadel, fortress, strong- 
hold. 

ascendo, ere, diy suniy v. intr. 
{ady scandoy to climb). To ascend, 
go up, mount. 

ascribo, ereypsiyptumy v. ti\ {ady 



scriho). To enroll, A. 4; to assign, 
ascribe, M. L. 19. '^ 

Asia, ae, f. Asia ; Asia Minor ; 
sometimes including Syria, A. 3; the 
Roman province in Asia, embracing 
the western part of Asia Minor. 

Asiaticus, «, uruy adj. {Asia), 
Asiatic ; helium Asiaticuniy the Mith- 
ridatic War, M. L. T. 

aspectns, usy m. {aspieio). The 
sight; the appearance, looks, pres- 
ence, countenance. 

aspicio, erCy spexiy spectum, v. tr, 
{ad, speciOy to look) . To look upon, 
behold, look at. 

assentio, ire, sensi, sensuniy v.intn 

assenlior, hi, sensus suiyiy v. dep. 
{ady sentio) .* To assent, give assent, 
approve. 

assequor, i, secutus suniy v. dep. 
{ady sequor). To overtake, seciu'e, 
attain ; to accomplish. 

asservo, are, avi, atuniy v. tr. {ady 
servo). To keep, preserve. 

assideo, ere, sedi, sessurriy v. intr. 
{ady sedeOy to sit). To sit by or near, 
sit, sit down, i. C. 7. 

assidue, adv. {assidimsy from as- 
sideo). Constantly, continually. 

assiduitas, atisy f. {assiduus, from 
assideo). Continuance, unremitted 
exertion, perseverance, M. L. 8 ; con- 
stant attendance, or attention, D. 15. 

assuefacio, ere, feciy facturriy v. 
tr. {assuescOy to accustom, facto). 
To accustom, inure, habituate. 

at, conj. But, 3'^et, still ; butatleast. 

Atheiiae, druniy f. pi. Athens. 

Atheiiienses, iurriy m. pi. {Athe- 
nae). The Athenians, P. 1. 

atque or ac, conj. G. 587, I. 3. 
{ady que) . And, and also, and espe- 
cially ; in comparisons : than, from, 
as ; aliter aCy otherwise than. 

atrocitas, atisy f. {dtrox). Fierce- 
ness, atrocity, cruelty, iv. C. 6. 

atrox, ocisy adj. Terrible, cruel, 
horrible, atrocious. 

Attalus, ^, m. Attains III., King 
of Pergamus, D. 7* 



ATTENDO — BALNEUM 



309 



atteiido, ere, teiidi, tentum, v. tr. 
{ady tendo). To attend to, obsei-ve, 
consider. 

attenuo, are, dvi, atiim, v. tr. {ad, 
tenuOy from tenuis). To reduce, les- 
sen, diminish, M. L. 11. 

attiugo, ere, tlgi, tactum, v. tr. 
(ad, tango) . To touch, come in con- 
tact with ; to arrive at, reach, attain ; 
to attempt. 

Attius, a, ra. L. Attius, a Roman 
tragic poet, born 170 b. c, A. 11 ; 
P. Attius Varus, a praetor in Africa 
during the war betw^een Caesar and 
Pompey, L. 1. 

attribuo, ere, id, iltutn, v. tr. (ad, 
iribuo). To attribute, assign, bestow ; 
to give in charge, appoint over. 

attiili. See affero. 

auctio, dnis, f. (augeo) . A public 
sale, auction, D. 5. 

auction arius, a, tim, adj. (auc- 
tio). Pertaining to an auction, of the 
auction, ii. C. 8. 

auctiouor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(auctio). To put up property at 
public sale, sell one's property at 
auction, D. 9. 

auctor, oris, m. (augeo) . Creator, 
author, maker, producer, inventor, 
originator; leader, director; promo- 
ter, approver, adviser, counsellor. 

auctoritas, atis, f. (auctor). Au- 
thority, power, influence; standing, 
reputation, dignity ; authorization, 
command, order, will. 

auctus, a, ton, part, from augeo. 

andacia, ae, f. (audax). Bold- 
ness, daring; insolence, audacity, 
presumption. 

audax, ac2S, adj. (audeo). Daring, 
bold, audacious, ii. C. 5. 

audeo, ere, ausus sum, v. semi- 
dep. To dare, venture ; to undertake, 
attempt. 

audio, ire, ivi or ii, itu?n, v. tr. 
To hear, listen to, perceive ; to hear 
of; to obey, give heed to ; dicto audi- 
ens, obedient to. 

aufero,/e/7'e, abstulif ahlatum,Y. 



tr. (ab, fero) . To carry off, sweep 
away, destroy. 

au^eo, ere, auxi, auctum, v. tr. 
To increase, enlarge, augment; to 
enrich, advance, promote. 

augur, uris, m. and f. An augur, 
diviner, soothsayer, P. 13. 

Aulus, z, m. A Roman praeno- 
men. 

Aurelius, a, um, adj. (Aurelius, 
name of a Roman gens) . Aurelian ; 
Aurelia via, the Aurelian Way, ex- 
tending from Rome to Pisa, ii. C. 4 ; 
leges Aureliae, laws with reference 
to the judiciary, proposed by L. Au- 
relius Cotta, P. 8. 

auris, is, f. The ear. 

aurum, i, n. Gold, M. L. 9. 

auspicium, ii, n. (auspex, a di- 
viner) . Auspice, sign, omen, i. C. 13. 

auster, tri, m. The south wind. 

aut, conj. Or; atd . . . aut, either 
. . . or. G. 587, II. 2. 

auteni, conj. But; moreover. 

auxiliuni, ii, n. (augeo). Help, 
aid, assistance; remedy, resource, 
refuo;-e, support ; pi., auxiliary troops. 

avaritia, ae, f. (avdrus, avari- 
cious). Avarice, covetousness. 

avers us, a, um, part, and adj. 
(a-verto) . Turned away ; averse, dis- 
inclined. 

avidus, a, um, adj. (dveo, to long 
for). Greedy, eager, desirous, M.L.3. 

avitus, a, um, adj. (dvus). - Of, 
belonging to, or derived from a grand- 
father, ancestral. 

a-voco, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
call away, withdraw, remove, A. 6. 

avunculus, i, m. (dvus). A moth- 
er's brother, maternal uncle, uncle. 

avus, i, m. A grandfather. 



B. 

bacchor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
(Bacchus) . To revel, i. C. 10 ; iv.C.6. 

balneum, i, n., pi. balnea, drum, 
n., or balneae, drwn, f. A bath, D. 6. 



510 



BABBAKIA— CAECUS 



barbaria, «e, f. {barhdms). A 
foreign couiitiy ; a savage, barbarous 
nation, iii. C. 10. 

barbarus, a, U7ny adj. Foreign, 
strange; barbarous, -Nvild, savage, 
uncivilized; harbdruSy e, m., a for- 
eigner. 

barbatus, «, wm, adj. (harba, 
beard). Bearded, ii. C. 10. 

beate, adv. (bedius). Happily. 

beatus, a, z^m, adj. (6eo, to bless). 
Happy ; prosperous, opulent, wealthy, 
rich. 

bellicosus, a, um, adj. {belllciis). 
AVarlike, fierce in war. 

bellicus, «, uniy adj. {helium). 
Of or pertaining to Avar, warlike. 

bello, are, dvi^ atiiin^ v. intr. {bcl- 
lum). To wage or carry on war. 

bellum, iy h. {duellum^ from dud). 
War, warfare. 

bene, mSliuSj optime, adv. {bonus). 
^yell, rightly, favorably, happily, suc- 
cessfully. 

beiieficium, ^7, n. {beneficus) . 
Kindness, favor, good deed, benefit, 
service. 

beiie-ficus, «, timy adj. {fdclo). 
Generous, liberal, beneficent, D. 9. 

benevoleiitia, ae^ f. {benevdlensy 
from bene, volo). Friendly disposi- 
tion, good will, inclination, friend- 
ship, affection; gratitude. 

benigne, adv. {benignus, kind). 
In a friendly manner, kindly, D. 13. 

beni§fiiitas, dtisy f. {benignusy 
kind). Kindness, benignity, iv. C. 9. 

bestia, ae, f. A beast, A. 8. 

bibo, ere, bibi, v. tr. To drink. 

bieniiiiini, iiy n. {bisj anmis). 
The space of two years, two years. 

biiii, ae, rt, num. distrib. {bis). 
Two by two, two each, two. 

bipartito, adv. {blsy pars). In 
two divisions, in two parties. 

bis, num. adv. {duis, from duo). 
Twice. 

Bithynia, «e, f. A district of 
Asia Minor south of the Euxinc. 



Blesamius, ii, m. An ambassa- 
dor of Deiotarus, D. 12. 

Blucium, iiy n. The name of a 
castle of Deiotarus, D. 7. 

boiiitas, atisy f. {bonus). Good- 
ness, excellence. 

boiium, iy n. {bonus). A good 
thing, benefit, advantage, good en- 
dowment; bonay drumy n. pi., prop- 
erty, goods. 

bonus, a, touy meliory optimus, adj. 
Good, excellent, sound. 

Bosporanus, i, m. {Bosporus). 
A dweller on the Cimmerian Bospo- 
rus, between the Black Sea and the 
Azof, M. L. 4. 

brevis, e, adj. Short, brief, of 
short duration. 

breviter, adv. {brevis). Shortly, 
bricfiy, with few Avords. 

Brocchus, i, m. A Eoman cog- 
nomen; T. Brocchus, uncle of Q. 
l^igarius, L. 4. 

Brundisium, u, n. A town on 
the eastern coast of Italy, noAV Brin- 
disi. 

Brutus, iy m. L. Junius Brutus, 
the deliverer of Rome from regal do- 
minion, P. 6; D.Brutus, a distin- 
guished general, consul 138 b. c, A. 
11; M. Junius Brutus, an intimate 
friend of Cicero, and the murderer 
of Caesar, P. 3; P. 4; P. 15. 

bustuin, iy n. {bUt^o = uroy to 
burn). A tomb, monument, P. 2. 



c. 

C Abbr. for Caiiis. 

cado, erey cecidiy casuniy v. intr. 
To fall ; to occur to ; to perish, die. 

caducus, a, «^.m, adj. {cddo). Fall- 
ing, frail, perishable ; characteristic 
of decay, P. 14. 

Caecilius, iiy m. Q. Caecilius 
Bassus, a partisan of Pompey, D. 8. 

caecus, a,wm, adj. Blind; blind- 
ed, ignorant, unreasonable, L. 1. 



CAEDES— CAUSA 



311 



caedes, t5, f. (caedo^ to cut). A 
cutting down, slaughter, murder, 
massacre. 

Caelius, tV, m. The name of a 
Roman ffois, M. L. 19. 

caelum, i, n. The sky, heaven, 
iii. C. 8; the ah*, atmosphere, i. C. 6. 

Caesar, dris, m. C. Julius Caesar, 
the distinguished general, orator, 
statesman, and author, slain by Bru- 
tus and Cassius 44 b. c. 

Caesetius, eV, m. The name of 
a Roman ^e«s, L. 11. 

Caius, iif m. A Roman praeno- 
men. 

Cajeta, ae, f. A town and harbor 
on the coast of Latium, now Gaeta. 

calamitas, dtis, f. Calamity, 
misfortune, loss, disaster, damage. 

calamitosus, a, t«m, adj. {calayn- 
ifas). Unfortunate, unhappy, L. 5. 

callidiis, a, iwi^ adj. {calleo^ to be 
wise). Skilful, shrewd, cunning. 

campus, t, m. A plain ; the Cam- 
pus Martins, i, C. o, 

cano, ere, cecUii, cantum, v. tr. 
and intr. To sing; to predict. 

canto, are J dvi, dttiniy v. tr. and 
intr. freq., {cd?io). To sing, ii. C. 10. 

caiitus, zis, m. (cdno). Singing, 
song, A. 8. 

capillus, ^, m. (caput). The hair. 

capio, ercj cepi, captum, v. tr. 
To take, receive, contain, lay hold of, 
grasp, comprehend, seize, capture; 
to occupy, gain, reach; consilium 
capercy to form the design, i. C. 1 ; 
tnente captus^ bereft of reason, iii.C.9. 

capitalis, e, adj. {caput). Cap- 
ital, destructive, dangerous, deadly. 

Capitolium, u, n. {caput). The 
Capitol, the Temple of Jupiter at 
Rome on the Capitoline Hill, iii. C. 4. 

Cappadocia, ae, f. Cappadocia, 
a country in the eastern part of Asia 
Minor, M. L. 3. 

caput, itiSy n. The head ; a cap- 
ital charge or question ; life, civil or 
political life, including liberty and 
citizenship, iv. C. 5. 



Carbo, dnis^ m. C. Papirius Car- 
bo, tribune of the people, A. 4. 

career, ms, m. A prison; im- 
prisonment. 

careo, ere^ uiy ituniy v. intr. To be 
without ; to want, be in want of, lack ; 
to be deprived of. 

caritas, dtis, f. {cdrus). Affec- 
tion, esteem, love, P. 12; dearness, 
scarcity, M. L. 15. 

carmen, mis^ n. A poem, poetry ; 
verse, A. 11, 

carus, a, um, adj. Dear, beloved, 
highly prized. 

Cassius, iiy m. L. Cassius, a sen- 
ator, a confederate of Catiline, iii. C. 
4; C. Cassius Varus, consul 73 b. c, 
M. L. 23 ; C. Cassius, one of the mur- 
derers of Caesar, P. 3. 

caste, adv. {castics, pure). Hon- 
estly, uprightly, M. L. 1. 

castellum, z, n. G. 315, 3. {cas- 
trum). A castle, fort, citadel, strong- 
hold. 

Castor, orisy m. A grandson of 
Dciotarus and his accuser before 
Caesar, D. 1. 

castreirsis, e, adj. {castra). Per- 
taining to a camp ; organized, open, 
iii. C. 7. 

castrum, ^, n. A fortified i^lace, 
a fort; castray onttny n. pi., a camp, 
encampment. 

casus, tiSy m. (cddo). That which 
comes to pass, an event, occurrence ; 
misfortune, calamity; chance, acci- 
dent. 

Catiiina, «e, m. L. Sergius Cat- 
iline; see Introduction to the Ora- 
tions against Catiline. 

Cato, onisy m. M. Porcius Cato, 
the famous Censor, A. 7; A. 9; M. 
Porcius Cato, grandson of the Cen- 
sor, A. 3. 

Catulus, iy m. Q. Lutatius Catu- 
lus, consul 102 B.C., A. 3; Q. Lu- 
tatius Catulus, son of the above, 
consid 78 B. c, iii. C. 10 ; A. 3. 

causa, acy f. Reason, ground, 
motive, cause; catcsd, for the sake 



312 



CAUTE — CHILD 



of, on account of» for the purpose of; 
sui conservandi causuy for the purpose 
of preserving themselves, i. C. 3 ; an 
alleged reason, pretence, pretext; 
cause, interest ; as a leg alter m^ cause ; 
causam dicercy to plead a cause. 

caute, adv. {cautus^ careful). 
Cautiously, with prudence. 

cautio, onisy f. (cdveo). Caution,' 
M. 7. 

caveo, ersy cavi, cautum, v. tr. and 
intr. To be on one's guard ; to take 
care, beware, guard against. 
cecidi. See cddo. 
ceciiii. See cdiio. 
cedo, erey cessiy cessimiy v. intr. 
To go, go forth, go away; to yield, 
retire. 

celeber, hrisy hrcy adj. Much 
frequented, populous ; celebrated, fa- 
mous. 

celebritas, atisy f. {celeber). 
Fame, renown, celebrit\^, A. 3. 

celebro, are, avi, atwn, v. tr. 
(celeber). To attend in great num- 
bers, celebrate, iii. C. 10; to praise, 
celebrate. 

celeritas, dtiSy f. {celer, swift). 
Rapidity, quickness, celerity, speed, 
rapid action, A. 8. 

celeriter, adv, (celer, swift). 
Swiftly, quickly, rapidly, speedily. 

celo, drey dviy dtiim^ v. tr. To 
conceal,, hide^ keep secret. 

ceil a, aey f. The principal meal 
of the day, dinner, D. 7 ; a banquet, 
ii. C. 10. 

ceiio, arc, dviy dtuniy v. intr. 
{cena). To dine; cendtitSy a, tim, 
pass. part, with act. meaning, D. 7. 

ceiiseo, ere, ce?isui, censuniy v. tr. 
To be of opinion ; to judge ^ deter- 
mine, decree, resolve, ordain; to rate, 
enumerate, assess; to be in favor of, 
vote for. 

censor, orisy m. {censeo). Accu- 
ser, one of the two Roman magis- 
trates Avho had charge of enrolling 
the people according to rank and 
property. 



census, tiSy m. {censed). A censtts, 
enumeration, registration; a census 
roll, A. 5 ; registered property, prop- 
erty. 

centiiria, ae, f. {cention). One 
of the 193 divisions of the Roman 
people, a century, M. I^. 1. 

centuriatus, a, «m, part, from 
centiirioy are. Lit. : divided into 
centuries ; centuriata comitiay an as- 
sembly in which the people voted by 
centuries, each ceiituria or century 
having a single vote, P. 8. 

centuriatus, us, m. {centurio). 
The office of centurion, centurion- 
ship, M. L. 13. 

ceiiturio, oms, m. {centuriay. A 
centurion, the commander of the di- 
vision of troops called the ccnturj'. 

Ceparius, ii, m. M. Ceparius, a 
confederate of Catiline^ iii. C. 6. 

cepi. See cdpio. 

ceri\6, erey creviy cretuniy v. tr. 
To separate, distinguish ; to see, per- 
ceive ; to decide, decree, resolve. 

certamen, t?dsy n. {cerfo). A 
contest, strife, engagement, battle. 

certe, adv. {certus). Ccrtainl}', 
surely ; at all events, at least, 

certo, adv. (certus). Certainly ^ 
for certain, A. 12. 

certo, are, dviy dfuniy v. intr. To 
struggle, contend, strive, vie. 

certus, a, iim^ adj. {cerno). Cer- 
tain, definite, particular, fixed, es- 
tablished, sure; faithful; certiorem 
facer e, to inform. 

cervix, im, f. The neck, iii. C.7. 

cessi. See cedo. 

ceterns, a, um, adj. (nom. sing., 
m. not used, sing. mre). The rcst^ 
the remainder, the other. 

Cetheerus, i, m. C. Cornelius 
Cethegus, a senator, a confederate of 
Catiline, iii. C. 3. 

Chii, orurriy m. pi. {Chios). The 
inhabitants of Chios, now Scio, an 
island in the Aegean Sea, with a city 
of the same name, A. 8. 

Chilo, onisy. m. Q. Annius Chilo, 



CHmOGBAPHUM -- COEPTUS 



a senator, a partisan of Catiline, 
iii. C. 6. 

chirographum, i, n. (a Greek 
word). Manuscript, memorandum, 
note. 

cibus, I, m. Food. 

Cicero, dnis, m. M. Tullius 
Cicero, the famous orator. 

Cillcia, ae, f. A country of Asia 
Minor on the north-eastern coast of 
the Mediterranean, M. L. 12. 

Cimber, hri, m. Cimber Gabin- 
ius, see GdMniiis, iii. C. 3. 

Cimbri, dnan, m. pi. A people 
of Northern Germany, conquered by 
Marius 101 B.C., M. L. 20. 

Cimbricus, a, urn, adj. (Chyibri). 
Pertaining to the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 

cingo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. To 
surround, encompass, enclose, encir- 
cle, invest. 

ciuis, eris, m. Ashes, ii. C 9. 

Cinua, ae, m. L. CorueJins Cin- 
na, consul with Marius 86 B.C., iii. 
C. 4; P. 14. 

circum {circifs, a circle). 1. adv. 
Around, about, all around. 2. prep, 
with ace. Around, about, in the en- 
virons of, near. 

circnni-cliido, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
(claudo). To shut in, enclose, sur- 
round, hem in. 

circum-do, are, dedi, datum, v.tr. 
{do, to place, found only in com- 
pounds). To put, set, or place 
around; to encompass, encircle, sur- 
round. 

circum-scribo, ere, psi, jjfiim, v. 
tr. To cu'^umsci'ibe, enclose, con- 
fine, limit, A. 11; to cheat, circum- 
vent. 

circumscriptor, oris, m. (ciV- 
cumscribo). A defrauder, a cheat. 

circum-sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, 
V. tr. To invest, besiege, D. 9 ; to 
surround, iv. C. 2; to circumscribe, 
limit. 

circum-spicio, ere, speed, spec- 
turn, V. intr. and.tr. {specio, to look). 
To look around, gaze about ; to view 



on all sides ; to look out for ; to con- 
sider, ponder. 

circuin-sto, are, steti, v. tr. and 
intr. To stand around ; to surround. 
cito, cltius, cUissime, adv. {citus, 
quick). Quickly, rapidly. 

civilis, ^, adj. (civis). Pertaining 
to citizens, civil, civic, iii. C. 8 ; ci- 
\'ilis (?aw5a, a political question, iv. C. 
9; civile helium, the Civil "^'ar in 
Italy waged by SuUa against the 
Marian faction, M. L. 10. 

civis, is, m. and f. A citizen ; a 
countryman. 

civitas, dtis, f. {civis). A body 
of citizens, state ; citizenship. 

clam, adv. {celo). Secretly, in 
private. 

clamo, are, avi, atum, v. inti\ and 
tr. {cello, to call) . To Qvy out, shout ; 
to speak em.phatically, i. C. 8. 

clamor, oris, m. {clamo) . A loud 
cry, shout. 

i clarns, a, um, adj. Clear, dis- 
i tinct ; renowned, famous. 
i classis, is, f. A fleet. 
i claudo, ere, clau.si, clausum, v. tr. 
I To close, shut up. 

I clausus, a, um, part, and adj. 
. {claudo). Closed, shut up, M. L. 22. 
\ Clemens, 'entis, adj. Mild, clem- 
! ent, forbearh'io-, mercifid, i. C. 2. 
i clemeuter, adv. (c"/ew^??5). AVith 
■ clemency, mercifully, kindly, M. 3. 

dementia, ae, f. {clemens). Mod- 
eration, mildness, forbearance, clem- 
ency, mercy, kindness. 
. clientela, ae, f. {cliens, a client). 
Clientship, alliance. 
Cn. Abbr. for Cnaeus. 
Cnaeus, i, m. A Roman praeno- 
men. 

Cnidus, i, f. A citv in Caria, 
M. L. 12. 

coactus, a, um, part, from cogo. 
coegi. See cogo. 
coepi, coepisse, v. tr. G. 297, I. 
To begin, commence. 

coeptus, us, m. {coepi) . xln un- 
dertaking, i. C. 3. 



lU 



COEHCEO — COMMEMOBATIO 



coerceo, ere, ercui^ ercitumy v. tr. 
{c'um^ arceo). To enclose on all 
sides; to restrain, confine; to keep 
back, check ; to correct, punish. 

coetus, uSy m. {coeOy to go togeth- 
er) . A meeting, gathering, assembly. 

cogitate, adv. {cogitatus, from 
cogito). Thoughtfully, deliberately. 

cogitatio, onis, f. {cogito) . Think- 
ing, thought, reflection ; anticipation ; 
design, plan. 

cogito, are^ avi, atum, v. tr. {cum^ 
ugito). To consider, reflect upon, 
meditate, weigh ; to design, plan, in- 
tend. 

cognatio, om's, f.{cognatus, akin). 
Kelationship. 

cogiiitio, oJitSy f. {cognosco). Ac- 
quaintance, A. 3 ; examination. 

cognitor, brlsyvn. {cognosco). An 
advocate, defender, iv. C. 5. 

cognosco, ere, 7idvif nihimy v. tr. 
{cum, gnosco = ?iosco). To know; 
to obsei've, perceive, see, ascertain, 
learn, discover ; to recognize ; to ex- 
amine, investigate, consider. 

cogo, ere, coeji^ coactum^ v. tr. 
{cum J ago) . T® drive together, col- 
lect, assemble; to force, constrain, 
compel. 

cohaereo, ere, haesi, hnesufti, v. 
intr. {ciim , haereo) . To be connected, 
be united, cleave to, M. L. 7. 

coliibeo, ere, hibiti, hibUum, v. tr. 
{cwn, hdbeo). To restrain, check, 
repress, M. L. 23. 

cohors, ortis, f. A cohort, the 
tenth part of a legion ; praetoria co- 
hors, the commander's body-guard. 

collatus, a, um, part, from confero. 

coilectio, oms, f. {colltgo). A 
collecting together, act of collecting, 
collection, M. L. 9. 

collega, ae, m. {cum, lego). A 
partner in office, colleague, iii. C. 6. 

collegium, ii, n. {collega). A 
company of associates, board, A. 4. 

colligo, ere, legi, ledum, v. tr. 
{cum, lego). To collect, assemble; 
to adduce. 



colloco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, loco). To lay, put, place; to 
invest; to set up, erect; to station, 
quarter ; to arrange. 

colo, ere, colui, cuUum, v. tr. To 
till, cultivate ; to practise ; to honor, 
revere, cherish. 

colonia, ae, f. {coldnus). A col- 
ony. 

colonus, i, m. {colo). An inhab- 
itant of a colonial town, a colonist. 

Colophon, onis, f. A city in 
Lydia, M. L. 12. 

Colophonii, drum, m. pi. {Col- 
ophon). The inhabitants of Colo- 
phon, Colophonians, A. 8. 

color, oris, m. Color, hue, com- 
plexion. 

columna, ae, f. A column, pillar. 

conies, itis, m. and f. {cum, eo). 
One who goes with another, a com- 
panion, comrade, associate. 

cdmissatio, bnis, f. {comissor, to 
revel) . A Bacchanalian revel, drink- 
ing bout, revelry, ii. C. 5. 

coniitatus, a, um, part, from 
comitor with pass, meaning. At- 
tended, accompanied, ii. C. 2. 

comitatus, us, m. {comes). E-et- 
inue, attendance, train, iii. C. 2. 

comiter, adv. {cdmis, courteous). 
Affably, courteously, pleasantly, D. 7. 

comitium, ii, n. {cum, eo). The 
comitium, a portion of the Roman 
Forum; comitia, brum, pi., the as- 
sembly in the comitium for electing 
magistrates ; election ; proximis co* 
mitiis, at the last election, i. C. 5. 

comitor, ari, atus mim, v. dep. 
{comes). To accompany, attend, 
follow. 

commeatus, W.V, m. (commeo). A 
passage, trip; supplies, provisions, 
M. L. 17. 

commemorabilis, e, adj. {com- 
memoro). Noteworthy, remarkable, 
memorable, M. 4. 

commemoratio, otiis, f. {com- 
memdro). A mentioning, mention; 
recollection, A. 11. 



CO^mEMORO — CONATUS 



315 



commemoro, are, avi, a^wm, y.tr. 
(cunif memdrOy from metno?'). To 
bring to mind, call to mind, remind; 
to recount, relate, mention. 

commendatio, dnisy f. {comrnen- 
do). Recommendation, commenda- 
tion, i.e. 11; A. 12. 

commeDdo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(cwm, mando). To commit to, en- 
trust, commend. 

commentarioluin, z, n. {com- 
mentarius) . A memorandum, P. 7. 

commentarios, u, m. {commeii- 
tor, to consider). A commentary, 
memoir, paper, P. 1. 

comnieo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
{cum, nieo, to go). To go back and 
forth, resort to, visit. 

commilito, dnis, m. {cum, milis). 
A fellow-soldier, comrade, D. 10. 

commisceo, ere, miscui, mixtum 
or mistum, v. tr. {cum, misceo)^ To 
mingle, unite, M. 2. 

committo, ere, mist, missum, v.tr. 
{cum, mitto). To join, connect; 
proelium committere, to engage in 
battle, commence battle ; to enti^ust, 
commit, allow, permit, risk ; to com- 
mit (as a crime or offence) . 

comniodo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{commodus, from cu7n, modus). To 
loan, lend, M. 6. 

commodum, i, n. {commodus, 
from cum, modus). Advantage, 
profit, gain, utility, convenience. 

commoror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
{cum, moror, to tarrj''). To stop, 
linger, stay, sojourn, tarry. 

coinmotus, a, um, part, from 
Commoveo. 

commoveo, ere, mdvi, mdtum, v. 
tr. {cum, inoveo). To move; to af- 
fect, excite ; se co7nmoverc, to move, 
stir. 

conitnutiico, are, avi, atum., v. tr. 
{communis). To make common, 
share v/ith, communicate, impart. 

communis, e, adj. {cum, mwiis, 
serving). Common, general, public, 
ordinary. 



communiter, adv. {communis). 
In common, together, jointly, P. 2; 
in general, A. 12. 

commuto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{cu7n, muto). To change, alter. 

comparatio, onis, f. {compdro). 
A comparison ; preparation, M. L. 4. 

comparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{compar, like). To ^^Vdce in com- 
parison, compare. 

comparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, pdro). To prepare, make 
ready ; to procure, acquire, gain, se- 
cure. 

compello, ere, picli, pulsum, v. tr. 
{cum., pello). To drive together; to 
compel, drive. 

comperio, ire, peri, pertum, v. tr. 
To get knowledge of, ascertain, learn, 
discover ; to make known. 

competitor, oris, m. {competo, 
from cum , peto) . A rival, competitor, 
rival candidate. 

complector, i, plexzis siwi, v. dep. 
{cum, plecto, to bend). To embrace, 
surround, enclose, encircle. 

compleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. 
{cum, pleo, to fill). To fill, make 
full ; to complete. 

complexus, us, m. {com2)lector) . 
An embrace, ii. C. 10. 

complures, a and ia, adj. {cum, 
plures). Several, many, very many. 

compoiio, ere, posui, p6sUum,Y. 
tr. {cum, pono). To put or place 
together; to compose, arrange; to 
allay, settle. 

Comprehendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
{cum, prehendo). To take hold of, 
seize, apprehend, grasp; to catch, 
take captive, arrest. 

comprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, 
V. tr. {cum, premo). To press to- 
gether, compress ; to restrain, check, 
repress, suppress. 

comprobo, are, avi, atuyn, v. tr. 
{cum, probo). To approve ; to sanc- 
tion ; to attest, prove. 

conatus, us, m. {corxor). An 
attempt, undertaking. 



316 



CONCEDO- CONFLAGllO 



concede, ere, cessi, cessum, v. tr. 
and intr. (cum, cedo) . To go away, 
retire, withdraw ; to yield, grant ; to 
permit, allow, concede. 

concelebro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, celebro) . To celebrate, M.L.21. 

concerto, are, avi, dtum, v. intr. 
{cum, cei'to). To conteiid, dispute. 

concessus, «, urn, part, from 
coiicedo. 

concido, ere, cXdi, v. intr. {cmn, 
cddo) . To fall ; to perish ; (so. ani- 
mo) to lose one's courage. 

concilio, are, avi,, dtum, v. tr. 
{concilium, a meeting). To bring 
together, unite ; to gain the favor of, 
win, conciliate ; to obtain, gain, pro- 
cure. 

concipio, h'c, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
{cum, cclpio). To take, receive; to 
incur; to conceive, imagine, under- 
stand, comprehend. 

concito, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. freq. 
{concieo, to rouse). To move vio- 
lently, excite, arouse, stir up, incite, 
instigate, provoke ; to produce. 

Concordia, ae, f. {concors) . Har- 
mony, unanimity, concord, agree- 
ment. 

Concordia, ae, f,, the goddess of 
concord, iii. C. 9. 

concors, ordis, odj. {cum, cor, the 
heart). Harmonious, agreeing, L. 2. 

conciipisco, ere, plvi or pii, 
pltum, V. tr. incep. {cum, cilpio). 
To desire, covet, long for, i. C. 10. 

concurro, ere, curri, curstcm, v. 
intr. {cum, curro, to run). To rush 
together ; to hasten to, run to. 

coDCurso, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 
{cum, cur so, to run to and fro) . To 
run to and fro, run about. 

concursus, us, m. {concurro). A 
running to and fro ; a concourse, as- 
semblage, crowd ; an onset, conflict. 

condemno, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{cum, damno). To charge, accuse, 
condemn. 

condicio, dnis, f. {condo). Con- 
dition, situation, state, natui'e, quality. 



character; stipulation, terms, agree- 
ment, provisions. 

condo, ere, didi, ditum, v. ti\ 
{cum, do, to place, found only in 
compounds) . To found, establish. 

conddno, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{cum, ddno). To present, give; to 
forgive. 

condiico, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
{cum, ddco). To lead, bring, or draw 
together ; to hire, P. 9. 

confercio, ire, fersi, fertum, v.tr. 
{cum, farcio, to stuff). To press to- 
gether, crowd ; to stuff. 

CGJif ero, f err e, tuli, colldtum, Y.tr. 
{cum, fero). To bring or bear to- 
gether, contribute, bring, collect, 
carry ; to direct, devote, employ ; to 
refer; to compare; to ascribe, attri- 
bute; to defer, fix, appoint; se con- 
ferre, to betake one's self; collatis 
signis, in battle, M. L. 23. 

confertiis, a, um, part, from con- 
fercio. 

confessio, dnis, f. {confUeor). 
Confession, acknowledgment, iii. C.5. 

confestim, adv. {cum, fero) . Im- 
mediately, speedily, without delay. 

conf icio, ere, feci, feetum, v. tr. 
{cum, f acid). To prepare, compose, 
execute, finish, complete, accomplish, 
bring to pass ; to exhaust, weaken, 
subdue, destroy, kill ; to collect, pro- 
cure, furnish, raise. 

conf ido, ere, fisus sum, v. semi- 
dep. {cum, fido) . To trust, rel}^ upon, 
believe, hope. 

confingo, ere,finxi, fctum, v. tr. 
{cum,fingo). To make up, fabricate, 
pretend, D. 6. 

confirmo, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{cum, firmus) . To establish, render 
firm, strengthen, cement ; to encour- 
age, console ; to assure, assert. 

confisus, a, um, part, from con- 
fldo. 

confiteor, eri,fes$us sum,y.dep. 
{cum, fdteor). To confess, admit, 
concede, acknowledge. \ 

confla§;ro, dre, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 



CONFLIGO — CONSENTIEISrS 



317 



{citm^ flagro) . To burn up, burn, be 
destroyed or perish by fire. 

confligo, ere, flixi, fiictum^ v. tr. 
and intr. {cum^Jligo^ to stiike). To 
strike together; to be in conflict, 
fight, engage in combat with, con- 
tend. 

conflo, are, ari, dtum, Y.tr. {cum^ 
Jio, to blow). To inflame, excite, 
produce, i. C. 9 ; to fuse together, 
unite, L. 12. 

conformatio, owis, f. {conformd) . 
A fashioning, moulding, A. 7. 

conformo, are^ avi^ atum, v. tr. 
{cum^ forynoy to shape). To form, 
mould, train. 

confringo, ere, fregiy fractum^ 
V. tr. {curriy frango). To break in 
pieces, break down, shatter, destroy. 

conf ugio, ere,filgiy v. intr. (c^«?^, 
fugio) . To flee for refuge, have re- 
course to. 

congero, ere, gessi^ gestuniy v. tr. 
(ewm, gero). To bear, carry, or 
bring together, collect, heap up; to 
confer. 

congredior, ^, gressus sum, v. 
dep. {ciwiy.grddiorf to step). Togo, 
come, or meet with ; to unite with ; 
to fight, contend, engage. 

congrego, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, grego, from grex) . To collect, 
assemble, unite, i. C. 13. 

congruo, ere, grui, v. intr. To 
agree, M. 6. 

coniveo, ere, nivi or nixi, v. inti'. 
{cum, niveo, to wink). To leave un- 
noticed, connive or wink at, over- 
look. 

conjectura, ae, f. {coiijtcio). Con- 
jecture, supposition, conclusion, in- 
ference ; conjectura consequi, to infer, 
iii. C. 8. 

conjicio, ere, Jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
{cu7n,jdcio). To cast or throw to- 
gether; to hurl, throw, send, cast, 
put, aim; to ascribe; to infer, con- 
jecture. 

conjunctio, dnis, f. {conjungo). 
Union, connection, iv. C. 7. 



conjunctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{conjungo). Joined together, inti- 
mate, friendly, P. 3. 

conjungo, ere, nxi, nctum,Y. tr. 
{cum,jungo) . To join together, join, 
connect, unite, associate ; {helluni) to 
wage conjointly or together, M. L. 9. 

conjurati, drum, m. pi. {conjuro, 
to combine). Conspu-ators, i. C. 5. 

conjuratio, dnis, f. {conjuro, to 
combine). A conspiracy, plot, com- 
bination. 

conjux, Hgis, m. and f. {conjungo'). 
Spouse, husband, wife. 

Conor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. To 
undertake, attempt, tiy, venture. 

conquiesco, ere, evi, etum,Y. intr. 
{cum, quiesco) . To take rest, repose ; 
to cease. 

consceleratus, a, um, adj. {con- 
sceUro, to stain with guilt) . Wicked, 
depraved, criminal, villanous. 

conscendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
and inti'. {cum, scando, to climb). 
To go on board, embark. 

conscientia, ae, f. {conscio, to be 
conscious). Consciousness, knowl- 
edge, feeling, sense ; conscience. 

conscius, a, um, adj. {cum, scio). 
Conscious, aware, cognizant, privy 
to, participant in, accomplice, witness 
of. 

conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
V. ti\ {cum, scribo). To write to- 
gether; to write; to em'oll, enlist, 
levy. 

conscriptus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{conscribo). Enrolled, conscript; 
patres conscripti, conscript fathers, 
the customary appellation of the sen- 
ators, i. C. 2. i 

consecro, fe'e, dvi, dtum, v..tr. 
(e^^m, sdcro, to-consecrate) . To make 
sacred, to consecrate. 

consensio, d?iis, f. {consentio). 
Agreement, unanimity, harmony ; 
conspiracy, M. 7. 

consensus, us, m. {cojisentio). 
Agreement, unanimity; consent. 

consentiens, entis, adj. {consen- 



CONSENTIO — COXSULTUM 



tio). Agreeing, accordant, unani- 
mous, D. 4. 

consentio, ire, scnsi, sensum, v. 
intr. {cum, sentio). To agree, ac- 
cord, Ije of the same mind. 

consequor, i, secutus sum, v. dep. 
{cum, sequor). To follow, go after, 
accompany ; to pursue ; to reach, 
overtake; to gain, obtain, acquire, 
secure. 

conservatio, onis, f. {conservo). 
Preservation, retaining, keeping, P. 2. 

conservo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, servo) . To presei*vc, keep safe 
or unhai-med. 

consessus, xis, m. {consido, to sit 
together) . An assembly, assemblage. 

consid^ratus, a, um, adj. {consid- 
^ro). Considerate, thoughtful, pru- 
dent, circumspect, D. 6. 

considero, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
To consider, inspect, examine, ob- 
sene, M. L. 2; M. L. 13. 

con^sigllo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, signo,\vi mark). Tosnal; to 
attest, certify, vouch for, D. 13. 

consilium, u, n. Deliberation, 
consultatioii ; counsel, advice, author- 
ity ; plan, purpose, design, intention ; 
wisdom, understanding, judgment, 
penetration, prudence, ability; a 
council. 

consisto, ere, stiil, 'iUum,Y. intr. 
{cum, sisto, to stand). To stand still, 
remain sUmding ; to consist of or in, 
depend upon. 

consobrinus, i, m. {cum, sobrv- 
nus, cousin). The son of a mother's 
sister, cousin. 

consolor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{cum,, solor, to comfort) . To console, 
comfort, encourage, cheer, animate. 

conspectus, us, m. {consptcio). 
Sight, view, D. 5. 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, v. 
tr. {cum, specio, to look). To view, 
observe, see, look at, perceive, be- 
hold. 

conspiratib, onis, f. {conspiro). 
Unanimity, concord, agreement. 



conspiro, are, dvi, dium, v. intr. 
{cum, spiro, to breathe). To agree; 
to combine, conspire. 

constanter, adv. {constans, from 
consto) . Firmly, steadily ; uniformly, 
consistently, constantly. 

constantia, ae, i .{constans, from 
consto). Firmness, steadiness, con- 
stancy, perseverance, resolution, con- 
sistency. 

constituo, ere., ui, utum, v. tr. 
{cum, stdtuo). To put, place, es- 
tablish; to station; to set in order; 
to erect, construct ; to arrange, regu- 
late, settle, constitute, found, form ; 
to appoint; to determine, fix, agree 
upon ; to decree, resolve. 

consto, dre, stUi, stdtum,, v. intr. 
{cum, sto). To stand still, remain 
firm, remain unchanged; to consist 
in, depend upon; constat, impers., it 
is evident, an acknowledged fact. 

constringo, Sre, nxi, ctum, v. tr. 
{cum, stringo, to bind). To bind, 
fetter, restrain; constrictum tenere, 
to hold in check, i. C. 1. 

consuetiido, inis, f. {consuesco, 
to accustom). Custom, habit, use, 
usage ; intimacy, fiiendly intercourse. 

consul, iilis, m. A consul, one of 
the two presiding magistrates of the 
Poman commonwealth. 

consularis, e, adj. {consul). Of 
or pertaining to a consul, consular, 
i. C. 5 ; consularis provincia, a prov- 
ince governed l)y a consul, P. 8 ; con- 
suldris, is, m., one of consular rank, 
an ex-consul. 

consulatus, us, m. {consul). Con- 
sulship, consulate. 

consulo, ere, ui^ uUum, v. tr. and 
intr. To consult; to take counsel, 
deliberate, consider ; to initiate meas- 
ures; to consult for, take care for, 
have regard for, 

consulto, adv. {consUlo). De- 
signedly, with deliberation, on pur- 
pose, pui-posely. 

consultum, i, n. {consUlo), A 
decree, deliberation, decision. 



CONSUMO— COX^"EXIO 



319 



consume, ere, sumpsiy sumptumy 
V. tr. {cum, sumo). To take ; to con- 
sume, devour, waste, destroy, use ; 
to pass, spend. 

coil t amino, are, avi, atiim, x. tr. 
To defile, pollute, contaminate, sully, 
dishonor. 

conte^o, ere, text, tectum, \. tr. 
{cum, tego). To cover, cover over,_ 
conceal. 

contemn o, ^re, temps! , tertiptum, 
V. tr. {cum, temno, to slight). To de- 
spise, scorn, esteem lightly, hold in 
contempt. 

contemplor, ari, attis sum, v. dep. 
{cum, tejnplum). To contemplate, 
view, consider, D. 14. 

contemptus, a, urn, adj. {con- 
temno). Contemptible, despicable, 
abject, iv. C. 10. 

contendo, ere, di, turn, v. tr. and 
intr. {cum, tendo). To sti'ive for, 
maintain; to contend; to compare. 

contentio, onis, f. {contendo). 
Tension, strain; contest, exertion, 
struggle, dispute, controversy, strife ; 
comparison. 

contentus, a, um, adj. {contineo). 
Content, satisfied. 

contexo, ere, texui, textuyn, v. tr. 
{cu7n, texo, to weave). To weave, 
entwine, join together, unite, con- 
nect ; to contrive. 

conticesco, ere, ticui, v. intr. in- 
cept, {conticeo, to be silent). To be- 
come silent, be silent, iil. C. 5. 

continens, entis, adj. {contineo). 
Continent, temperate, self-controlled. 

continentia, ae, f. {contineo). 
Temperance, self-control, modera- 
tion. 

contineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. tr. 
{cum, teneo). To hold together, 
bind; to guard, restrain; to bound, 
confine ; to embrace, occupy, enclose ; 
to hold back, check ; se continere, to 
restrain one's self; contlneri,^ixss., to 
consist of, M. 9. 

contineo, Sre, ilgi, tactum, v. ti% 
and intr. {cum, tango). To touch, 



border upon, extend to; to happen, 
fall to one's lot, be one's good fortune. 

contmuo, adv. {continuus). Im- 
mediately, directly, without delay. 

continuus, a, uyn, adj. {cojitineo). 
Successive, consecutive, uninter- 
rupted. 

contio, onis, f. {convenio). An 
assembly, especially of the people or 
of an army, meeting ; an harangue, 
discourse, speech, P. 2. 

contionator, oris, m. {contidnor, 
to harangue) . An haranguer, a dem- 
agogue, iv. C. 5. 

contra, prep, and adv. 1. Prep, 
with ace. Over against, opposite to, 
contraiy to, against, in hostilit}" to. 
2. Adv. On the contrary, dilferently, 
on the other hand ; contra atque, oth- 
erwise than, in an opposite direction. 

contraho, ere, traxi, tractu7n, v. 
ti\ {cum, traho). To draw together, 
collect, unite ; to occasion; to make 
smaller, contract; aes alienum con- 
trahere, to conu^act a debt. 

contrarius, a, um, adj. {contra). 
Opposite, opiwsed, contrary, on the 
other side. 

controversia, ae, f. {contrdver- 
sus, disputed). Strife, controversy, 
dispute ; sine controversia, without 
doubt, doubtless. 

con tuberu alls, is, m. andf.(c?rm, 
tdberna). One occupying the same 
tent, a comi-ade, L. 7. 

contumelia, ae, f. Abuse, insult, 
affront, flistrrace, ignominy. 

contumeliosus, a, um, adj. {con- 
tianelia). Reproachful, ignominious. 

conturbo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
{cum, turho, to disturb). To disturb, 
confuse, disquiet, D. 1. 

convenio, ire, veni,ventum, v. tr. 
and intr. {cnm, venio). To come 
together, assemble ; to go or come to, 
arrive ; to speak to, address, accost ; 
to be agreed upon; convenit, irapers., 
it is fit, suitable, proper, agreed upon ; 
mihi convenit cum aliquOj I make au 
agreement with, L. 6. 



320 



CONVENTUS — CRUDELITAS 



conventus, tis, m. {convmio), A 
meeting, assembly, assemblage; an 
association, corporation, L. 8. 

converto, ere^ ti^ simiy v. tr. and 
intr. (et<m, verto). To turn; to turn 
back; to change, alter, transform; to 
turn, direct. 

coiivicium, ?V, n. "Wrangling, 
altercation, disputation, strife, A. 6. 

conviiico, ercy viciy victunif v. tr, 
{cuniy vinco) . To overcome ; to con- 
vict, show clearly, prove, convince. 

convivium, iiy n. {cuMyVivo). A 
banquet, feast, entertainment, ii. C. 5. 

convoco, are^ avi, dtimi, v. tr. 
{cunif voco). To call together, sum- 
mon, convoke. 

copia, ae, f. (cwm, ops). Plenty, 
abundance, fulness, copiousness ; 
means, riches, resources ; provisions ; 
number, multitude ; cdpiae,it\., gener- 
ally ^ military forces, troops, an army. 

copiosiis, a, urriy adj. {copia), 
\Yell supplied, rich, well stocked, 
copiously provided with. 

coram, adv. Face to face; in 
private, M. L. 22. 

Cordiiba, ae^ f. Cordova, a town 
in Spain, A. 10. 

Corfidius, «*, m. L. Corfidius, a 
friend of Ligarius, L. 11. 

Corinthus, ?', f. Corinth, a cele- 
brated city of Greece, M. L. 5. 

Cornelius, n,m. The name of a 
Roman gens, iii. C. 4. 

Cornelius, «, wm, adj\ {Corne- 
lius). Cornelian; leges Corneliae^ 
laws in the interest of the aristocracy 
proposed by L. Clornelius Sulla, P. 7. 

corpus, oriSfU. The body, corpse, 
person. 

corrigo, erey rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
{cmn, rego). To correct, amend, 
improve, i. C. 9. 

corroboro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{cum, roboroy from rohur). To 
strengthen, support, i. C. 12 ; iii. C. 11. 

corrumpo, ere, rw/)/, rvptumyW. tr. 
{cmUy rumpo). To break, destroy, 
damage, injure, corrupt, ii. C. 4. 



corruo, erCy ruiy v. intr. {cuniy 
ruo). To fall together, fall, ii. C. 10. 

corruptela, ae, f. {corrumpo). 
Corruption, seduction, seductive arts, ^ 
i. C. 6 ; bribery. 

corruptor, orisy m. {coiTumpo), 
A corrupter, misleader, seducer. 

Cotta, acy m. L. Arunculeius 
Cotta, consul 65 b. c, iii. C. 8. 

Crassus, z, m. L. Crassus, a cel- 
ebrated orator, consul 95 B. c, A. 3; 
P. Licinius Crassus, censor 89 b. c, 
A. 5. 

creber, 5m, hrumy adj. Prequent, 
numerous, crowded. 

crebro, adv. {creber). Frequently, 
often. 

credibilis, e, adj. {credo). Credi- 
ble, M. 7. 

credibiliter, adv. {credibilis) . 
Credibly, D. 6. 

credo, erey didi, dituniy v. intr. 
and tr. To believe, trust, rely upon ; 
to think, imagine; to entrust, com- 
mit, consign. 

credulus, a, uniy adj. {credo). 
Credulous, P. 12. 

cresco, ere, creviy O'etiim, v. intr. 
To grow, increase, augment. 

Cretenses, iumy m. pi. {Cretay 
Crete). The Cretans, inhabitants of 
the island of Crete or Candia, M. L.12. 

crevi, perf. from cerno ; also from 
cresco. 

crimen, tnisy n. A charge, accu- 
sation, imputation; crime, ojffence, 
fault. 

criminor, ariy dtus sumy v. dep. 
{crimeii). To accuse; to allege. 

criminose, adv. {crimindsiis) . By 
way of accusation, reproachfully. 

criminosus, a, iim, adj. {crimen). 
Criminating, criminal, involving 
crime or censure, L. 2. 

cruciatus, ws, m. {crucioy to cru- 
cify). Torment, torture, pain, suf- 
fering, anguish. 

crudeiis, e, adj. Cruel, unmer- 
ciful. 

crudelitas, atisy f. {crudeiis). 



CEUDELITER — DEBITUS 



321 



Cruelty, fierceness, severity, bar- 
barity. 

crudeliter, adv. (crudelis). In a 
cruel manner, cruelly. 

cruentus, a, t^w, adj. Bloody, 
blood-stained. 

crux, criccis, f. A cross, D. 9. 

cubiculum, i, n. (cilbOf to lie 
down). A sleeping-room, bed-room. 

ciibile, is, n. {cuho^ to lie down). 
A bed, coucli. 

culpa, ae, f. Fault, guilt, blame, 
crime. 

cultura, Gc, f. (cdlo). Cultiva- 
tion, culture; agti cultura^ agricul- 
ture, M. L. 6. 

cum, prep, with abl. G. 434, 5. 
With, together with, among; at the 
same time with. 

cumulo, are, dvi, atum^ v. tr. 
{cumulus). To increase, augment, 
add to, i. C. 6. 

cumulus, /, m. A heap ; addition, 
increase, M. 11. 

cunctus, a, iirriy adj. {=conjunc- 
tus) . All together, all, whole. 

cGpiditas, atis^ f. (cuptdiis). De- 
sire, wish, longing ; affection ; eager- 
ness, enthusiasm, party-spirit; av- 
arice. 

ciipidus, a, ?«??-, adj. (ciipio). 
Desirous, eager, fond; avaricious. 

cupio, ercy ivi or ^^, iturriy v. tr. 
To desire, wish, long for. 

cur, adv. Why ? wherefore ? for 
what purpose ? 

cura, aey f. (quaero). Care, atten- 
tion, anxiety, diligence; trouble, so- 
licitude. 

curia, ae, f. The senate-house. 

Curio, onisj m. C. Scribonius 
Curio, consul 76 B.C., M. L. 23. 

euro, arey dviy dtumyVAY. {curd). 
To care for, provide for, attend to, 
take care ; with Gei^undivCy to order, 
cause to be done. 

curriciilum, e, n. {currOy to run). 
A career, course, A. 11. 

currus, usy m. {curroj to run), 
A car, chariot. 



cursus, uSy m. {curroy to run). 
Running, speed; course, march, 
progress, career. 

custodia, ae, f. {custodio). A 
watching, guard, care, custody, 
charge; a custom-house, M. L. 6; 
custodiae, pi., guards ; custom-houses. 

custodio, ircy ivi or n, itumy v. tr. 
{custos) . To guard, keep watch over, 
secure. 

custos, odisy m. and f. A guard, 
watch, keeper, attendant. 

Cyziceni, artiniy m. pi. (Cy^r- 
cum) . The Cyzicenians, inhabitants 
of Cyzicum or Cyzicus, a city of 
Mysia, on the Propontis, A. 9. 



r>. 

D. Abbr. for Decimus, 

damnatio, o?ii5, f. {damno)» Con- 
demnation, A. 5. 

damno, drcy dviy dtuniy v. tr. 
{damiui/n). To condemn, doom, 
sentence. 

damnum, e, n. A penalty. 

datus, «, uniy part, from do. iii.C.2. 

de, prep, with abl. 1. Of space : 
from, away from; de populoy from 
among the people. 2. Of time : di- 
rectly after, in, by, in the course of, 
during ; de tertia vigiliay in the third 
watch. 3. Of other Rft^ATiONS: 
from, of, concerning, in regard to, 
in respect to, in the case of, for, 
on account of, by ; de vitay at peril of 
life. 

debeo, erCy uiy itumy v. tr. {de^ 
haheo). To owe; with inf.y to be in 
duty bound; to deserve; to have 
good reason, iii. C. 7 ; debeOy I ought ; 
pass.y to be due. 

debilis, e, adj. {dcy hdbilisy man- 
ageable). Feeble, weak, impotent. 

debilito, are, dviy dtiwiy v. tr. 
{debilis). To debilitate, weaken; to 
impair, embarrass, D. 2. 

debitus, Gy uniy part, and adj. 
{debeo). Due, deserved, merited. 



322 



DECEDO—DELECTO 



de-cedo, ere, cessiy cessum^ v. intr. 
To go from, depart, withdraw. 

decern, num. adj. Ten. 

de-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum,Y. ti\ 
To think, judge, conchide, deliberate, 
resolve, determine, decide, pronounce, 
settle ; to decree, vote, appoint ; to 
light, contend. 

de-cerpo, ere, psiy ptum, v. tr. 
{carpo, to pick). To take away, de- 
tract from, M. 2. 

decet, ere, decuity v. impers. It 
is becoming, fitting, suitable, M. 10. 

deeimus, a, urrtf adj. (decern). 
Tenth. 

Deeimus, e, m. A Eoman prae- 
noraen. 

de-claro, arey avi, atum, v. tr. 
(cldrOf to make clear). To make 
clear, declare, announce. 

declinatio, onis, f. (declmo, to 
bend off). A bending or turning 
aside, i. C. 6. 

decoctor, oris^ m. {decoqno, to 
become bankrupt). A bankrupt; a 
spendthrift, ii. C. 3. 

decoro, are, dci, dtuniy v. tr. 
(decus, ornament). To grace, honor. 

decretum, ^, n. {decerno). A de- 
cree, resolution, decision, resolve. 

decuma, ae, f. {=dectma). The 
tenth part, tithe, M. L. 6. 

decuria, ae, f. {decern) . A dec- 
ury, class, P. 8. 

de-decus, oris, n. (dectis, orna- 
ment). Disgrace, dishonor, infamy, 
shame. 

dedi. See ^0. • 

de-dico; are, dvi, dttim, v. ti\ (d^- 
co, to dedicate). To dedicate, conse- 
crate, A. 8. 

deditio, d)iis, f. (dedo). Surren- 
der, capitulation. 

deditus, a, wm, part, and adj. 
{derlo). Devoted. 

de-do, ere, dtdi, dUurriy v. tr. (do, 
to place, found only in compounds). 
To give up, yield, surrender, deliver ; 
to consign, devote. 

de-duco, Srcy duxi, ductiim, v. tr. 



To lead or bring away ; to lead or 
bring down ; to convey, conduct, re- 
move, withdraw, lead out, bring; to 
induce, lead, influence. 

de-fatigo, «re, dvi, dtuniy v. tr. 
{fatigOy to weary). To make weary, 
tire out, fatigue, exhaust. 

defeiido, ere, di, sum, v. tr. To 
ward off, repel, keep off; to defend, 
protect. 

de-f ero, ferrcy tuli, latum, v. tr. 
To bear or bring away, carry, convey ; 
to tell, inform, report; to produce, 
offer, present, bring in, bring for- 
ward, state, report; to confer upon, 
bestow. 

defessus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
{defetiscor, to grow weaiy). Wea- 
ried, tired out, fatigued, exhausted. 

de-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
and intr. (fdcio). To fail, fall away 
from, separate from, revolt. 

de-f igo, ere, fixi, fixum, v. tr. To 
drive down, fasten, fix, plant. 

de-f in io, ire, ici or ii, itum, v. tr. 
{flnio, to limit). To set bounds to, 
define, determine, restrict. 

de-flagro, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 
and tr. To be burned up, burn, be 
consumed or perish by fire ; to burn 
up, consume, iv. C. 6. 

de-iiide, adv. Then, afterwards, 
next. 

Deiotarus, ?*, m. See Introduc- 
tion to the Oration for Deiotarus. 

de-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
(jdcio) . To throw down, cast down, 
cast off, dislodge, drive, turn aside ; 
to precipitate ; to destroy, kill ; to de- 
prive of, disappoint. 

de-labor, i, lapsus sum, v. dep. 
To come down, descend, M. L. 14. 

delatus, a, um, part, from defero. 

delectatio, onis, f. (delecto). 
Amusement, entertainment, A. 7 ; en- 
joyment. 

deleeto, are, avi, dtum, v.tr.freq. 
{delicio, to entice) . To allure, please, 
delight; pass., to delight in, find 
pleasure in. 



DELECTUS — DESEETUS 



323 



delectns, a, 7/m, part, from dellgo. 

delectus, its, m. {dehgo). A 
choice, selection ; a levy of soldiei'S. 

deleo, ere, eii, etum, v. \x. To de- 
stroy, blot out, erase, overthrow. 

deliberatio, dnisy f. {delibero). 
Deliberation, consideration, M. L. 10. 

de-libero, drey dvi, dtio/i, v. tr. 
{libra f to poise). To ponder, con- 
sider, deliberate. 

delicatus, a, trm, adj. (dellciae. 
delight). Luxui-ious, voiuptuous, 
wanton, ii. C. 10. 

delictnm, i, n. {deJinquo, to fail). 
A crime, offence, fault. 

de-ligo, ere, legi, iectum, y. tr. 
(lego). To select, choose; to levy; 
to detail. 

Del OS, ?', f. An island in the 
Aegean Sea, ]M. L. 18. 

delubrum, /, n. {dehw, to wash). 
A shrine, temple. 

de-mens, e7itis, adj. Demented, 
bereft of reason, craz^*, insane, fool- 
ish. 

dementer, adv. {dement). Fool- 
ishly, madly, iii. C. 9. 

dementia, ae, f. {demens). Mad- 
ness, folly, want of reason. 

de-migro, are, dci, dturn, v. intr. 
{migro, to remove). To move from, 
remove, ^o away, depart, withdraw. 

de-miniio, ere, ui, lUum, v. tr. 
To diminish, lessen; to take away 
from, weaken, impaii-. 

demiuutio, mis, f. (demimio). 
A diminution, loss, iii. C. 10. 

de-monstro, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{monstro, to show). To point out, 
show, demonstrate; to name, desig- 
nate ; to declare, state, mention. 

demum, adv. At length, at last, 
finally. 

de-nes:o, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
deny, refuse. 

denique, adv. And then ; at last, 
at length, finally; in short. 

de-ii6to, are. dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
mark out, point out, M. L. 3. 

de-nantio, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 



To announce, declare, intimate ; to 
menace, threaten. 

de-pelio, ere, puli, pulsum, v. tr. 
To drive out or away ; to remove, re- 
pel, dislodge ; to ward off, aveit, over- 
thi'ow. 

I de-peado, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
I {pendo, to weigh) . To weigh out, pay. 
de-ploro, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
! {ploro, to wail). To deplore, bewail, 
I lament, iv. C. 2. 

de-pono, ere, posxd, p6situm,Y. tr. 
To lay aside, put away ; to place, de- 
posit ; to lay down, give up. 

de-porto, are, dvi, dtum, v. ti-. 
{porto, to carry) . To cany off, con- 
vey away, bring off. 

de-posco, ere, poposci, v. tr. {pos- 
co, to demand) . To demand, require, 
request. 

depositus, a, v.ra^ pan. fi-om de- 
pdno. 

de-pravo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{prdvus, pei-verse). To pervert, se- 
duce, con-upt, lead astray. 

deprecator, oris, m. {d^]jrecor). 
An inrerces-or, mediator, agent. 

de-precor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
To avert by pi-ayer, avert, pray for 
deliverance from; to beseech, im- 
plore, intercede. 

j de-prehendo, ere, di, sum,\,tr. 
\ To seize, captm-e ; to discover, find ; 
; to sui-prise, detect, gi-asp. 

de-primo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. 
; tr. (prerno). To sink; to depress. 
! de-promo, ere, mpsi, mptum,Y. tr. 
■ {promo, to take). To di-aw out, take 
. from, draw. 

i depulsus, a, um, part, from de- 
' pello. 

de-relinquo, ere, Ilqui, lictum, v. 
tr. To forsake, abandon, i. C. 10. 

de-scribo, ere, psi, ptu?n, v. tr. 
j To mark out, divide; to assign, ap- 
' point. 

de-sero, ere, serui, seHum, v. tr. 
{sera, to join). To leave, forsake, 
abandon, desert, forfeit. 
desertus, a, um, part, and adj. 



324 



DESIDERIUM— DII 



(desero). Deserted; solitary, unin- 
habited, desert, remote. 

desiderium, ii, n. {desiderd). A 
longing for, grief for the loss or ab- 
sence of, desire to see ; grief, regret. 

desidero, are, avi, dtuniy v. tr. 
To long for, desire ; to miss, feel the 
want of; to lose.' 

de-sig'no, are, avi, atwn, v. tr. 
{signo, to mark). To mark out, des- 
ignate; to appoint, choose; consul 
designatus, consul elect. 

de-siiio, ere, Ivi or m, itum, v. intr. 
To cease, desist, i.-C 7. 

de-sisto, ere, stUi, stUum, v. intr. 
{sisto, to stand) . To leave off, desist, 
cease. 

desperatio, onis, f. {despero). 
Despair, desperation. 

desperatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{despero). Despaired of, desperate. 

de-spero, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
and inti'. To despair, despair of, 
despond, lose confidence in. 

de-stringo, ere, strinxi, strictimi, 
V. tr. (stringo, to draw). To strip 
off; to unsheathe, draw. 

de-sum, esse, fid, v. intr. To be 
wanting, fail, be absent. 

detestabilis, e, adj. {detestor). 
Execrable, abominable, detestable. 

de-testor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
To imprecate ; to deprecate, refute. 

de-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, v.tr. 
To draw off, remove; to take from 
or away, withdraw ; to refuse, detract. 

detrimeiitum, i, n. {detero, to di- 
minish). Loss, damage, injury,, det- 
riment; defeat, overthrow. 

detiili. See defero, 

deus, ^, m. G. 51, 5. A god, deity. 

devectus, a, um, part, from de- 
veho. 

de-veho, ere, vexi, vectum, v. tr. 
{veho, to carry) . To carry or convey 
away ; to carry, convey. 

de-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. intr. To 
turn aside, betake one's self, D. 6. 

de-vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, v. 
tr. To bind, attach, connect, A. 3. 



de-vinco, ere, vici, victum, v. tr. 
To conquer, subdue, subjugate, over- 
come. 

devinctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{devincio) . Bound to, devoted. 

de-voco, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. To 
call away, call aside. 

de-v6veo, ere, vovi, votum, v. tr. 
{voveO, to vow) . To vow, devote. 

dextera, ae, f. {dexter, right). 
The right hand. 

di, dis, insep. prep. G. 807. 

dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. To 
say, tell, mention; to speak; to ap- 
point, name; to pronounce, deliver; 
causam dicere, to make,a defence, A.4. 

dictator, oris, m. {dicto, from 
dlco), A dictator. 

dictatura, ae, f. {dicto, from dico) . 
The office of dictator, dictatorship. 

dictito, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. freq. 
{dicto, from dico) . To say continu- 
ally, often, or emphatically; to de- 
clare, maintain, assert, ii. C. 7. 

dictum, ^, n. {dico). A word, 
saying, command; dicto audieiites 
esse, to be obedient, D. 8. 

didici. See disco. 

dies, ei, m.and f. G. 121. Aday ; 
time, duration ; in dies, from day to 
day, daily, day after day. 

differ o, ferre, distUli, dildtum, v. 
tr. and intr. {dis, fero). To put off, 
defer ; to differ. 

difficilis, e, adj. G. 163, 2. {dis, 
facilis). Difficult, troublesome. 

difficultas, dtis, f. {difficilis). 
Difficult}', trouble, perplexity. 

diffido, ere, fisus sum, v. semi- 
dep. {dis,fido). To distrust, despair 
of; to despond. 

difflno, ere, fiuxi, v. intr. {dis, 
fiuo, to flow). To dissolve, go to 
ruin, M. 8. 

dignitas, dtis, f. {dignus). Dig- 
nity, merit, worth, authority, rank, 
office, position. 

dignus, a, um, adj. Worthy, de- 
serving, suitable. 

dii. See deus. G. 51, 5; 



DIJUDICO — DISSIMILIS 



325 



di-judico, are, avi^ atum, v. tr. 
To judge, decide, determine. 

di-labor, z, lapsus sum, v. dep. 
To fall asunder, M. 8. 

dilatio, dnis\ f. {differo). A de- 
ferring, adjournment, M. L. 1. 

dilatus, a, urn, part, from dlffero, 

diligens, entis, adj. {diUgo), 
Careful, assiduous, diligent; accurate, 
scrupulous. 

dillgenter, adv. {diUgens). With 
care, carefully, attentively, punctu- 
ally, accurately. 

diligentia, ae, f. {diUgens) . Care- 
fulness, attentiveness, diligence. 

di-llgo, ere, lexi^ lecUim, v. tr. 
{lego). To value, esteem; to love. 

diliicesco, ere, luxi, v. intr. incep. 
(diluceo, to be light). To grow light ; 
impers,, day dawns, iii. C. 3. 

di-iiietior, iW, meyisus sum, v.dep. 
To measure off, terminate. 

dimicatio, dnis, f. (dimico). A 
combat, contest, sti'uggle. 

di-mico, are, dvi, atum, v. intr. 
{mico, to move quickly). To fight, 
struggle, contend. 

di-mitto, ere, mist, missum, v. tr. 
To send away, send forth, send out; 
to dismiss, let go; to discharge, re- 
lease. 

A««ptio, 07X18, f. {dlripio). A 
plundering, pillaging, i. C. 7. 

direptor, oris, m. {dirlpio), A 
plunderer, pillager, ii. C. 9. 

direptus, a,um, part, from dirlpio. 

di-ripio, ere, ripui, reptum, v. ti\ 
{rapio). To tear asunder; to lay 
waste, ravage, plunder, pillage. 

dis, di, insep. prep. G. 307. 

dis-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
intr. To go apart; to depart, go 
away, march from, withdraw. 

disceptatio, dnis, f. {discepto). 
Debate, discussion, D. 2. 

dis-cepto, are, avi, atum, v. ti'. 
and intr. (capto, from capio). To de- 
cide, determine, D. 2. 

dis-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v.tr. 
To distinguish ; to separate. 

15 



discessus, us, m. (discedo). Sep- 
aration; departure. 

discidium, ii, n. {discindo, to di- 
vide). A parting, separation; dissen- 
sion. 

disciplina, ae, f. {discipUlus, a 
learner). Instruction, learning, 
knowledge, science ; discipline, usage, 
system, ti-aining. 

disco, ere, dtdici, v. tr. To learn, 
study, become acquainted with. 

discordia, ae, f. (discors, discor- 
dant). Disagreement, dissension, 
discord, P. 1. 

di-scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
v.tr. To mark out, divide; to as- 
sign, appoint. 

diserimen, inis, n. Separation, 
distinction; a decisive point, critical 
moment or situation, crisis; danger,, 
risk, hazard, peril. 

disjunctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{dis-jungo). Widely separated, dis- 
tant, remote, M. L. 4. 

di-si>ergo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
{spargo) . To scatter about, scatter. 

dis-pertio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. ti\ 
(pariio, to part). To distribute, di- 
vide, iv. C. 4. 

dis-pliceo, ei'e, id, Uimi, v. intr. 
(pldceo) . To displease ; sibi displi- 
cere, to be dissatisfied or vexed with 
one's self, P. 5. 

dis-puto, are, avi, atmn, v. tr. 
To discuss, debate, argue. 

dis-semiiio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{semino, to sow). To disseminate, 
scatter, spread abroad, iv. C 3 ; A.12. 

dissensio, dnis, f. {dissentio). 
Difference of opinion, disagreement, 
dissension, dispute, discord, strife, 
quarrel. 

dis-seiitio, ire, se?isi, sensum, v. 
intr. To differ in opinion ; to disagree, 
dissent, differ; to dispute. 

dis-sideo, ere, sedi^ sessum, v.intr. 
(sedeo, to sit). To be at variance, 
disagree, M. 10. 

dis-similis, e, adj. Unlike, dif- 
ferent, dissimilar, ii. C. 5. 



326 



DISSIMILITUDO — DOMO 



dissimilitude, tnisy f. {disstm- 
His), Diversity, unlikeness, M. 1. 

dis-simulo, are, dui, dtum, v. tr. 
{simulo, to make like). To dissem- 
ble, disguise ; to hide, conceal. 

dissipo, are, avi^dtumy v. tr. To 
scatter, disperse. 

dissolutio, onisy f. {dissolvo), A 
destroyinof, abrogation, annulling. 

dissolutus, a, wm, adj. {dissolvo}. 
Bemiss, lax, negligent. 

dis-solvo, erey solviy sdlutumy v. tr. 
To destroy, annul, abrogate, P. 7; 
dissohiy pass., to be set free or to free 
one's self from debt, ii. C. S. 

dis-trah o, erey traxiy tractumy v.tr. 
To draw asunder, separate, divide, 
disjoin ; to involve in strife. 

dis-tribuo, erCy ^^^, uturriy v. tr. 
To distribute, divide ; to assign. 

di-stringo, ercy nxiy ctuniy v. tr. 
{stringoy to bind). To occupy, en- 
gage, employ, distract, M. L. 4. 

distuli. See dijfero, 

dis-turbo, are, dvi, dtumy v. tr. 
{turbo y to disturb). To disturb, de- 
molisli, destroy, P. 5. 

diu, diutniSy diutissimey 2idY.{dies), 
For a long time, a long time, long j 
quam diuy as long as. 

diuturiiitas, dtisy f. (dhiturnus). 
Long continuance, length of time. 

diiiturnus, a, wm, adj. (diu). Of 
long duration, lasting, long. 

di-vello, erey velliy vulsum, v. tr. 
{vellOy to pluck). To tear away, sep- 
arate, ii. C. 10. 

diversus, a, wm, adj. (di-verto). 
Turned different ways, separated, op- 
posite; unlike, different, diverse, re- 
mote. 

divide, ere, visi, visum, v. tr. To 
divide. 

divinitus, adv. {divi7ius). By 
divine providence, direction, or influ- 
ence, providentially. 

divino, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. {di- 
vinus). To divine, foresee, L. 12. 

divinus, a, um, adj. {divus, di- 
vine). Divine, godlike. 



divisiis, a, urn, part, and adj. 
{divido). Divided, separated, ex- 
tended, M. L. 11. 

divitiae, druniyi, pi. {dlveSyVioh), 
Riches, wealth, M. L.. 18. 

do, are, dedi, datum y v. tr. To 
give, give up; to grant, present, 
offer; to occasion, furnish, bestow; 
aures darey to listen, pay attention to. 

ddceo, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. To 
teach, instruct, show, indicate, in- 
form, tell. 

doctrina, ae, f. {ddceo). Learn- 
ing, knowledge ; study, A. 6. 

doctus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
{ddceo). Instructed, learned, A. 7. 

DolabelJa, ae, m. P. Cornelius 
D Glabella, colleague of Antony in 
the consulship after the death of 
Caesar, P. 2. 

doleo, ere, ui, UumyY.tr. andintr. 
To grieve, deplore, lament, regret. 

dolor, orisy m. {doleo). Grief, 
sorrow, pain, distress, anguish, trou- 
ble, vexation, mortification. 

domesticus, a, «w, adj. {ddmus). 
Domestic, familiar, private, civil; 
domestici parietes, the walls of a pri- 
vate house, D. 2 ; domestici, orurriy 
m. pi., thoseof one's family or house- 
hold. P. 13. 

domicilium, il, n. {ddmus). A 
dwelling, habitation, abode, resi- 
dence, home. 

domiua, acy f. {ddmus), A mis- 
tress, ruler, M. 2. 

dominatio, d7iiSy f. {domtnovy 
from dominus). Rule, dominion; 
power, ii. C. 9. 

dominatus, us, m. {dominoTy from 
dominus). The position of master, 
D. 11 ; rule, tyranny, P. 6; P. 14. 

dominus, ^, m. {ddmus), A mas- 
ter; 

Domitius, «, m. Cn. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, consul 96 B. c, D. 11 ; 
Cn. Domitius Calvinus, a commander 
in Asia for Caesar, D. 5 ; D. 9 ; D. 11. 

domo, are, uiy Uumy v. tr. To 
subdue, vanquish, overcome, M. 3. 



DOML'S — EFFL AGITO 



327 



domus, t/s and «, f. G. 119, 1. A 
house, home; a familv; domi\ at 
home; domurn^ homeward, to one's 
home ; domo^ from home. 

dono, are, dci, dtum, t. tr. (do- 
n-i/.r/i). To present, bestoTv, gi'ant, 
confer, jrive. 

doiiuni, /, n. {do). A gift, present. 

dormieus, eyitis^ adj. {dormio). 
Sleepy, inactive, dull, ii. C. 5. 

dormio, ire, ivi or //, itum, \. intr. 
To sleep. 

Dorylaus, ?, m. Doiylaus, an 
ambassador of Deiotams, D. 15. 

Drusus, z, m. M. Limis Dmsus, 
a tribune of the people, A. 3. 

dubitatio, oms, f. {diibitd). 
Doubt, uucertaintj-, hesitation, hesi- 
tancy. 

dubito, are, dvij aium, v. inti*. To 
doubt, hesitate, delay. 

dilbins, a, iirn^ adj. {dxio). Doubt- 
ful, uncertain; dv/num^ ii, n. used 
substantively; sine dubio, without 
doubt, doubtless, indisputably, cer- 
tainly, ii. C. 1 ; in dubiiim voccire, to 
call in question, D. 14. 

duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. To 
lead, conduct, bring, draw ; to derive ; 
to consider, think, reirard. 

dactDS, us, m. {dUco). The lead, 
generalship, command. 

dudDm, adv. {diu, dum). Be- 
fore, formerly; Jam diidum, for a 
long time, long since, long ago. 

dniut, pres. subj. 3 sing, fi'om do. 
G. 2:39, 3; i.e. 9. 

dulcedo, inis, f. {ilulcis). Sweet- 
ness, A. 10. 

diilcis, e, adj. Sweet, agreeable, 
delightful, iv. C. T. 

diiin, conj. While, as long as, 
until; provided, if. 

dumtaxat, adv. Only, simply, 
merely, M. 7. 

duo. a'', 0, num. adj. G. 175. Two. 

duo-decim, num. adj. {decern). 
Twelve. 

duo-decXmus, », irm, num. adj. 
Twelfth. 



diiplex, iciSf adj. (dtiOy ptico, to 
fold). T^vofold, double. 

diiriis, a, um, adj. Hard, rough,, 
severe ; rude, unfeeling, insensible. 

dux, ducis, m. and f. {duco). A 
leader, commander, general. 



e or ex, prep, with abl. See ex. 

ebriosus, a, tim, adj. {ebrius). 
Drunken, sottish, given to diT^nken- 
ness, ii. C. 5. 

ebrius, a, um, adj. Drunk, drunk- 
en, intoxicated, D. 9. 

ecce, interj. Lo ! behold ! 

ecqui, qiiae or qiia, quod, adj. in- 
teri'og. Any ? M. L. 23. 

ecquid, adv. inten-os". {ecquis, 
whether any ?) G. 346, H. 1, 5). At 
all? i. C. S. 

eculeus, i, m. {equus). A rack. 

e-dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. 
To declare, make known; to order, 
command ; to publish or issue an edict. 

e die turn, i, n. {edlco). An edict, 
proclamation, ordinance, ii. C. 3. 

editas, a, um, part, from edo. 

e-do, ere, didi, dltum, v. tr. (rfo, 
to ^gl^LQe, found o?ihj in compounds). 
To give ou% make known, publish; 
to exhibit ; to record. 

e-doceo, h'e, ni, turn, v. tr. To 
teach, insti'uct; to inform; to make 
known, tell. 

e-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
To lead forth, draw out ; to take. 

effero, ferre, extuU^ eldtxcm, v. ti*. 
{ex, fero) . To bear or carry out ; to 
bring forth, produce, bear, bring ; to 
extol, celebrate ; to set forth, publish. 

eflicio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
{ex, facio). To bring to pass, effect, 
execute ; to make, consti'uct, produce, 
accomplish ; to cause, render, occa- 
sion. 

eflfieries, ei, f. {effingo, to form). 
A likeness, poitrait, A. 12. 

efflagito, are, dvi, aturn, v. tr. 



328 



EFFRENATUS — ERIPIO 



(eXf flagXto) . To demand or ask ur- 
gently, to request earnestly, L. 2. 

effrenatus, a, ^^w, adj. {effreno, to 
unbridle). Unbridled, unrestrained. 

efiugio, ere,fugi^fugttum^ v. intr. 
and tr. {ex^ fugio). To fiee away, 
escape ; to avoid, shun. 

effundo, ere^ fudi, fusiwi, v. tr. 
{ex, fundo). To pour forth; to 
squander, lavish, waste, P. 7 ; pass, 
with reflexive force, to pour forth, 
pour or rush out, D. 4. 

egens, entis, adj. {egeo). Needy, 
in want, poor. 

egeo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be in 
need ; to be without, lack, be destitute 
of, need. 

egestas, atis, f. {egeo). Want, 
poverty, need. 

egi. See ago. 

ego, mei, pers. pron. I ; egomet, 
I myself. G. 185, 2. 

e-gredior, z, gressus sum^ v. dep. 
{grddior, to step). To go out from ; 
to march forth, depart from, leave, 
go forth, depart. 

e-gregius, a, mn, adj. {grex). 
Distinguished, excellent, admirable, 
eminent, remarkable. 

e-jicio, ere, Jeci, Jectiim, v. tr. 
{jdcio). To cast out, drive out or 
away, drive, banish, expr^l ; to strand ; 
SB ejicere, to remo\ e one's self. 

e-labor, ^, lapsus sum, v. dep. To 
slip away, slip, escape, get clear. 

e-laboro, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr. To labor, exert one's self, take 
pains ; to work out, elaborate. 

elatus, a, um, part, from effero. 

e-licio, ^re, ui, Hum, v. ti'. {lacio, 
to entice) . To bring out, elicit. 

e-ligo, ere, lexi, ledum, v. tr. 
{lego). To pick out, select, choose. 

e-ludo, ere, si, sum, v. intr. {ludo, 
to sport). To sport, jeer, display 
mockery. 

e-luo, ere, lui, lutum, v. tr. (Z?<o, to 
wash) . To wash out, efface, remove, 
get rid of, P. 8. 

e-mergo, ere, mersi, mersum, v. 



intr. {mergo, to dip). To extricate 
one's self, come forth, emerge, get 
clear, ii. C. 10. 

e-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
To send out, send forth ; to let out, 
let go, allow to go. 

e-morior, i, mortuus sum, v. dep. 
To die, i. C. 8. 

en, interj. Lo ! behold ! D. 6. 

e-narro, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
{narro, to tell) . To narrate, detail. 

enim, conj. For; in fact, indeed. 

Ennius, ii, m. Q. Ennius, the 
father of Roman poetr}^, born in Ca- 
labria 239 B. c. 

e-numero, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
To reckon up, enumerate, count, 
number, D. 4. 

eo, ire, ivi or ii, Uum, v. intr. To 
go, march, proceed ; to pass. 

eo, adv. {is). To that place, thith- 
er, there ; to such a degree, to such 
an extent ; to the end, to the purpose. 

eodem, ac>v. {idem). To the 
same thing, to the same place, to this. 

Ephesus, i, f. Ephesus, a city 
of Ionia, D. 5. 

epigramma, dtis, n. (a Greek 
word). An epigram, A. 10. 

eques, itis, m. {equus). A rider, 
horseman ; a knight, one of the order 
of equites or knights, holding a rank 
between the senators and the ple- 
beians. 

equidem, adv. Verily, indeed. 

equitatus, tcs, m. {egutto). A body 
of horsemen, cavalry, horsemen. 

equito, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 
{eques). To ride on horseback; to 
ride, D. 10. 

equus, i, m. A horse. 

erectus, a, um, part, and adj. {er- 
igo). Elevated, high, upright, lofty. 

erga, prep, with ace. Towards. 

ergo, conj. Therefore, then. 

e-rigo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
{rego). To set up, raise, erect, ani- 
mate, encourage. 

e-ripio, ere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
{rdpio) . To snatch out or away, tear 



EEKATUM — EXCITO 



329 



av\^ay, rescue, liberate, free ; to take 
away, take. . 

erratum, i, n. {crro). An error, 
mistake, L. 1. 

erro, di'Cj dvif dturriy v. intr. To 
wander, sti-ay; to wander from the 
truth, err, mistake. 

error, drisy m. {erro). An error, 
mistake, M. 5. 

e-ructo, are, di'iy dtumf v. tr. 
{rucfo, to belch). To belch forth, 
talk of, ii. C. 5. 

e-rudio, ire, Ivi or ii, itum, y. tr. 
{riidis). To instruct, teach, train. 

eruditus, a, ?<m, part, and adj. 
(erudio). Instructed, accomplished, 
learned, A. 2. 

e-rumpo, ere, I'upi, ruptum,\. intr. 
To burst forth, break forth or away. 

e-scendo, ere, dl, sum, v. intr. 
{scmido, to climb). To mount up, 
ascend, M. L. 18. 

et, conj. And, also, even; et . , . 
et, both . . . and, not only . . . but 
also. 

et-enim, conj. For. 

etiam, conj. and adv. (et,jam). 
And also, also, furthermore, likewise, 
besides; even, yet, still, indeed; 
etiam atqite etiam, again and again. 

Etruria, ae, f. Etruria, acountiy 
of Italy. 

et-si, conj. Even if, although. 

e-vado, ere, si, sum, y. intr. {vado, 
to go) . To go from, escape, get away. 

eventus, us, m. {e-venio). An 
occurrence, event, result, issue, fate. 

eversio, dnis, f. (everto). An 
overthrowing, destruction, P. 2. 

e-verto, ere, ti, sum, y. tr. To 
overturn, overthrow, subvert, ruin, 
destroy, i. C. T. 

evocator, oris, m. (evdco). One 
who calls or incites to arms, an insti- 
gator, i. C. 11. 

e-v6co, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. To 
call out, call forth ; to draw, entice ; 
to summon, invite ; to invite to mili- 
tary seiwice. 

e-volo, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 



(vofc, tofly). To fly forth; to rush 
out. 

e-vomo, ere, ui, Uum, v. tr. To 
vomit forth, cast out, throw up, ii. C.l. 

ex or e, prep, with abl. G. 434, 3. 
I. Of space : out of, from, away 
from, down from; ex hac parte, on 
this side. II. Or teme : immediately 
after, directly after, after. III. Of 
OTHER RELATIONS : becausc, on ac- 
count of, by, through, according to, 
in accordance with, of, from, out of; 
ex te7npore, extemporaneously; ex 
parte magna, in great measure. 

exactus, a,um, part, from exigo, 

ex-aggero, are, dvi, dtum, v. ti*. 
{aggero, to heap up). To heap up, 
amass, accumulate, iv. C. 9. 

exaiiimo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{exdmmis, lifeless). To deprive of 
life, kill, desti'oy; pass., to be ex- 
hausted, be weakened ; to faint. 

ex-ardesco, ere, arsi, arsuyn, v. 
intr. (ardesco, to kindle). To kin- 
dle, take fire ; to be inflamed, break 
out. 

ex-aadio, ire, ivi or ii, Uum, v. tr. 
To hear from a chstance, overhear; 
to hear, perceive, listen to. 

ex-cedo, ere, cessi, eessum, v. intr. 
To go out, go away, depart, withdraw, 
retire ; to ejraerge. 

excellens, entis, adj. {excello). 
Excellent, distinguished, siii-passing. 

ex-cello, ere, ui, v. intr. To be 
eminent, surpass, excel. 

excelsus, a, um, adj. {excello). 
High, lofty, elevated. 

ex-Cido, ere, cidi, v. intr. {cado). 
To fall out or from, to fall, i. C. 6. 

ex-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(capio) . To take out, except ; to take 
up, receive ; to incur, meet ; to sus- 
tain, undergo ; to sm'prise, intercept, 
take captive, capture. 

ex-cito, are, dvi, dtum, r. tr. 
{cito, to incite). To call forth, call 
up, arouse, summon, excite ; to ani- 
mate, incite, stimulate, impel ; to raise 
up, restore. 



3^0 



BXCLUDO — EXPLICO 



• ex-cludo, ere^ si, surriy v. tr. 
{claudo). To shut out, exclude. 

ex-co§"ito, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
To find out by thinking, think out, 
think of; to contrive, devise. 

ex-colo, ere, cdlui, cultiim, v. tr. 
To cultivate, improve, A. 6. 

ex-crucio, are, dvi, atuniy v. tr. 
(cruciOf to crucif}'-). To torture, tor- 
ment. 

exciibiae, arum, f. pi. {excubOf to 
lie out of doors) . A watch, guard. 

excursio, dnis, f. {excurro, to run 
out). An excursion, sally, attack, 
invasion. 

excusatio, ojiis, f. {excuso). An 
excuse, apology, defence. 

excuso, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. {ex, 
causa). To excuse one's self. 

exegi. See exigo. 

exemplum, i, n. {exXmo, to take 
out). An example, instance. 

ex-eo, ire,n,Uum,\Ai\t\\ Togo 
out or forth, go away, depart, with- 
draw. 

ex-erceo, ere, in, Umn, v. tr. 
{arceo). To exercise, occupy, prac- 
tise, train, employ; to conduct; of 
the public re^ienucs, to farm. 

exercitatio, dnis, f. {exercito, to 
exercise). Exercise, practice, use; 
skill. 

exercitatus, a, urn, avij. {exercUo, 
to exercise). Exercised, trained, 
practised, skilled, versed. 

exercitus, tis, m. {exerceo) . * An 
army. 

ex-haurio, Ire, hausi, haustum, v. 
tr. To draw out, take away, take 
out, remove. 

ex-igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. {dgo) . 
To complete, finish ; to spend, pass ; 
to exact, collect. 

exiguus, a, um, adj. {exigo). 
Scanty, small, short, meagre, slight, 
brief, limited. 

exii. See exeo, 

eximie, adv. (eximius). Exceed- 
ingly, greatly, remarka!)ly, A. 9. 

eximius, a, u?n, adj. {exi7no, to 



take out). Select, distinguished, re- 
markable, excellent. 

existimatio, dnis, f. {existimo). 
Opinion, judgment, belief, reputation, 
estimation. 

existimator, oris, m. {existimo). 
A judge. 

ex-istimo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{aesiimo, to value) . To judge, think, 
suppose, consider, esteem, regard. 

exitiosus, a, um, adj. {exttium). 
Destructive, dangerous, deadly. 

exitium, ii, n. {exeo). Destruc- 
tion, ruin. 

exitus, tis, m. {exeo). A going 
out, departure ; the issue, result, end, 
conclusion. 

ex-6rior, m, ortus sum, v. dep. 
{orior, to rise). To start up, rise, 
appear, D. 1. 

ex-orno, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
To adorn, embellish, A. 11. 

ex-oro, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
move, prevail upon, or persuade by 
entreaty, D. 3. 

exorsus, us, m. {ex-ordior). A 
beginning, commencement, M. E. 4. 

expedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
{ex, pes). To free, extricate, disen- 
gage ; expedit, it is expedient, advan- 
tageous, serviceable, profitable, use- 
ful, M. 10. 

ex-pello, ere, puli, pulsum., v. tr. 
To drive out or away, expel, eject, 
remove. 

expSrior, iri, pertus sum, v. dep. 
To put to the test, experience, learn 
or know by experience, P. 12. 

ex-pers, ertis, adj. {pars). "With- 
out a pai-t or share in, M. L. 19. 

ex-peto, ere, petivi or petii, peti- 
tum, V. tr. To seek out, seek ; to claim. 

ex-pilo, dre, dvi, dtum,y.tr.{pUo, 
to plunder) . To pillage, rob, plun- 
der, M. L. 19. 

ex-pio, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. {pio, 
to appease). To purify, P. 12. 

ex-pleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. {pko, 
to fill) . To fill up, fill, satisfy, M. 9. 

ex-plico, drCf dvi or we, dtum or 



EXPLOKO — FABULA 



331 



ihim^ V. tr. {plico, to fold). To ex- 
tricate, liberate, set free, M. L. 11. 

ex-pl6ro, are, avi^ attim, v. tr. 
To search out, explore. 

ex-p6iio, ere,pdsuif positum, v. tr. 
To put or set out; to explain, set 
forth. 

ex-porto, are, avi, atum^ v. tr. 
(portOj to carrj'). To carry out, con- 
vey away, export. 

ex-primo, ere, pressi^ pressunty v. 
tr. (premo). To press out; to set 
forth, express, describe ; to draw. 

ex-promo, ere, prompsi, promp- 
turn J V. tr. {promo, to set forth). To 
manifest, exhibit, display, ii. C. 10. 

expugnatio, oitis, f. {ex-pugno). 
The taking hj storm, storming, cap- 
ture. 

ex-quiro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, 
V. tr. (quaero). To seek for ; to ascer- 
tain; to inquire into, investigate; to 
ask. 

exsecratus, a, um, adj. (exsecror, 
to execrate). Accursed, execrable, 
<letestable, P. 2. 

exsiliuin, «, n. (exsul). Exile, 
banishment, i. C. 5- 

ex-sisto, ere, stUi, stitum, v. intr. 
(sisto, to stand). To stand forth, 
emerge, appear ; to proceed, arise ; to 
be, exist. 

ex-solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, v. tr. 
To absolve, acquit, release, free. 

exspectatio, dms, f. (exspecto). 
A waiting, expectation ; anticipation. 

ex-specto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
To look for, await, expect, w^ait for; 
to desire, long for. 

ex-stinguo, ere, stinxi, stinctum, 
v. tr. {stinguo, to quench). To put 
out, extinguish, quench; to destroy, 
annibdate. 

ex-sto, are, stUi, v. intr. To ap- 
pear, be visible, exist. 

ex-sul, alis, m. and f. (solum). 
An exile. 

exsulo, are, avi, atitm, v. intr. 
{exsul) . To be or live in exile, be an 
exile, L. 4. 



exsulto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
freq. (exsilio, to spring out) . To ex- 
ult, revel ; to be exultant, boast. 

ex-tenuo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{tenuo, from, tenuis). To diminish; 
to disparage, M, 2. 

exter or exterus, a, urn, (rare in 
sing.), exterior, extremus or extXmuSy 
adj. {ex). On the outside, outer, for- 
eign; extremus, the outermost, ex- 
treme, last, most remote; extrema 
hieme, at the end of winter. 

extermino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(ex-terminus) . To drive into exile, 
expel, exile, banish, iii. C. 2. 

externus, a, um, adj. {exter). 
Outward, foreign, abroad, ii. C. 5. 

ex-timesco, e?*e, timui, v. intr. 
and tr. {timesco, from ttmeo). To 
fear, dvead, await with fear ; to man- 
ifest or express dread or ajoprehension 
in regard to, M. 6. 

ex-tollo, ere, v. tr. To lift, raise, 
elevate, M. 3. 

ex-torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, v. 
tr. To wrest, obtain by force, extort, 
wrest awa3^ 

extra, prep, with ace. {exter). Out 
of, outside of; beside, except. 

extremum, i, n. {extremus). An 
end, close. 

extremus, a, wn. See exter. 

extuli. See effero. 

ex-ulcero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{ulcero, to make sore). To exasperate. 

exuo, ere, ui, utum, v, tr. To strip 
off, put off, lay aside. 

ex-iiro, ere, ussif ustum, v. tr. 
(uro, to burn) . To burn up, consume 
by fire. 

exuviae, ai-um, f. pi. {exuo). 
Spoils; a trophy, M. L. 18. 



faber, bri, m. (facio). An arti- 
san, mechanic, workman. 

fabtila, ae, f. {farif to speak). A 
drama, play, P. li. 



332 



FACILE - FEROCITAS 



facile, adv. G. 163,2; 305,2.(/a- 
cilis). Easily, without difficulty, 
readily, well ; unquestionably. 

facilis, Cy adj. G. 163, 2. {facio). 
Easy to do, easy. 

facilitas, atisy f. (factlis). Fa- 
cility, readiness ; aifability, courte- 
ousness ; good-nature. 

faciiiordsus, a, u?n, adj. {/aci- 
nus). Criminal, vicious, ii. C. 10. 

f acinus, oris, n. {facio). A bad 
deed, crime. 

facio, ere, feci, factum, Y. tr. and 
intr. G. 273, II. 1. To make, do; 
to act, commit ; to construct, prepare ; 
to cause, render; verba facere, to 
utter words, M. L. 17 ; facta recte, 
good deeds, iii. C. 12. 

factusn, i, n. {facio). A deed, 
act, operation. 

facultas, atis, f. {faclUs). Abil- 
ity, opportunity, means, advantage. 

Faesulae, arum, f. j)!. A city of 
Etruria, now, Ficsole. 

FaesuSaniis, a, um, adj. {Fae- 
sulae). Of Faesulae, Faesulan. 

falcarius, ii, m. {falx, a scythe). 
A scythe-maker, sickle-maker, i. C.4. 

Falcitlius, ii, m. C. Falcidius, a 
tribune of the people, M. L. 19. 

fallo, ere, fefclliy falsum, v. tr. 
To deceive, cheat; to disappoint; to 
escape notice, elude observation^ es- 
cape. 

falso, adv. {falsiis). Falsely, 
without reason, erroneously, M. L.14. 

falsus, a, um, adj. {fallo). False, 
untrue, unfounded, mistaken, unjust* 

fama, ae, f. {fari). Rumor, rcr 
port ; fame, reputation, renown, glo- 
r}^; infamy. 
^ fames, is, f. Hunger, famine. 

f amilia, ae, f. G. 49, 1. {fmnfdus, 
a servant). A household, family; 
servants, vassals, retinue. 

fainiUaris, e, adj. {f amilia). Be- 
longing to the family, domestic, pri- 
vate; familiar; res /ami7i«m, private 
property ; fdmiliaris, is, m. and f. ;, a 
familiar acquaintancCj friend* 



f amiliaritas, atis, f. {familia- 
vis). Intimacy, friendship, acquaint- 
ance. 

familiariter, adv. {familiaris). 
Familiarly, intimately, on intimate 
terms. 

fanum, i, n. {fari^io speak). A 
sanctuary, fane, temple, iv. C. 11. 

fas, n. indecl. The right, that 
which accords with divine law, the 
divine will. 

fascis, is, m. A bundle ; fasces^ 
ium, pi., the fasces, a bundle of rods 
containing an axe, carried by the lie- 
tors before certain magistrates, ii.C.6. 

f atalis, e, adj. {fatum) . Appointed 
or ordained by fate, destined, decreed, 
fated, iii. C. 4. 

fateor, eri, fassus sum^ y. dep. 
{fdri,, to speak) . To confess, admits 
own, acknowledge. 

fatum, i, n. {fdri, to speak)* 
What is ordained, fate, destiny^ doom ;. 
fala, pi., predictions^ 

fatuus, a, um, adj. Foolish, silly* 

fauces, iumy f* pi. The throat; 
the jaws ; a defile, pass. 

faveo, ere, fdvi, fautum, v. intr* 
Te favor, look upon with favo^i'. 

fax,/aci5, f. A torch, fire-brand; 
a light. 

f ebris, is, f. Fever, i. C. 13. 

feci. See facio. 

f efelii. See fallo. 

felicitas, atis, f. {felix). Hap- 
piness, felicity, &uccess, good fortune. 

felix,. Icisy adj. Prosperous, for- 
tunate, happy, D. 10. 

f emiiia, ae^ f. A woman. 

fere, adv. {fero). Nearly, almost, 
about, generally ; for the most part, 
almost invariably, M. L. 9. 

f ero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr. G. 
292. To bear, carry, bring ; to move, 
lead ;, to eixlure, bear, sufier, permit ; 
to produce, cause; to report; to re- 
ceive ; leffem ferre, to propose a law ; 
prae se ferre, to acknowledge openly. 

fer deltas, cUis, f. {ferox^ fierce). 
Ferocity, fierceness^ violence^ M. 6* 



I 



FERRAMEXTOI - FOEDUS 



333 



ferramentum, ?, n. {ferrum). A 
tool, implement. 

ferreus, a, twi, adj. {ferrum). Of 
iron, iron ; iron-hearted, iv. C. 2. 

ferrum, i, n. Iron; an iron in- 
sti'ument, the srs'ord. 

fertilis, e, adj. (/ero). Fruitful, 
productive, fertile. 

festino, are, avi, atujn, v. intr. 
To hasten, P. 1. 

festive, adv. {festivus, festive). 
Delightfully, facetiously, wittily, 
finely, D. 6. 

festus, a, ?/m, adj. Festive, festal, 
solemn, A. 6. 

fictus, o, iiTTiy part, and adj. {fin- 
go). Invented, fabricated ; fictitious, 
false, D. 3; fi.cta^ n. pL, fictitious 
things, fiction. 

fidelis, e, adj. {fides). Faithful, 
true, trustworthy, sure. 

fides, ei, f. (fido). Trust, faith, 
confidence, reliance, belief, credence ; 
security, protection, credit; pledge, 
promise, word ; fidelity*, honor, good 
faith, trustworthiness; fidem dai-e, 
to give a pledge or promise, pledge 
protection ; in f.derti arcipersy to re- 
ceive under one's protection, A. 12. 

Fidias, n", ra. A surname of Ju- 
piter ; see niediusf.dius^ M. 3. 

fido, evBy flsus suniy v. semi-dep. 
To trust, L. 5. 

fieri. See fio. 

fiso, ere^ fixi, fixnjriy v. tr. To 
fix, fasten ; to i)ost up, expose to pul> 
lie view. 

f ilia, ae, f. G. 49, 4. A daughter. 

filias, H, m. G. 52, 2. A son. 

fin§:o, ere, nxt\ ctum, v. tr. To 
form, fa,shion, shape, make; to ar- 
range; to devise, contiive, invent, 
fabricate. 

finis, iSf m. Limit, boundary; 
territory; end, conclusion. 

fiuitimus, a, ttm, adj. (finis). 
Bordering upon, adjoining, adjacent, 
neighboring; fimtlmi, drum, m. pi., 
neighbors. 

fio, fieri ^ f actus sum^ v. intr. 



G. 294. To be made, become; to 
arise, occur, happen; ceHior fieri, to 
be informed. 

firmamentum, ?", n. {firmo), A 
support, prop, stay. 

firmitas, atis, f. {firinus). Firm- 
ness, strength, constancy. 

firmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (^r- 
mus). To strengthen, confirai, es- 
tablish. 

firmiis, a, iini, adj. Firm, stead- 
fast, sure, strong, durable, lasting; 
valiant. 

fisus, a, um, part, from fido. 

fixns, a,um, part, and adj. {figo). 
Established, fixed, determined, P. 7. 

Flaccus, i, m. M. Fulvius Flac- 
cus, a partisan of C. Gracchus, i. C. 
12; L. Flaccus, a praetor under 
Cicero, iii. C. 2. 

fla^itiose, adv. {fila^itidsus) . 
Shamefully, basely, disgracefully, 
infamously, ii. C. 4. 

flagitiosus, a, um, adj. {fxigiti- 
um). Shameful, base, disgi*aceful, 
infamous, flagitious, ii. C. 5. 

fiagitium, ii, n. {flagUo). A 
shameful or disgraceful act, i. C 6. 

fiagito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
solicit, impoitune, demand. 

fla^ro, are, avi, aium,\. inti*. To 
burn, be on fire, be inflamed, glow. 

flamma, ae, i. Flame. 

flecto, ere,flexi,f£xum,x:\x. To 
bend, tiu'u, du'ect, guide. 

fletns, us, m. {fleo, to weep). 
Weeping, lamentation. 

florens, entis, part, and adj. {fio- 
reo). Flourishing, prosperous. 

floreo, ere, ui, v. intr. {Jios). To 
flourish, be eminent or conspicuous. 

floresco, ere, v. intr. incep. {f.o- 
reo). To flourish, gi'ow in repute. 

flos, floris, m. A flower. 

flumen, fnis, n. {fluo, to flow). A 
river, current, sti-eam, flow. 

focus, i, m. A fireplace, hearth. 

foederatus, a, um, adj. {foedus, 
eris). Confederate, allied, A. 4. 

foedus, a, um, adj. Foul, un- 



3U 



FOEDUS—FUGIO 



seemly, detestable, abominable, sac- 
rilegious, iv. C. 1. 

foedus, en's, n. A league, treaty, 
compact, alliance. 

fons, fontisy m. A fonntain, 
source. 

foras, adv. Out of doors, forth, 
out, ii. C. 1. 

f orem, fore, = esseyn, fi/Jurus 
esse. G. 204, 2. 

forensis, e, adj. {fdnim). Per- 
taining to the forum or the courts of 
law, at the bar, forensic. 

f oris, adv. Without, out of dooi*s, 
outside, away. 

formido, inis, f. Dread, fear, 
teiTor, iv. C. 4. 

fonnidalosus, a, um, adj. (/or- 
mido) . Formidable, fearful, dreadful. 

fors, fortis, f. i^fero). Chance, 
fortune ; forU, by chance, by acci- 
dent; perchance. 

forsitan, adv. (ybrs «Y, an), Per- 
hai>>, L. 12. 

fortasse, adv. {fors). Pci-hsps, 
possibly. 

fortis, e, adj. (fero). Strong, 
1 iMve, valiant, bold, fearless. 

fortiter, adv. {fortis). Bravely, 
courageously, valiantly, finnly. 

fortitado, inis, f. {forfis). 
Bravery, coui-age, fortitude. 

fort una, ae, f. {fors): Oiance, 
fortune, condition, favor, privilege; 
fare, lot, destiny ; misfortune, M. L. 
4 ; Foi-tuiia, the goddess of fortune. 
Fortune ; fortwiae, pi., gifts of for- 
tune, property, estate, possessions, 
fortunes. 

fortanatns, a, wn, adj. {fortiina). 
Prosperous, fortunate, happy; well 
off, rich. 

forum, i, n. A public place, 
market-place, forum. 

Forum Aurelium, Fdri Aurelii, 
n. A small market-town near Rome, 
on the Aui-elian Way, i. C. 9. 

fragiiitas, atis, f. {fragilU, frail). 
Frailty, weakness, M. 7. 

fraiigo, ere, fregi, fracium, v. tr. 



To break, shatter, subdue, weaken, 
exhaust, dishearten, discoui'age, over- 
come. 

frater, tris, m. Brother. 

fraterne, adv. {fratemus). Fra- 
ternally, L. 11. 

fraternus, a, um, adj. {frater). 
Brotherly, fraternal. 

fraudatio, dnis, f. {fraudo, to 
cheat). Fraud, deceit, ii. C. 11. 

fraus, fraudisy f. Deceit, impo- 
sition, fraud, treacheiy. 

fre^i. See frango. 

frequens, eiitis, adj. Repeated, 
frequent; in great numbers, numer- 
ous, crowded, full. 

frequentia, ae, f. {frequens). 
Large assembly, numbers, numerous 
attendance, throng. 

frequento, are, avi, aium, v. tr. 
{frequetis). To frequent ; to visit in 
^reat numbers ; to bring together in 
gi'eat numbers. 

fretus, a, um, adj. Relying upon, 
depending on, ti'usting to. 

frigns, dris, n. Cold, frost, cold 
weather. 

frons, frontis, f. Th£ forehead, 
! brow, front. 

fiructus, us, m. {fruor). The use, 
emplo}Tnent, enjoyment ; profit, fruit, 
produce, income, advantage, gratifi- 
! cation, reward ; effect, result. 

fru^aiitas, atis, f. {frugaUs, fru- 
I gal). Economy, temperance, fru- 
I gality, D. 9. 

! frug^i, adj. indecl. Economical, 
= discreet, temperate, frugal, D. 9. 

frumentarius, a, um, adj. {fru- 

\ meiitum, grain). Of or belonging 

to grain or provisions ; res frumen- 

taria, grain, supplies ; frumentarium 

suhsidium, a gi*anary, M. L. 12. 

fruor, i, frultus ov fructus sura, 
V. dep. To enjoy. 

frustra, adv. Without effect, in 
vain, to no purpose. 

fudi. See fundo, ere. 

f uga, ae, f. Flight. 

f ugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, v. tr. 



FUGITIVUS — GEEO 



335 



and intr. To flee, escape, avoid, 
shun. 

fugitivas, iy m. {fugio). A de- 
serter, fugitive, runaway. 

fulgeo, ere, fuUiy v. inti\ To 
shine, glitter, gleam, ii. C. 3. 

fuimeti, inisy n. ifulgeo). Light- 
ning, a thunderbolt, iii. C. 8. 

Fulvius, iiy m. Q. Fulvius Flaccus, 
the Koman general who recovered 
Capua in the Second Punic War, A.9 ; 
M. Fulvius Xobilior, consul 183 b. c, 
A, 1 1 ; M. Fulvius Flaccus, a parti- 
san of C Gracchus, consul 125 B.C., 
i. C. 2. 

fundamentum, i, n. {fu7idOy 
are) . The foundation, basis, iv. C. 6. 

fuiiditus, adv. {fundus, the bot- 
tom). Completely, utterly, entirely, 
totally, P. 1. 

fuiido, are, dviy dtum, v. ti'. (fun- 
dus^ the bottom). To found, estab- 
lish, iv. C. 9. 

fuiido, erey fildiy fustimy v. tr. 
To pour out ; to prostrate, vanquish, 
rout. 

funestus, «, «»*, adj. (fwitis, a 
funeral) . Fatal, .destructive, deadly, 
calamitous, i. C. 9. 

fuiigor , I, functus sum, v. dcp. To 
perform, execute, discharge, fulfil. 

furcifer, eri, m. {furca, a fork, an 
instrument of punishment, fero) . A 
culprit, rogue, rascal, scoundrel, D. 9. 

furidsus, a, xiniy adj. {furiae, 
rage). Mad, furious, frenzied, ra- 
ging, i. C. 10. 

Furius, iiy m. L. Furius, a dis- 
tinguished literary character, A. 7; 
P. Furius, a partisan of Catiline. 

furo, erey fUruiy v. intr. To rage, 
rave, be mad, ii. C. 1. 

furor, orisy m. {fUro). Madness, 
rage, frenzy. 

furtim, adv. (/?^r, a thief). Fur- 
tively, by stealth, secretly, iii. C. 5. 

furtuiu, e, n. {furor , to steal). 
Theft. 

iusus, a, uniy part, from fundo, 
ere. 



G. 

Gabinius, u, ra. A. Gabinius, a 
tribune of the people, M. L. 17 ; Cim- 
ber Gabinius or P. Gabinius, a knight, 
one of the chief conspirators with 
Catiline, iii. C. 3; Q. Gabinius, a 
praetor, A. 5. 

Gabinius, a, urn, adj. {Gabinius), 
Of Gabinius, Gabinian; lex Gabiniay 
the bill proposed by A. Gabinius, giv- 
ing Pompey sole charge of the war 
against the pirates, M. L, 18. 

Gallia, ae, f. {Gallus). Gaul. 
1. Gallia Citerior or Cisalpinay Hither 
Gaul, Gaul south of the Alps. 2. Gal- 
lia Ulterior or Trarisalpmu, Farther 
Gaul, Gaul beyond the Alps; pro- 
vinciae GalUaey the Gallic provinces. 

Gallicanus, a, umy adj. {Gallus), 
Situated in Cisalpine Gaul, Gallic. 

Gallicus, a, umy adj. {Gallus), 
GaUie, belonging to the Gauls. 

Gallus, iy m. A Gaul, an inhabi- 
tant of Gaul. 

ganeo, onis, m. {gdnea, an eating- 
house) . A glutton, debauchee, ii. C.-4. 

gaudeo, erCy gdvisus sum, v. semi- 
dep. To rejoice, be glad or pleased. 

gaudiiim, 22, n. {gaudeo), Joy, 
gladness, i. C. 10. 

gavisus, a, wm, part, from ^a?i^eo. 

gaza, ae, f. Treasure, riches, 
weakh, M. L. 23. 

gelidus, o, umy adj. {geluy frost). 
Cold, i. C. 13. 

gener, eriy m. A son-in-law. 

gens, gentisy f. {gigno, to beget). 
A tribe, I'ace, nation; ubinam, gen- 
tiuniy where in the world ? i. C. 4. 

genus, em, n. Birth, descent; 
race, people; class; kind, manner, 
stj'le, nature. 

germauitas, dtisy f. {gcrmdmtSy 
brother). Brotherhood, fi-aternal af- 
fection, L. 11. 

gero, ere, gessi, gestumyY.tv. To 
bear, carry ; to administer, manage, 



?lo 



336 



GESTIO— ILIEREO 



cany on, wage ; to conduct, pei-foiin ; 
res gestae^ deeds, exploits, achieve- 
ments. 

g^estio, ire, ivi or n', itumy v. tr. 
{gestus^ gesture). To desire, long, 
be eager, ^I. 3. 

grestus, a, iirriy part, from gero. 

Glabrio, dnis^ m. M'. Glabrio, a 
Roman commander in the Mithri- 
datic War, 67 b. c, M. L. 9. 

§^]adiator, dris^ m. (glddius). A 
gladiator, i. C. 12 ; gladiatoreSy pi., 
a gladiatorial show or contest, P. 15. 

gladiatorius, a, um, adj. {gladi- 
ator) . Gladiatorial, ii. C. 5. 

gladiiis, ii, m. A sword. 

Glaucia, ae, m. C. Servilius 
Glaucia, praetor 100 B. C, iii. C. 6. 

gloria, ae, f. Glory, renown^ 
fame, reputation. 

glorior, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{gloria). To glory, boast, pride 
one's self. 

g^loi'iosns, a, um, adj. (nloria). 
Glorious, L. 12. 

fi^navus, a, urn, adj. Diligent, 
active, M, L. 7. 

Gracchus, i, m. C. Sempronins 
Gracchus, tribune 123 b. C. ; Ti. Sem- 
pronius Gracchus, brother of Caius, 
the famous tribune who revived the 
Agrarian laws, 133 b. c. 

gradus, us, m. {gradior, to step). 
A step, grade, degree ; limit. 

Graecia, ae, f.{Graecus, a Greek)- 
Greece ; sc. Magna, Southern Italy. 

Graecus, a, um, adj. {Graecus, a 
Greek). Greek, Grecian. 

gratia, ae, f. {grdtus). Favor, 
esteem, regard, influence, friendship, 
popularity ; gratitude, acknowledg- 
ment, return ; thanks ; gratias agere, 
to give thanks ; gratiayn referre, to 
return or recompense a favor; gratia, 
for the sake of. 

gratiosus, a, um, adj. {gratia). 
In favor, regarded, L. 11. 

Gratius, ii, m. Gratius, the pros- 
ecutor of Archias. 

gratulatio, o^iis, f. {gratiilor).. 



Joy, rejoicing, congi-atulation j 
thanksgiving. 

gratiilor, ari, dtus stem, v. dep* 
{grdtus). To congratulate, wish joy j 
to thank. 

gratus, a, um, adj. Pleasing, ac- 
ceptable, agreeable ; thankful, grate- 
ful. 

gravis, e, adj. Heavy, weighty; 
important, grave, dignified; violent, 
unpleasant, severe ; oppressive, diffi- 
cult, grievous, painful. 

gra vitas, dtis, f. {gravis). Weight, 
importance, power, influence, force^ 
dignity. 

graviter, adv. {gr&vis). Violent- 
ly, strongly, severely, grievously ; 
with force, forcibly, with dignity; 
unwillingly, with displeasure; seri- 
ously. 

gravo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. {gra- 
vis). To weigh down, oppress; 
pass., to be vexed or annoyed, feel 
displeasure ; to be reluctant, hesitate, 

grex, gregis, m. A flock, herd,. 
drove ; company, troop, band, ii. C. 5. 

giiberiiatio, dnis, f. {giiberno). 
Direction, management, iii. C. 8. 

giiberno, di^e, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
steer, pilot, M. L. 14 ; to govern, di- 
rect, manage. 

gusto, are, din, dtum, v. tr. To 
taste, partake of; to appreciatCr 



H. 

habeo, ere, ui, tfum., v. tr. To- 
have, possess, hold, keep ; to consider,, 
esteem, regard, knoAV : to make, pre-» 
pare; to entertain, foster; gratiam 
habere, to be grateful ; gratia haben- 
da est, gratitude is due, r. C. 5 ; habere 
orationem., to deliver an oration. 

habito, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. and 
intr. freq. {habeo). To inhabit; to 
dwell, live, reside, abide. 

habitus, ^^5, m. (Aa6eo). Quality^ 
character, disposition, A. 7. 

haereo, ere, haesiy haesumyY. intr.- 



HAESITO— HORTENSIUS 



337 



To cleave, be fixed, remain fast, re- 
main, abide, retain one's position. 

haesito, are, avi^ atum^ v. intr. 
freq. {haereo) . To stick fast ; to hes- 
itate. 

Hannibal, dlis^ m. The leader 
of the Carthaginians in the Second 
Punic War. 

haruspex, wis, m. A soothsaj^er, 
diviner, iii. C. 4. 

baud, adv. Not. 

haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, v. tr. 
To draw, take, derive, A. 6. 

hebesco, ere, v. intr. incep. (hebeo, 
to be bhmt) . To grow dull or blunt. 

Heraclia, ae, f. A city on the 
coast of Lucania in Southern Italy, 
A. 4. 

Heraeliensis, e, adj. (TIeraclta). 
Pertaining to Heraclia, Heraclean ; 
Tieraclienses, turn, the Heracleans, 
inhabitants of Heraclia. 

herciile, adv. {He7xuks). By 
Hercules ! in truth, M. L. 18. 

hereditas, atis, f. {heres, an heir). 
An inheritance. 

hei'i, adv. Yesterday, P. 7. 

besternus, a, um, adj. Of yester- 
daj-, yesterday's ; hesternus dies, yes- 
terday. 

biberna, drwn, n. pi. {hicms). 
Winter-quarters. 

hiberno, are, aci, dtiwi, v. intr. 
{hibernuSy wintry). To pass the 
winter, M. L. 13. 

hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron. 
This, it; the latter; such; hoc, abl., 
on this account, therefore. 

hic, adv. {hie). Here, in this 
place, at this point, hereupon. 

biems, emis, f. Winter. 

Hieras, ae, m. Hi eras, an am- 
bassador of Deiotarus, D. 15. 

bin c, adv. {?iic) . From this place, 
hence, from this, on this side. 

Hirtius, ?'/, m. A. Hirtius, consul 
43 B. c, P. 15. 

Hispani, drum, m. pi. The 
Spaniards. 

Hispania, ae, f. {Hispani). Spain, 



comprising two provinces : Hispania 
CUerior, north of the river Iberus, 
now the Ebro, and Hispa^iia Ulterior, 
south of that river ; hence duae His^ 
paniae, M. L. 12. 

Hispaniensis, e, adj. {Hispani), 
Belonging to Spain, Spanish, M. L. 4 ; 
beUu?n Hispaniense, the war waged 
in Spain by the elder Scipio Africanus 
against the Carthaginians and their 
allies, M. L. 20 ; the war waged in 
Spain by Pompey against Sertorius, 
M. L.IO. 

hodie, adv. {hic, dies). To-da}^ 
this day. 

hodiernus, a, um, adj. {hodie). 
Of to-day, of this day, to-day's ; hodi- 
eymus dies, to-day, this day. 

Homer us, i, m. Homer, the cel- 
ebrated Greek poet, A. 8. 

homo, inis, m. ami f. A man, 
human being, person. 

honestas, atis, f. {honesttis). 
Honor, honesty, integrity, virtue. 

boneste, adv. {honestus). Honor- 
ably, ii. C. 10. 

bonesto, are, dvi, dtwn, v. tr, 
{honestus). To honor, dignify; se 
honestare, to distinguish one's self, 
i. C. 12 ; to grace, embellish. 

honestus, a, um, adj. {honos). 
Honored, rospected, distinguished, 
noble; woi thy, respectable, honora- 
ble, eminent. 

bonorif icus, a, um, adj. G. 164. 
{honor, facio). lionorable, confer- 
ring honor. 

honos or honor, oris, m. Honor, 
repute, esteem ; a post of honor, pub- 
lic office ; honoris causa, out of re- 
spect. 

bora, ae, f. An hour. G. 711; 
711,2. 

borribilis, e, adj. {horreo, to 
shudder). Terrible, horrible, dread- 
ful. 

bortatus, us,m. {hortor). Exhor- 
tation, advice, encouragement, A. 1. 

Hortensius, ii, m. The name 
of an illustrious Homan family, A. 3 ; 



\^ 



338 



HOKTOR — ILL YRICUS 



the most clistinguislied was the ora- 
tor, Q. Hortensius, consul 69 B.C., 
M. L. 17. 

hortor, ari^ atus surrty v. clop. To 
incite, instigate; to encourage, ex- 
hort, urge. 

liospes, itisy m. and f. A guest; 
a host. 

hospitalis, e, adj. (kospes). Pre- 
siding over hospitality, D. 6; hospi- 
table. 

hospitium, a, n. {hospes) . Friend- 
ship, hospitality. 

hostilis, Cy adj. (hostis). Per- 
taining to the enemy, hostile ; hostilis 
ea^pugnatiOy a capture by the enemy, 
M. L. 5. 

hostis, isy m. and f. An enemy, 
a public enemy. 

hue, adv. {hie). Hither, to this 
place, to this point, so far. 

hunianitas, atisy f. {hiimanus). 
Humanity, kindness ; culture, liberal 
education, refinement. 

humauitus, adv. {humanu^). Af- 
ter the manner of men, in the course 
of human events, P. 4. 

humauus, a, urn, adj. {homo). 
Human ; of refined culture, polished, 
cultivated. 

humilis, e, adj. {humus). Low, 
humble, poor, weak, insignificant, ig- 
noble. 

humus, iy f. The earth, ground ; 
humiy on the ground. G. 424, 2 ; i. 
C. 10. 

I. 

ibi, adv. There, in that place. 

id-circo, adv. {circa, around). 
On that account, for that reason, 
therefore. 

idem, eaderriy tdeniy dem. pron. 
{iSy dem). The same; ego idem, I 
also, i. C. 3. 

idoneus, a, wm, adj. Fit, suitable, 
meet, proper. 

Idus, uimiy f. pi. The Ides, the 



15th day of March, May, July, and 
October ; the 13th of other months. 

igitur, conj. Therefore, accord- 
ingly, consequently ; then, to resume, 
as I was saying, I sa}^ 

ig^narus, a, t«m, adj. (m, gnaruSy 
knowing). Ignorant, inexperienced. 

igiiavia, acy f. {igndvus, inactive). 
Cowardice, listlessness, inactivity. 

ignis, iSy m. Fire. 

ignominia, acy f. (m, nomen). 
Disgrace, dishonor, ignominy. 

igtioratio, dnisy f. {ignoro). Ig- 
norance, M. 5. 

ignore, drCy dviy dtuniy v. tr. {ig^ 
ndrus) . Not to know, to be ignorant 
of. 

ignosco, ercy ndviy notumy v. tr. 
{iuy nosco). To pardon, forgive, ex- 
cuse. 

ignotus, a, ?«m, adj. {iriy notusy 
known). Unknown; ignotuSy iy m., 
a stranger. 

Ilias, af/ts, f. {Iliumy Troy). The 
Iliad, Homer's celebrated epic poem 
on the Trojan War, A. 10. 

illatus, a, wm, part, from infSro. 

ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron. That ; 
he, she, it ; hie . . . illcy this one . , . 
that one. 

illecebra, ae, f. {tllicio, to entice). 
Enticement, -attraction, allurement, 
power of alluring. 

illine, adv. {ille). From that 
place, thence, on that side, ii. C..11. 

illue, adv. {ille). To that place, 
thither, D. 7. 

illuceseo, erCy luxiy v. intr. {iiiy 
lucesco, to grow light) . To dawn. 

illustris, Cy adj. (m, lustra). 
Bright, clear; illustrious, distin- 
guished, honorable ; remarkable, im- 
portant; festive. 

illustro, drCy dviy dtumy v. tr. {il- 
lustris). To bring to light, make 
plain ; to illustrate, honor, adorn. 

lUyrieus, ayimiy adj. {Illyriiy the 
Illyrians) . Illyrian ; Illyricum marej 
the part of the Adriatic bordering 
upon Illyria, M. L. 12. 



IMAGO — IMPOETUNITAS 



339 



Stna^o, tniSy f. An image, like- 
ness, portraiture. 

imbecillus, <7, urn, adj. G. 163,2. 
^Yeak, feeble, characterized by weak- 
ness, P. 14. 

imberbis, e, adj. (?;?, barba, 
beard). Beardless, ii. C. 10. 

imbiio, ercy ui^ utum, v. tr. To 
fill; to imbue, accustom, inure, D. 10. 

imitator, dris^ m. {imltor). An 
imitator, one who foIlow*s the same 
pursuits, M. 1. 

iniitor, aW, atus simiy v. dep. To 
copy, imitate. 

immauis, e, adj. Immense, enor- 
mous, vast ; monsti-ous, savage. 

immauitas, atis, f. {immanis). 
Enormity, heinousness ; savageness, 
barbarism, cruelty. 

imiTiaturus, a, «m, adj. (m, ma- 
turns). Untimely, premature, iv. C.2. 

imniineo, ere, v. intr. {m, mm- 
eoy to project). To project over, 
overhang;, to be near, impend, 
threaten. 

immiiiuo, ere^zii, titiim,v.h\ {in, 
minuo). To diminish; to encroach 
upon, impair, injure, M. L. 5. 

iminitto, ere, inisi, missum, v. tr. 
(//?, mitto). To send into, throw 
into ; to send or dispatch against. 

immo, adv. Xay rather, nay 
more, i. C. 1. 

immoderatus, a, um, adj. (m, 
moderatiis) . Immoderate, excessive. 

imm or talis, e, adj. (m, moHdlis). 
Immortal, eternal. 

immortalitas, atis, f. {immor- 
talis). Immortality, M. 9. 

immunitas, dtis, f. {immunis, ex- 
empt). Exemption from public ser- 
vice or burdens, immunit}', P. 1. 

impedio, ire, ivi or ii, ituni, v. tr, 
{in, pes). To entangle; to hinder, 
detain, suspend, obstruct, impede, 
embarrass. 

impello, ere, pull, pulsum, v. tr. 
{in, pello). To drive against; to 
urge, urge on, impel ; to incite, move, 
persuade, induce. 



impendeo, ere, v. intr. {in, pen- 
deo). To overhang; to be near, im- 
pend, threaten. 

imperator, oris, m. {impero). A 
commander, general. 

imperatorius, a, vm, adj. (m- 
perator). Appropriate to a com- 
mander, of a commander, M. L. 11. 

imperitus, a, nm, adj. {in, pert- 
tu^). Inexperienced, unskilled, ig- 
norant, unacquainted with. 

imperium, ii, n. {iinpero). Com- 
mand, order, direction; authority, 
power, sway, dominion ; empire, gov- 
ernment. » 

impero, are, dvi, atiim, v. tr. {in,, 
paro). To command, order. 

impertio^ ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(ill, partio, to share). To bestow, 
impart, iii. C. 6. 

impetro, are, dvi, dtiim, v. tr. 
{ill, pdtro, to pei-form). To accom- 
plish, effect; to obtain, secure, pro- 
cure ; to obtain by request. 

inif etus, tfs, m. {impeto, to as- 
sail). An attack, assault, onset; 
violence, fury, force. 

impie, adv. {iynpius), Unduti- 
fidly, wickedly, D. 11. 

impietas, d,tis, f. {impius). Im- 
piety ; unnatural conduct, undutiful- 
ness, D. 1. 

impin^Vj*, ere, pegi, pactum, v. tr. 
{in, pango, to fasten) . To drive into, 
thrust into, P. 2. 

inipius, a, iim, adj. (?Vz, pitis, 
pious). Irreverent, ungodly, im- 
pious. 

implico, are, dvi or ui, dtum or 
Uum, V. tr. {in, piTco, to fold). To 
entangle, involve ; to interlace, unite. 

imploro, are, dvi, dtum, \.\\\ {in^ 
ploro, to cry out). To entreat, be- 
seech, implore. 

importo, are, dvi, dtum, y. tr. {in, 
porta, to carry) . To import ; to bring 
about, occasion, cause, D. 15. 

iniportuiiitas, dtis, f. {importu- 
mis) . Shamelessness, unfeeling con- 
duct, heinousness, D. 5. 



340 



IMPOKTUNUS - INCLINO 



importuniis, a, um, adj. Wicked, 
unfeeling, wanton, savage. 

impotens, entis^ adj. {in^potens). 
Powerless ; nncontroiled, violent, fu- 
rious, D. 12. 

improbitas, atis, f. {improhus). 
Wickedness, depravit}^ ; impudence, 
boldness, audacity. 

improbo, are, aviy atiwif v. tr. 
{in, prdho) . To disapprove, M. L. 22. 

improbus, a, um, adj. {in, prdbiiSy 
upright). Bad, wicked, depraved, 
base; seditious, violent; shameless, 
bold, impudent. 

improvidus, a, wm, adj. (m, pro- 
t^zc?ws, cautious). Inconsiderate, im- 
provident, not foreseeing or antici- 
pating, L. 6. 

imprud ens, 671^25, adj. (in^ pru- 
dens). Not foreseeing, not antici- 
pating or expecting, unaware, igno- 
rant, inconsiderate, imprudent. 

impubes, eris, adj. (m, pubes, 
ad ult ). Not having reached manhood, 
youtlrfid. 

impudeiis, e77t?s, adj. {in,pudens, 
modest) . Shameful, shamejess, bold, 
impudent. 

impud enter, adv. {impudens). 
Impudently, shamelessly, iii. C. 5. 

impiidentia, ae, f. {impUdens), 
Impudence, sliamclessness, iii. C. 5. 

impudicus, «, um, adj! (?n, pudi- 
cusy chaste). Unchaste, shameless, 
lewd, ii. C. 5. 

inipune, adv. {impunis, unpun- 
ished). AVithout punishment, with 
impunity. 

impunitas, atis, f. {impunis^ un- 
punished). Exemption from punish- 
ment, impunity, pardon. 

impiinitus,a, wm, adj. {inypunl- 
tits). Unpunished, i. C. 7. 

impurus, a, um, adj. (m, puruSy 
pure). Impure, infamous, vile. 

imus, a, um. See inferus. 

in , prep, with ace. and abl. I. With 
ACC, in answer to the question wAI^A- 
er'f 1) Of space: into, to, among, 
against, towards, in, upon. 2) Of 



time: up to, till, into, for. 3) Of 
other relations : on, about, respecting, 
towards, against, for, as, in, into. 
II. W^ITH ABL., in answer to the 
question where? 1) Of space : in, 
amid, upon, over, among, at, within. 
2) Of time : in, during, at, in the 
course of. 3) Of other relations : in, 
on, upon, in the case of. 

In, insep. prep. Un-, im-, in-, not. 
G. 338, 3. 

inanis, e, adj. Empty; vain, use- 
less, idle, groundless. 

in-auditus, a, um^ adj. Unheard 
of, unusual^ strange, M. L. 11. 

inauratus, a, wm, adj. {inaurOf to 
gild). Gilded, iii. C. 8. 

incendium, eV, n. (incendo). A 
fire, conflagration, burning. 

incendo, ere, di, sum^ v. tr. To 
set fire to, set on fire, kindle, burn ; 
to inflame, arouse, stir up, excite. 

incensio, onisy f. {incendo'), A 
burning, iii. C. 4. 

inceptum, e, n. (incipio). An 
undertaking, attempt, beginning. 

in-certus, a, um, adj. Uncertain, 
indefinite, doubtful. 

inchoo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
and intr. To begin, make a begin- 
ning, A. 11. 

in-cido, ere, ctdi, casum^ v. intr. 
{cado). To fall upon, come upon 
unexpectedly ; to fall into ; to occur, 
happen. 

in-cido, ^re^ cidi, cisumy v. tr. 
{caedoy to cut) . To cut into, cut ; to 
carve, engrave, P. 7. 

in-cipio, ere, ceply ceptiim, v. tr. 
and inti'. {cctpio). To seize upon, lay 
hold of; to begin, commence. 

incitamentum, i, n. {incUo), An 
inducement, incentive, A. 10. 

in-cito, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. (ceVo, 
to rouse). To set in motion, urge 
forward; to incite, spur on, encour- 
age, stimulate, rouse. 

in-clino, are, din, dfum, v. tr. and 
intr. {clino, obs., to bend). To turn, 
incline, iv. C. 3. 



INCLUDO — nvFIRinJS 



541 



in-cludo, ere, si, sum, v. ti*. {cla^i- 
do). To inclose, confine, wrap up. 

in-c61umis, e, adj. {columis, safe) . 
Unimpaired, uninjured, unharmed, 
safe, entire. 

incolumitas, dtis, f. iincolUmis). 
Uninjured state or condition, safety. 

incommoduin, i, n. {incommodus, 
inconvenient) . Inconvenience, trou- 
ble, deti'iment, injury, misfortune; 
defeat, loss. 

in-consideratus, a, uyn, adj. Un- 
advised, inconsiderate, thoughtless, 
heedless, L. 1. 

in -con suit us, a, um, adj. {con- 
sido). Inconsiderate, indiscreet. 

incorrupte, adv. {incorruptus) . 
Uncorruptly, justly, without preju- 
dice, M. 9.' 

in-corruptus, a, um, .adj. Un- 
coiTupted, not bribed, not seduced, 

in-credibilis, e, adj. Incredible, 
extraordinaiy, unparalleled. 

incredibiliter, ady. [incredibilis). 
Incredibly, unusually, extraordina- 
rily, P. 15. 

in-crepo, are, iii, itum, v. intr. 
{crepo, to rattle). To make a noise. 

incumbo, ere, cuhui, ciihttum, v. 
intr. {inciibo, to lie) . To lean upon ; 
to apply one's self to, exeit one's 
self, devote one's self to, attend to. 

inde, adv. {is). From that place, 
thence. 

in-demnatns, a, um, adj. {dam- 
ndtus). Uncondemned, unsentenced. 

index, ids, m. and f. {indico). 
An informer, witness, iii. C. 9 ; legis 
ijidex, the purport of the law, P. 8. 

indicium, ii, n. (index). Infor- 
mation, discovery, disclosure, evi- 
dence, proof, testimony, indication. 

in-dico, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
idlco, to proclaim) . To indicate ; to 
expose, reveal, betray. 

in-dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. 
To declare publicly, proclaim, an- 
nounce, declare ; to appoint, fix, en- 
join. 

indigne, adv. {indignus) . Unde- 



servedly; unworthily, dishonorably, 
shamefully. 

indi§:nitas, dtis, f. {indignus). 
Unworthiness, shameful conduct, in- 
dignity. 

in-dignus, a, um, adj. Unworthy. 

in-duco, ere, dux'i, ductum, v. tr. 
To bring-, conduct, or lead in, to in- 
troduce ; to move, excite, influence, 
persuade; animum inducerey to de- 
termine, i. C. 9. 

industria, ae, f. (industritis), In- 
dustiy, application, diligence, activ- 
ity, assiduity. 

industrius, a, um, adj. Indus- 
trious, active, diligent, assiduous. 

in-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. and intr. 
To go into, enter ; to enter upon, be- 
gin, commence, initiate. 

in-ers, ey^tis, adj. {ars). Indolent, 
slufi'gish, slothful, listless, unmanly. 

inertia, ae, f. {vners). Inaction, 
inactivity. 

in-expiabilis, e, adj. {cxpio). Un- 
pardonable, P. 6. 

in-famis, e, adj. {fdma). Infa- 
mous, disreputable, ii. C. 4. 

in-f ero, ferre, tiili, illdtum, v. tr. 
To bear, convey, or throw into ; to 
occasion, cause, produce, inflict; to 
place or lay upon ; helium inferre, to 
make or w?ge war. 

inferus, a, um, adj. G. 163, 3. 
Situated below or underneath, low; 
inferi, pi., those in the under-world, 
the dead; inferior, us, comp., lower, 
infenor ; inflmus, a, um, sup., lowest ; 
last, deepest, humblest; Imus, a,iwiy 
sup., lowest, the lowest part. 

infestus, a, um, adj. Unsafe, inse- 
cure ; hostile, ti'oublesome, dangerous. 

infimus, a, um. See inferus. 

in-finitus, a, um, adj. {finitvs, 
limited) . Unbounded, boimdless, 
unlimited, indefinite, vast. 

infirm o, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. {in- 
Jirmns). To weaken, invalidate, im- 
pair ; to disprove, refute. 

in-firmus, a, um, adj. Weak, fee- 
ble, powerless. 



342 



INFITIATOR — INSEHVIO 



infitiator, drisy m. (infitior), A 
denier; one who denies a debt; a 
debtor, ii. C. 10. 

infitior^ drif dtus stim, v. dep. 
{infitiaey denial). Not to confess; 
to deny, disown. 

iii-flammo, are, a^•^, atumy v. tr. 
{fammOy to inflame). To set on fire, 
fire ; to inflame, excite. 

in-flo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. (J?o, 
to blow). To inspirit, animate, A. 8 ; 
to inflate, puft" up, M. L. 15. 

in-formo, a/*e, dviy dtuniy v. tr. 
{formOy to form) . To mould, form, 
train, educate, A. 3. 

in^enium, ii, n. (m, ^//ywo, to be- 
get). Native talent, talent, ability, 
genius. 

iii-gens, entisy adj. Vast, enor- 
mous, very great, huge. 

iiigenuus, a, urn, adj. {ijigenOyUi 
implant) . Born of free parents, free- 
born, iv. C. 7. 

inq:rate, adv. (i?igrdtus). Un- 
gratefully, unthankfuUy, D. 11." 

in-gratus, a, um, adj. Unwel- 
come, disagreeable, unpleasant, un- 
acceptable ; ungrateful. 

iii-gravesco, ercy v. intr. {graves- 
cOy to become heavy). To increase, 
grow worse, i. C. 13. 

in-gredior, i, gressus surriy v. dep. 
igrddiory to step). To go into, enter ; 
to enter upon, begin, engage in. 

in-hio, drey dciy dtiim, v. intr. 
(hio, to open). To open the mouth 
for or upon, iii. C. 8. 

inhumanitas, dtisy f. (inhumd- 
nus). Inhumanity, unnatural con- 
duct, D. 12. 

in-humanus, a, um, adj. Inhu- 
man, savage, iv. C. 6. 

inii. See ineo. 

inimicitia, ae, f. {inimiciis). En- 
mity, hostility. 

in-imicus, ny^um, adj. {dmicus). 
Unfriendly, hostile, inimical ; Xnlmi- 
cuSy iy m., a foe, personal enemy. 

iiiique, adv. (itiiquics). Unjustly, 
unfairly, D. 11. 



iniquitas, a^i5, f. {Iniquus), Un- 
evenness; injustice, unfairness. 

in-iquus, a, iiniy adj. {aeqiius). 
Unequal, uneven; unjust, unreason- 
able. 

inire. See ineo. 

initio, are, dviy dtum'Y. tr. {lii- 
itium). To consecrate, dedicate. 

initium,. w, n. (ineo). A begin- 
ning, origin, commencement. 

in-jicio, er^', Jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
(Jdcio). To throw or cast into; to 
put or lay upon; to inspire, cause, 
occasion. 

injuria, acy f.(infuriusy injurious). 
Injury, wrong, violence, injustice, 
damage, harm, insult; hijuridy un- 
justly. 

injuriose, adv. {injuria). Wrong- 
fully, unjustly, unlawfully, M. L. 5. 

in-jussu, m. (only in abl. sing.). 
Without the command. 

in-justus, a, uniy adj. Unjust. 

in-nocens, en^t*, adj. Harmless, 
blameless, innocent. 

innocentia, ae, f. {innocens). In- 
nocence ; blamelessness, uprightness, 
integrity. 

in-niimerabilis, c, adj. {niimer- 
dbilis, numerable). Innumerable, 
countless, A. 9. 

inopia, ae, f. {tnops, needy). 
Want, need, scarcity, destitution. 

inquam, v. def. G. 297, II. 2. 
To say. 

inquino, dre, dvi, dtum, v. ti*. 
To corrupt, pollute, contaminate. 

in-scribo, ere, psiy ptum, v. tr. To 
write upon, write, inscribe. 

in-sector, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
(sector y from sequor) . To pursue, as- 
sail, D. 11. 

in-sepultus, a. wm,adj. Unburied, 
iv. C. G ; insepulta sepultura, a burial 
without the usual rites, an irregular 
burial, P. 2. 

in -sequor, i, secutus sunty v. dep. 
To follow ; to pursue, press upon. 

in-servio, ire, ivi or iiy itum, v. 
intr. To endeavor to please, pay 



INSIDEO— IXTEK 



343 



attention to, act with regard for or 
reference to, M. 9. 

in-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. intr. 
{sedeo, to sit). To reside, become 
seated ; to fix or establish one's self, 
obtain a footing or position. 

insidiae, drum, f. pi. (insideo). 
An ambush, ambuscade ; stratagem, 
artifice ; treacheiy, plot. 

iiisidiator, oris, m. (itisidhr). 
One lying in ambush or in wait, a 
Avaylayer, ii. C. 12. 

iiisidior, dri, dtu^ sum, v. dep. 
(insidiae) . To lie in ambush, lie in 
wait, form an ambuscade ; to plot 
against. 

iusidiosus, a,ut)i, adj. (insidiae). 
Dangerous, insidious, ii. C. 13. 

iiisigne, is, n. (insignis). A dis- 
tinctive mark, badge, mark, sign. 

iii-sis^uis, e, adj. (signum). Re- 
markable, distinguished. 

in-simulo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
To charge, blame, accuse, allege. 

iii-soleiis, entis, adj. (soleo). Ar- 
rogant, liaughty, insolent. 

iiisoleiiter, adv. (insdlens). In 
an unusual manner; immoderately, 
haughtily, insolently. 

insolentia, ae, f. (insdlens). 
Strangeness, unfiimiliarity, D. 2; 
haughtiness, arrogance, insolence, 
M. 6. 

in-solitus, a, ufn, adj. (sdleo). 
Unwonted, unusual, uncommon. 

iiispec'to, are, dvi, dtum, v. ti*. 
freq. (inspicio). To look at, view, 
behold; inspectante praetore, in the 
sight of the praetor, !M. L. 12. 

in-speraiis, antis, adj. (spero). 
Not hoping or expecting, M. 7. 

in-speratas, a, um, adj. (spero). ; 
Unhoped for, unexpected, ii. C. 9. j 

iii-spicio, ere, spexi, spcctum, v. | 
tr. (specio, to look). To inspect, ex- 
amine, look at, D. 6. 

in-stituo, ere, id, utum, v. ti'. 
(statuo). To put or place into; to 
begin, commence ; to determine, fix 
upon ; to train up, educate. 



institutam, i, n. (institvo). Mode 
of life, habit, observance, custom, in- 
stitution. 

in-sto, are, stiti, stdtiityi, y. intr. 
To stand upon ; to draw near, ap- 
proach, be at hand; to press upon, 
pursue, threaten. 

instrnctus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
(instruo) . Equipped, provided, fur- 
nished; insti'ucted, taught, versed, 
trained. 

iiistrumentum, i, n. (itistriw). 
Utensil, tool, instrument, implement ; 
means. 

ia-struo, ere, striixi, structum, v. 
tr. (striio, to build) . To build into ; 
to arrange in order, array, marshal ; 
to instruct. 

iusula, ae, f. An island. 

in-suni, esse, fid, v. intr. To be 
or exist in, to reside. 

in-teger, gra, grinn, adj. (tango). 
Untouched, unimpaired, undimin- 
ished, unbroken, whole ; fresh, vig- 
orou »,- not exhausted ; loyal ; pure, 
upright ; re integrd, before anything 
was done, at the outset ; integnun 
esse, to be an open question, P. 10. 

iiiteg^re, adv. (integer). Wholly; 
justly, irreproachably, honestly, 
M. L. 1. 

iiite^ritas, dtis, f. (integer). In- 
tegrity, blainelessness, M. L. 20. 

intelligo, ere, hxi, lectum, y. tr. 
(inter, lego). To understand, per- 
ceive, know, comprehend, feel as- 
sured, observe. 

iii-temperanter, adv. (tetnpero). 
Intemperately, P. 5. 

in-tempestus, a, um, adj. (tern- 
pits). Unseasonable; intempesta 
nox, late at ni^ht, the dead of night, 
P. 3. 

in-tendo, ere, di, turn or sum,Y. tr. 
To stretch out, direct towards; to 
exert one's self, strive ; to intend. 

inter, prep, with ace. (in). 1. Of 
space : between, among, with ; inter 
falcarios, into the sti'eet of the 
scythe-makers, i. C 4 ; inter se^ to- 



344 



IXTERCEDO — IXATtCTUS 



gether, G. 448, 1. 2.0ftlme:dm'- 
ing, in the course of. 

inter-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum^ v. 
tr. To go between, inteii^ose, be or 
lie between, exist between ; to inter- 
vene. 

iiitercessio, dms^ f. {intercedo). 
An intervention, interposition, pro- 
test, P. 10 ;' the veto of the tribune, 
M. L. 19. 

inter-cido, ere, di^ v. intr. {cddo). 
To fall, be lost, perish, D. 9. 

iiiter-cludo, ere, .st, 5wm, v. tr. 
(clazido) . To close, interrupt. 

iiiter-dico, ere, dixiy dictum yY.iv, 
and intr. To forbid, prohibit, ex- 
ckuje ; aqua atque igni interdicere, to 
forbid the use of fire and water, i. e., 
to proscribe or banish, P. 9. 

inter-dum, adv. Sometimes, oc- 
casionally, now and then, at times. 

iiiter-ea, adv. {is). Meanwhile, 
in tljc mean time. 

int6r-eo, ere, n, Uumy v. intr. To 
be lost, perish, go to ruin. 

interfector, oris^ m. {interflcio). 
A slayer, murderer, P. 14. 

inter-ficio, ereyfeci^fectum^ v.tr. 
( fdcio). To destroy, kill, slay, mur- 
der. 

inter-im, adv. {is), Meanwhile, 
in the mean time. 

inter-imo, SreyemiyeipptumyY. tr. 
{SmOy to take). To kill, slay, de- 
stroy, pnt to death, D. 6. 

interior, w*, sup. intlmuSy adj. 
G. 1G6. Inner, interior. 

interitus, ua, m. (intdreo). De- 
struction, death, ruin. 

inter-mitto, ere, m^.s^, missttm, 
V. tr. and intr. To omit, let pass, 
neglect; to cease, discontinue. 

internecio, onis, f. G. 133, 2. 
(hitery neco) . A massacre, slaughter, 
de-.truction, extermination. 

interpretor, dri, dtus sum^ v. dcp. 
{interpres, an interpreter). To inter- 
pret. 

inter-rogo, drey dvi, dtuniy v. tr. 
To ask, question, inquire. 



iiiter-siiin, esse^ fui, v. intr. To 
be between; hoc interest^ there is 
this difference; to be present, take 
pai-t in; to attend to; interest^ im- 
pers., it concerns, is important. 

inter-vallum, e, n. {vallum^ a 
wall). An inteiTal, distance. 

interventus, W5, m. {intej^-venio) , 
Inter^^ention, interposition, aid. 

intestinus, a, wm, adj. {intus). 
Intestine, civil, domestic. 

intimus, a, wm, adj., sup. of inte- 
rior', intlmuSy i, m., a most intimate 
or very close friend, a bosom-friend, 
ii. C. 5. 

intra, prep, with ace. 1. Of 
space : within, in. 2. Of time : with- 
in, in, during. 

intro-duco, ere, duxiy ductum, v. 
tr. {i?itro, within). To lead or con- 
duct within, to introduce. 

in-tueor, eri, tuttus sum, v. dep. 
To look at, look or gaze upon. 

intuli. See infero. 

intus, adv. {in). On the inside, 
within. 

in-ultus, a,^^m, adj*. Unpunished. 

in-iiro, ere, ussi, ustum, v. tr. {uroy 
to burn) . To burn into, brand upon, 
brand; to stamp, impress, imprint. 

in-usitatus, a, wm, adj. {usitdtuSy 
usual). Unusual, uncommon, strange, 
extraordinaiy. 

in-utilis, e, adj. Unserviceable, 
useless, unprofitable. 

in-vado, ^re, si, stimy v. intr. (ra- 
do, to go). To go into, to fall upon ; 
with in, to assume, usurp, P. 2. 

in-v6nio, ire, veniy ventumy v. tr. 
To come upon; to find, meet with, 
discover, find out ; to achieve. 

in-vestigo, dre, dviy dtumy v. tr. 
{vestigOy to track). To investigate, 
trace out, find out. 

in-v6terasco, (ire, dviy dtumy v. 
intr. incep. {vUus). To grow old ; to 
become established. 

in-victus, a, wm, adj. (vi7ico), 
Unconquered, invincible, unconquer- 
able. 



UrVIDEO — JUBEO 



345 



in-video, ere, vicli, visum, v. intr. 
To look upon with euvy ; to envy. 

invidia, ae, f. {invidus). Envy, 
jealousy, hatred, unpopularity, mal- 
ice. 

invidiosus, o, wm, adj. {invidia). 
Occasioning or producing unpopu- 
larity, hatred, or odium, ii. C, 7 ; odi- 
ous, detestable, P. 14. 

invidus, a, wm, adj. {invideo). 
Malignant, envious, iii. C. 12. 

invisus, a, um, adj. {invXdeo). 
Odious, offensive, hated, detested. 

invito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
invite, summon. 

invitus, a, um, adj. Unwilling, 
reluctant, with regret. 

ipse, rt, um, dera. pron. G.186,4,4). 
Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; 
just, exactly, veiy, precisely. 

ira, ae, f. Anger, -svi-ath, M. 6. 

iracunde, adv. {iracundus) . Pas- 
sionatel}^ angrily, wrathfull}^, P. 5. 

iracundia, ae, f. {iracujidus) . A 
hasty temper, anger, rage, passion. 

iracundus, a, um, adj. (era). 
Passionate, excited. 

irascor, i, v. dep. {ira). To be 
angry or offended, M. L. 13. 

iratus,a, utu, adj. {irascor). An- 
gry, incensed against. 

irrepo, ere, j^si, v. intr. {in, repo, 
to creep). To creep in, get in, gain 
admittance, A. 5. 

irretio, ire, ivi or ii. Hum, v. tr. 
(i}i, rete, a net). To ensnare, entan- 
gle, involve, i. C. 6. 

irrumpo, ere, rupi, riiptutn, v. in- 
tr. {in, rumpo). To break or rush 
into, force one's way into, burst upon. 

irruo, ere, rui, v. intr. (m, ruo). 
To rush in, force one's way into. 

irruptio, onis, f. {irrumpo), A 
breaking into, invasion, attack. 

is, ea, id, dem. pron. He, she, it; 
this, that ; such ; id temporis, at that 
time, i. C. 4; eo, on this account; eo, 
quod, on this account, because; eo 
with the comparative may often be 
rendered by tJie. 



iste, a, ud, dem. pron. {is). This, 
that, that of yours. G. 450, 3. 

ita, adv. {is). So, thus, to such 
a degree, in this manner, in such a 
manner ; ita ut, just as, i. C. 2. 

Italia, ae, f. Italj^; as distin- 
guished from Latium, Southern Italy, 
called also Mag7ia Graecia, A. 3. 

Italicus, a, um, adj. {Italia). Ital- 
ian; Italicum helium, the Social or 
Marsian War, A. 4. 

ita-que, conj. And so, therefore ; 
accordingly, hence, then. 

item, adv. {is). In like manner, 
likewise, also. 

iter, itineris, n. {eo) . A journey, 
march ; way, route, road. 

iterum, adv. {is). Again, a sec- 
ond time; iterum et saepius, again 
and again. 

iturus, a, tan, part, from eo. 

ivi. See eo. 



jaceo, e7'e, ui, Uum, v. intr. To 
lie ; to lie dead ; to have fallen. 

jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, v. tr. To 
throw, throw out, hurl ; to lay. 

jacto, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
{jacio). To thrown cast; to discuss, 
talk about ; to toss about ; to display ; 
se jactarc, to display one's self, at- 
tract attention; with aii advei'b, to 
behave, conduct. 

jactura, ae, f. {jdcio). A throw- 
ing away; loss, sacrifice, damage; 
expenditure. 

jactus, us, m. {jdcio). A throw- 
ing, hurling, casting, iii. C. 8. 

jam, adv. {is). Now, already, at 
once ; indeed, truly, moreover, again ; 
jam pridem, jam dudum, long since; 
71071 jam, no longer, ii. C. 1. 

J smuarius, a, um, ad]. Of January. 

jeci. Seejdcio. 

jiibeo, ere, jussi, jussu77i, v. tr. 
To command, order, du-ect, give or- 
ders. 



MS 



JTCUXDE — LABORIOSrS 



afijr, pfeabsftiiilr, D. 7- 
jscvB^itaSs, His, £ (JmetmAa). 

JMVBdass, «, tnn, aid}, ^nemsnft^ 
agiceable, li^i^Miil, piea^^. 



jdiicstes, «> A- QWrm), Jvdi- 



jmramdi^ n^ G. 126, an oath. 

j«ssi. See/iiko. 

ivss«, m^ waed ottfy in ttbL Mmg, 
(/ifieo). Bt or with the conuBUid 
or Oder. 

jvsswHL, iy B. (/ifieo). An order, 
comsiand. 

jaste, adr. (/inliB). Jnsdj, with 

,e,ad}.0£dwi). Of jvstltia, «e, fl OsA»). Justice, 
r bdoi^gia^ to the oonts of jostieey i^ir deatii^, upnghtaess. 
jB^oal, A. 12. jastas, a, hm, adj. 0»). Juat, 

c, iBR, adj. ifmAx- i^ht, fiur, proper, a^propoate, reg- 
»■). Jodkiaiy, r^ado^ to judges li^ar, gomiiie. 

,u,B. OU^). A jndg- The age oCTooth, routh; yoong per- 
trial; sa i iii 'jMw , opimon, de- sons* the TOoth, Ihe TCMing, Toung 
i; the power of jadgment, ^9- Bien. 

-- - - To 



ptiWOf ere, jMriy jui^m^ t. tr. 
h^, aid, assist. 



K. 



, Aaiee, pnpose. 

&9). To prawMuaee a srwtra i pe or 
to jate, adgiidge; to 
dedaie; to detecpine, 
coffadr, resolve ; to cansider, thisk, j 
decide. 1 Kaleadae, aram, £.pL TheCal- 

jl^filiim. /. n. (/n^). The I ends, the fiist daj of flie flMHtfi. 
^xqot. j KarChas:uiie«sis, w, m. {Ear- 

pkgmm^ £, b. Q'w/g). A yoke; a * thm^). A Carthaginiaii, M. L. 18. 
j«4e as a ^»bol of suhmi^sion or | Kartha^o, tnu, £. Carthage. 
■errOBde. 

Ji^;artha, «^, m. AlEngc^Nn-j 
■ddia, ccM^qaered %y C'Maziiis, 1(^ j Hi. 

k. c, M- L. 20. . 

u, Bi. L. JmSaam Gaeaar, I«. Ahbr. lor LmeimM, 
S9 s. c, A. a. Hlhefaci€», ereyfeel,faeium,Y. tr. 

, ad|. (JkSw). Jb- ; (2£5o, to tocter, f&ew). To ^lake. 
Baa ; le^a JmSat^ laws proposed bj ^ di^orb, orerthrow, M. L. " 



C. JBlmsO 

jMBglv, ^rv^ jMiucLf jmttfdbtM^ T. tr. 
To joia, bind or ooBmect together, 
fiistHi together. 

JmIb I, «, MB, a^ Of Jane. 

Jvpfritto-, Jikis, Bi. Ji^iter, &e 
soproBe god anaoi^ tibe Biwwnw 

janoidni, t, b. Oiro, to swear). 
S^e/B»- 

jps, >«r«, B- B%ht, pmril^e, 
law, piftioe; powo-, aaihu r iu ; ju* 



UStbe£Mto, are, oHy atum, r. tr. 
freq. {Idbeftuio). To overthrow, de- 
atror; to dL'^oih. 

labes, is, C {tiSbor). A stain, blot, 
disgrace, M. L. 12. 

\aibm[, I, hqfsut mm, t. dep. To 
£di, dip down; to fail in dotv; to 
eir, misiake, commit a faoh. 

UAor, oris^ m. Labor, toU, hard- 
^dp, fatigue, e&frt, exertion, work. 

lahdridsiB, a, iob, adj. {labor). 



Mti, the c^bt or nde of war; jure, \ Taiborkfi^ tmlsome, M. L. 24. 



LABOKO — LEGITBIUS 



347 



laboro, are, avi, aturriy v. inti\ j 
and tr. (labor). To toil, labor, exeit I 
one's self, stidve ; to labor for. | 

lacesso, ere, tvi or ?/, itum, v. ti'. 
To excite, provoke, exasperate; to 
attack, assail. 

lacrima, ae, f. A tear. 

lacto, are^ atif dtumj v. intr. {laCy 
milk). To suckle, suck, iii. C. 8. 

Laeca, ae, m. M. PorciusLaeca, 
a confederate of Catiline, i. C. 4. 

laedo, ere, laesi, laesum, v. tr. To 
strike ; to injure, harm. 

Laelius, ii, m. C. Laelius, called 
the AVise, A. 7. 

laetitia, ae, f. {laetus') . Jot, glad- 
ness, delight, exultation. 

laetor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (lae- 
tus). To rejoice, exult, ii. C. 1. 

laetus, a, urn, adj. Joyful, glad. 

lamentatio, dnis, f. (lamentor). 
Lamentation, wailing, weeping, la- 
menting. 

lamentor, ari, atus stem, v. dep. 
(lamentum, bewaihng). To lament, 
bewail, weep over, iv. C. 2. 

laii§:ueo, ere, langui, \. intr. To 
be fatigued or exhausted, P. 5. 

lan^uidus, a,um, adj. (langueo). 
Faint, weak, sluggish, dull, inactive, 
languid, spiritless. 

lapsus, a, ?^m, part, from labor. 

largior, iri, itus sum, v. dep. 
(largus). To give bountifully, be- 
stow, supply. 

largitio, dnis,f. (largior). A giv- 
ing, bestowal ; bribery, corruption. 

largitor, oris, m. (largior) . One j 
who gives largely, a liberal person. 

largus, a, um, adj. Bouutifid, ; 
liberal, generous, D. 9. j 

late, adv. (/o^j^s, broad) . Widely, j 
extensively; longe lateque, far and 
wide, M. L. 12. 

latebra, ae, f. (Idteo), A hiding- 
place, lurking-place, covert, retreat. 

lateo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be con- 
cealed, lie hidden ; to lurk ; to remain 
unnoticed. 

Latiniensis, is, m. Q. Cachus 



Latiniensis, a tribune of the people, 
M. L. 19. 

liatinns, a, um, adj. (Lafium). 
Latin, in the Latin langiiage, A. 6. 

Latium, ii, n. The countiy of 
Italy in which Rome was situated. 

lator, oris, m. (fero), A mover 
or proposer (of a law), iv. C. 5. 

latro, dnis, m. A robber, bandit, 
brigand ; pirate, corsair. 

latrociuium, ii, n. (latrocinor) . 
Robbery, plundering ; a band of rob- 
bers, i. C. 13. 

latrocinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(latro). To engage in robbeiy, ii. C.7. 

latus, eris, n. The side. 

latus, a, um, part, fi-om fero, 

laudo, are, avi, atum, v. ti*. (laus). 
To praise, commend. 

laureatus, a, um, adj. (laurea, 
laurel). Adorned or wreathed with 
laurel, L. 3. 

lans, laudis, f. Praise, glory, re- 
nown, fame, commendation, honor, 
reputation ; worth, prowess. 

lautus, a, um, adj. (Idvo). Xeat, 
elegant; honorable,distinguished,P.S. 

lavo, are, Idtdvi or Idti, Ididtum, 
lautum or lotum, v. tr. To bathe, 
wash ; pass., to bathe one's self, bathe. 

lectica, ae, f. (lectus, i), A litter, 
sedan chair, ii. C. 9. 

lectiilus, i, m. G. 315, 1. (lectus, 
i) . A couch, bed, i. C. 4. 

lectus, a, tim, part, and adj. (lego). 
Chosen, select, excellent, iv. C. 6. 

lectus, i, m. (lego). A couch, 
bed, iv. C. 1. 

legatio, dnis, f. (lego). An em- 
bassy ; the office of lieutenant, lieu- 
tenancy. 

legatus, /, m. (lego). An ambas- 
sador, legate, envoy; lieutenant. 

legio, dnis, f. (lego). A legion, 
a body of soldiei-s consisting of ten 
cohorts and a division of cavalry ; the 
legions were designated by numbers, 
prirna, secunda, etc. 

legitimus, a, um, adj. (lex). Le- 
gal, A. 2 ; prescribed by law, P. 10. 



348 



LEGO — LIGAHIUS 



legro, drey diit dtum, v. tr. To 
send on an embass}^ ; to appoint lieu- 
tenant. 

lego, ere, legi, lecturn, v. tr. To 
bring- together, collect; to choose, 
select ; to read. 

leiiio, ire, ivi or u, Uumy v. tr. 
{lenis). To assuage, mitigate, alle- 
viate, iv. C. G. 

leiiis, e, adj. Gentle, mild, lenient. 

leaitas, atisy f. {lenis). Gentle- 
ness, softness, lenity. 

leno, onis, m. {lenio). A pander, 
an agent, iv. C. 8. 

Lentiilus, «, m. Cn. Lentulus, a 
tribune of the people, M. L. 19 ; P. 
Cornelius Lentulus, a partisan of Cat- 
iline, iii. C. 2 ; L. Lentulus, a prae- 
tor, A. 5. 

leiitus, a, um, adj. Pliant, tough 
dilatory, slow. 

lepidus, a, um, adj. Elegant, ef- 
feminate, li. C. 10. 

Ltepidus, i, m. M. Lepidus, con- 
sul 78 B.C., iii. C. 10; M'. Lc^i his, 
consul 60 B. c, i. C. 6. 

liCucopetra, ae, f. A promon- 
tory of Southern Italy, near liegiuin, 

P. a. 

levis, e, adj. Light; unimportant, 
trilling, trivial, slight, worthless ; ca- 
pricious, fickle, impulsive. 

le vitas, dtis,f. (levis). •tightness; 
fickleness, inconstancy, capricious- 
ness, worthlessness. 

leviter, adv. (levis). Lightly, 
slightly ; ut levissime dicani, io say 
the least, iii. C. 7. 

levo, are, dvi, atiim, v. tr. (levis). 
To make light, lighten, diminish ; to 
relieve, alleviate, mitigate; to aid, 
assist. 

lex, lef/is, f. (%o). A law, ordi- 
nance, decree, statute, hill. 

libellus, i, m. G. 315, 3. (liber). 
A short composition ; a book, A. 11 ; 
a note-book, P. 7; a petition, memo- 
rial, A. 10. 

libenter, adv. (libens, from Hbet). 
Willingly, cheerfully, gladly. 



liber, e7'a, erum, adj. Free, un- 
restrained, independent ; J2is legatio- 
nis liberum, a free commission as 
lieutenant, P. 2. See note on the 
same. Legatio libera is usually ap- 
plied to a commission which confers * 
the honors and privileges of a legatus 
without imposing any duties. 

liber, bri, m. A book, work, trea- 
tise, A. 6. 

liberalis, e, adj. (liber). Liberal, 
nol)le, generous. 

liberalitas, atis, f. (liberalis). 
Generosity, liberality ; kindness, mu- 
nificence. 

liberatio, dnis, f. {libera) . Ac- 
quittal, discharge, L. 1. 

liberator, oris, m. (liberd). A 
liberatoi>deliverer, P. 2. 
_Jibwe, adv. (liber). Freely, un- 
reservedly, boldly. 

liberi, drum, m. pi. (liber). Chil- 
dren ; a child, M. L. 12 ; P. 1. 

libero, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. (liber). 
To free, liberate, release, extricate, 
deliver, acquit. 

libertas, dtis, f. (liber). Free- 
dom, liberty. 

libertinus, a, tim, adj. (libertus, 
a freedman). Of or belonging to a 
freedman; libertinus homo, a freed- 
man, iii. C. 6 ; libertinus, i, m., a 
freedman. 

libet, ere, llbuit or libitum est, v. 
impers. It pleases, is pleasing ^r 
agreeable, iii. C. 12. 

libido, Inis, f. (libet). Lust, de- 
sire, passion, wantonness, i. C. 6. 

licentia, ae, f. (licet). License, 
freedom. 

licet, ere, llcuit or hcUum est, v. 
impers. It is lawful, allowable, per- 
mitted ; one may or can. 

Licinius, ii, m. A. Licinius Ar- 
chias, see Introduction to the Oration 
for Archias. 

liigarius, ii, m. Q. Ligarius, see 
Introduction to the Oration for Liga- 
rius ; T. Ligarius, brother of Quintus, 
L. 12. 



LINGUA — MAESTITIA 



349 



lingua, ae, f. The tongue ; speech, 
language. 

liiiuin,!, n. Flax; linen; a string, 
thread, line. 

lique-f acio, erey feci, factum, v. 
tr. {hguco, to be fluid). To melt, li- 
quefy, iii. C, 8. 

littera, ae, f. A letter of the al- 
phabet; lifterae, drum, pL, letters of 
the alphabet; an epistle, letter, de- 
spatches; records; literature, books, 
literary works. 

litteratus, a, urn, adj. (littera). 
Educated, learned, A. 2. 

litura, ae, f. (litio, to besmear). 
An erasure, blotting out, correction. 

loco, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. (locus). 
To place, set, P. 6 ; with gei^undive, 
to contract (to have done) ; colhcan- 
dum locare, to contract to have placed, 
iji. C. 8. 

Liocrenses, ium, m. pi. The Lo- 
crians, a people of Southern Italy. 

loctiples, etls, adj. Rich, wealthy, 
opulent, ii. C. 8. 

lociipleto, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
(Jocuples). To enrich; pass., to en- 
rich one's self, to become or grow 
rich, M. L. 23. 

locus, i, m., plur. loci, m., and 
Idea, n. A place, spot, region, local- 
ity, point, position; occasion, oppor- 
tunity ; condition, rank, station. 

locutus, a, um, part, from loquor. 

longe, adv. (Jongus). At a dis- 
tance, far off, far away ; widely, great- 
ly, far ; for a long time, long ; longe 
lateque, far and wide, M. L. 12. 

longiiiquitas, dtis, f. {longin- 
quus) . Distance, remoteness, M. L.9. 

longinquus, a, um, adj. (longus). 
Long ; far, distant, remote. 

longiusculus, a, um, adj. G. 327, 
2. {longus) . Kather long, somewhat 
long, A. 10. 

longus, a, um, adj. Long, of long 
duration, tedious ; distant. 

loquor, i, locutus sum, v. dep. To 
speak, say, tell, declare. 

lotus, a, um, part, from Idvo. 

16 



Liucius, ii, ra. A Roman praeno- 
men. ^ 

luctuosus, a, um, adj. (nictus). 
Sad, woful, M. 6. 

luctus, us, m. (lugeo). Grief, 
woe, sorrow. 

LucuUus, i, m. The name of a 
prominent Roman family ; M. Lucul- 
lus, a Roman general who triumphed 
over the Dardanians, A. 4 ; L. Lucul- 
lus, a general in the war against 
Mithridates, A. 5 ; M. L. 2. 

ludus, i, m. A play, game; a 
school, ii. C. 5; ludi, pi., public 
games, plays, spectacles. 

lugeo, ere, luxi, luctum, v. tr. To 
mourn, lament, ii. C. 1. 

lumen, inis, n. {luceo, to shine). 
Light, luminary, iii. C. 10. 

lupinus, a, um, adj. {lupus, a 
wolf). Of or belonging to a wolf. 

lustro, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. {lus- 
trum, an offering). To purify; to 
traverse, M. 2. 

lux, lucis, f. Light,daylight ; relief. 

luxuria, ae, f. {luxus, excess). 
Extravagance, luxury, excess. 



M. 

M. Abbr. for Marcus, 

M'. Abiir. for Mdnius. 

Macedonia, ae, f. Macedonia, a 
country north of Greece, L. 9. 

machinator, oris, m. {machtnor). 
A contriver, inventor, iii. C. 3. 

machinor, an, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{machina, sl device). To contrive, 
devise, design, plot, i. C. 1. 

macto, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
punish, visit, afflict, i. C. 11. 

maciila, ae, f. A blot, stain. 

Maelius, ii, m. Sp. Maelius, 
slain by Servilius Ahala, 439 b. c, 
i. C. 1. 

maeror, oris, m. {maereo, to 
mourn). Grief, sorrow', mourning, 
sadness, lamentation, ii. C. 1. 

maestitia, ae, f. {maestus, sad). 



350 



MAGIS — ]VIANSUETUDO 



Sadness, sorrow, grincf, dejection, 
mela^holy, L. 11. 

m^Pis, maxime, adv. More, in 
a lii;j:hcr dco;rcc, rather, better. 

ma^istralus, us, m. {magister, a 
master) . A maoisterial office, magis- 
tracy ; a magistrate, officer. 

nia^na^inius, a, wm, adj. {mag- 
nuSf animus). High-spirited, noble. 

masfiiifice, adv. {7nagnificus) . 
Grandly, gloriously, ii. C. 1. 
niagiiificus,a,z/m,adj.G.164.(ma^- 
nuSf fdcio). Splendid, magnificent. 

ma^nitudo, inis^ f. {magnus). 
Greatness, size, magnitude. 

ina§:niis, «, wm, major j maxlmus, 
adj. Great, large, much, numerous, 
important, mighty, powerful; major y 
maxlmus, with or without natUy older, 
elder; oldest, eldest; majoreSy pi., 
ancestors. 

Ma§:nus, ?*, m. A Roman cogno- 
men, the Great ; Cn. Pompeius Mag- 
nus, see Po77ipeiuSy A. 10 ; Antiochus 
Magnus, see Antiochus^ D. l3.^ 

majestas, dtis, f. Greatness, dig- 
nity, majesty ; quaestio majestatiSy a 
prosecution for treason; inajestatis 
damiiare, to condemn for treason. 

major, us. See magnus, 

male, j^ejiis^pesslmey adv. {malus). 
Badly, ill; unsuccessfully, unfortu- 
nately; scarcely; male dicerey to 
malign, slander, asperse, D. 10. 

male-dictum, i, n. A foul accu- 
sation, slanderous story, reproach. 

male-ficium, ii, n. {facio). An 
evil deed ; mischief, damage, harm. 

miale-volus, i, m. {vdlo). An ill- 
wisher, enemy, foe, D. 12. 

malleolus, i, m. G. 315, 2. (mal- 
leuSy a hammer). A fire-dart, i. C. 13. 

malo, malky maluiy v. tr. G. 293. 
{volo). To choose rather, prefer. 

malumi, i, n. {mains). An evil, 
misfortune, calamity; malum! as in- 
terj., the mischief! P. 6. 

malus, a, um, pejor, pessimuSy 
adj. Bad, evil, injurious, destructive ; 
poor, A. 10. 



mandatum, «, n. {m,ando), A 
charge, order, commission, message ; 
injunction, command. 

mando, arey aviy atumy v. tr. {md^ 
nus. do) . To commit to one's charge, 
consign, confer; to coinmission: to 
order, command, bid. 

mane, adv. In the morning, early 
in the morning. 

maneo, ercy si, surriy v. intr. To 
remain, stay ; to continue, last ; with 
my to abide by, adhere to. 

manieatus, a, wm, adj. (mantcacy 
sleeves). Provided or fm'nished with 
long sleeves, ii. C. 10. 

manifesto, adv. {manifestus) . 
Plainl}', clearly, evidently, mani- 
festly. 

manifestus, a, wm, adj. Mani- 
fest, detected, clear, plain, evident. 

Manilius, iiy m. C. Manilius, 
tribune of the people, author of the 
Maniliau Law, M. L. 24. 

Manilius, a, umy adj. {Manilius). 
Of Manilius, Manilian ; lex Maniliay. 
the bill which made Pompey sole 
commander in the war against Mith- 
ridates. 

manipularis, Cy adj. {manlpnhiSy 
a maniple). Belonging to a maniple 
or company; mdnlpUldreSy pi., com- 
mon soldiers, P. 8. 

Manius, liy m. A Roman prae- 
nomen. 

Manlianus, a, wm, 2i(\}.{Manlius), 
Of Manilas, Manlian, i. C. 5. 

Manlius, u, m. M. Manlius, ex- 
ecuted in the fourth centuiy B. C. on 
a charge of aiming at regal power, 
P. 13 ; C. Manlius, a prominent par- 
tisan and agent of Catiline, i. C. 3. 

Manlius, «, um, adj. {Manlius). 
Pertaining to the family of the Man- 
hi, Manlian, P. 13. 

mano, drey dvi, dtumy v. intr. To 
spread, flow, diifuse or extend itself. 

mansuete, adv. {munsuetus). 
Kindly, with gentleness, M. 3. 

mansuetiido, inisy {.{mansuetus). 
Mildness, gentleness, clemency. 



MANSUETUS — MENDACIUM 



351 



mansuetus, a, t<m, adj. {mansues- 
cOy to tame). Mikl, gentle, D. 9. 

maiiubiae, drumy f. pi. {?ndnus). 
Spoils, booty, A. 11. 

maiius, W5, f. A hand; art; an 
armed body, force, band. 

Marc ell us, i, m. The name of a 
distinguished Roman family; M. 
Claudius Marcellus, the Roman gen- 
eral who took Syracuse in the Second 
Punic War, A. 9 ; M. Claudius Mar- 
cellus, consul 51 B. c, see Introduction 
to the Oration for Marcellus, i. C. 8. 

Marcius, n, m. L. Marcius, a 
friend of Q. Ligarius, L. 11. 

3Iarcus, i, m. A Roman praeno- 
men. 

mare, is, n. The sea. 

maritimus, a, um, adj. {indre). 
^laritime; naval; bordering upon 
tlie sea, lying on the sea-coast. 

maritus, /, m. (mas, a male). A 
husband, married man, i. C. 10. 

Marius, ii, m. C. Marius, a cel- 
ebrated Roman general, i. C. 2; A. 9. 

marmor, oris, n. Marble, A. 9. 

Mars, MartiSj m. The god of war ; 
war, battle. 

Martius, a, mw, adj. (Mars). Of 
Mars; of March, P. 1. 

Massilia, ae, f. Marseilles. 

Massilieiises, «/m, m. pi. {Ma^- 
silia ) . The inhabitants of Marseilles, 
Massilians, ii. C. 7. 

mater, tris, f. A mother, matron ; 
mater familiaSf G. 49, 1, the mother 
of a family, a matron. 

mature, adv. G. 163, 1. {matu- 
rus) . Seasonably ; soon, early, speed- 
ily, quickly, rapidly. 

maturitas, dtisj f. {^naturus). 
Full development, ripeness, maturity. 

mature, are, dvi^ dturriy v. tr. and 
intr. {maturus). To hasten, make 
haste ; to mature. 

maturus, a, ^^w^, adj. G. 163, 1. 
Ripe, mature, early, speedy. 

maxime, adv., sup. of mag is. 
Very greatly ; especially, principally, 
.mainly. 



maximus, a, ?/m. See magniLs. 

Maximus, i, m. Q. Fal3iiis Max- 
imus, the Roman general wnP baffled 
Hannibal by delay, A. 9. 

Medea, ae, f. The daughter of 
Aeetes, King of Colchis, who eloped 
with Jason the leader of the Ai'go- 
nautic expedition, M. L. 9. 

medeor, m, v. dep. To remedy, 
heal. 

medicina, ae, f. (medtms), A 
remedy, ii. C. 8. 

medicus, i, m. (medeor). A phy- 
sician, D. 6. 

medidcris, e, adj. (medius). Mid- 
dling, moderate, ordinary. 

miediocriter, adv. {mediocris). 
Moderately, in a moderate degree. 

meditor, ari, dtus sum, v. dep. 
To meditate, contemplate, i. C. 9; 
pass., to be designed, i. C. 10. 

medius, a, um, adj. In the middle 
or midst, in the middle of; medii, pL, 
men of the middle class, P. 15. 

nrSuius fidius, adv. (=me Dius 
Fidius juvet, may the true God help 
me) . Most truly, certainly, indeed. 

medulla, ae, f. {medius). The 
marrow; the innei-most feelings, P. 
15. 

meherciile, meherciiles, . adv. 
{Hercules) . In very truth ; assuredly, 
indeed. 

melior, us. See bonus* 

melius. See bene, 

membrum, i, n. A member, 
limb. 

memini, isse, v. tr. G. 297, 1. To 
remember, recollect, bear in mind. 

Memmius, u, m. C. Memmius, 
a candidate for the consulship 100 
B.C., iv. C. 2. 

mem or, oris, adj. {memini). 
Mindful. 

memoria, ae, f. {memor) . Mem- 
oiy, recollection, remembrance ; rec- 
ords; the period of recollection, 
memory, time. 

me'ndacium, ii, n. {mendax, ly- 
ing). A falsehood. 



352 



IMENDICITAS — MITHRIDATES 



mendicitas, atis^ f. {mendieuSy a 
begga^. Beggary, indigence. 

mei^, mentis, f. The mind, soul, 
disposition ; the intellectual faculties, 
understanding, reason, thought, judg- 
ment, discernment ; design, intention, 
purpose. 

meiisis, is^ ni. A month. 

mercator, om, m. {inerx). A 
trader, merchant. 

mercennarius, 05, wm, adj. {mer- 
ces). Hired, P. 9. 

merces, ediSy {.{merxy cedo). Hire, 
pay, wages, reward. 

mereo, ere^ ui, Uum^ v. tr. ; also, 
mere or, eriy ttus sum^ v. dep. To 
deserve, merit, be worthy of ; to earn, 
gain, acquire ; equo merere, to seiTe 
in the cavalry, P. 8. 

merito, adv. {inerituin). Accord- 
ing to desert, deservedly, justly. 

meritum, i, n. {mereo). Desert, 
merit, service ; favor, kindness, ben- 
efit. 

merx, mercis, f. {fnereo). Vv^ures, 
goods, merchandise, M. L. 18. 

Metellus, i, m. A Roman cog- 
nomen; Q. Caecilius Metellus, sur- 
named Namidicus for his victories 
over Jugurtha, A. 3; Q. Metellus 
Pius, son of the above, A. 10; Q. 
Metellus Celer, praetor 63 B.C., i. C.8; 
ii. C. 3; ii. C. 12; M. Metellus, a 
friend of Catihne, i. C. 8. 

metuo, ere yUiy v. tr. (metus). To 
fear, dread, i. C. 6. 

metus, uSf m. Fear, dread, terror. 

meus, a, um, poss. pron. G. 185, 
1. (me). My, mine. 

miles, itisy m. and f. A soldier; 
soldiery, M. L. 13. 

militaris, e, adj. {miles). Of or 
belonging to a soldier, military, war- 
like ; res militarise military affairs. 

militia, ae^ f. {jniles). Militaiy 
service, warfare; m^/^^iae, G. 424, 2, 
in the field. 

mille, subs, and adj. G. 178. A 
thousand ; pi. millia or miliar iumy n., 
M. L. 5. 



miiiae, arum^ f. pi. {mineo, to jut). 
Threats, menaces, ii. C. 7. 

miiiime, adv., sup. of pdrum. 
Least of all, least, by no means. 

minimus, a, um. See parvus. 

minitor, ari^ atus sum, v. dep. 
freq. {minor y ari). To threaten, 
menace, ii. C. 1. 

minor, are, dtus sum, v. dep. To 
threaten, menace. 

minor, us. See parvus. 

minuo, ere^ m, utum^ v. tr. To 
make less, diminish, lessen ; to weak- 
en, impair. 

minus, adv., comp. of pdrum. 
Less ; not ; si minuSy if not. 

miror, ariy atus sum, v. dep. To 
wonder or marvel at, be astonished 
at. 

mirus, a, «^m, adj. {mlror). Won- 
derful, marvellous, extraordinary, 
strange. 

misceo, ere, miscuiy mistum or 
mixtumy v. tr. To mix, mingle, 
blend ; to stir up, devise, prepare. 

Misenum, ^, n. Misenum, a town 
and harbor on the coast of Campania, 
M. L. 12. 

miser, era, ert/m, adj. Wretched, 
pitiable, unfortunate, lamentable. 

miserandus, a, wm, part, and 
adj. {miseror). Lamentable, deplor- 
able, pitiable. 

misereor, m, itus 5wm, v. dep. 
{miser). To pity, L. 5. 

miseret, ercy miseritum esty v. im- 
pers. {miser). It distresses, excites 
pity ; me miserety I pity, L. 5. 

miseria, ae, f. {miser). Misery, 
wi'etchedness, woe, iv. C. 4. 

misericordia, ae, f. {misericors). 
Pity, compassion, mercy, clemency. 

misericors y cordis y adj. {misereor y 
cory heart). Compassionate, pitiful, 
merciful, ii. C. 7. 

miseror, ariy atus sumy v. dep. 
{miser) . To lament, bewail, deplore ; 
to commiserate, pity. 

missus, a, um, part, from mitto. 

Mithridates, is, m. Mithridates, 



MITHRU) ATICUS — TiHILTUS 



353^ 



a king of Pontus conquered by Pom- 
pey, M. L. 2. 

3Iithridaticus, «, U7n, adj.(l/zYA- 
riddtes). Pertaining to Mithridates, 
Mithridatic ; Mithridaticum helium^ 
the Mithridatic AVar waged by the 
Eomans against Mithridates. 

mitis, e, adj. Mild, merciful, 
gentle, iv. C. 5. 

mitto, ere, inisi, misstim, y. tr. To 
send, dispatch. 

Mitylenaeus, a, i(m, adj. {Mity- 
lene) . Belonging to Mitjdene on the 
island of Lesbos. 

mixtus, a, um, part, and adj. {mis- 
ceo) . Mixed, miscellaneous, ii. C. 10. 

moderate, ady. {^noderdtus) , 
With moderation, calmly, moder- 
ately. 

moderatio, dnis, f. (jnoderor, to 
moderate). Moderation, M. L. 16. 

moderatus, a, wm, adj. {jnoderor^ 
to moderate). Prudent, of self-con- 
trol. 

modestia, (2e, f. {modestus) . Mod- 
eration, modesty. 

modestus, a, urn, adj. {modus). 
Discreet, scrupulous, A. 5. 

modicus, a, um, adj. {modus). 
Of moderate size or extent, D. 13. 

modo, ady. {modus). Only, but; 
just, eyen, merely ; just now, recent- 
ly ; non modo . . . sed etiam^ xerum 
etianiy not only . . . but also ; 7ion 
modo . . . vencm, not to say . . , but. 

modus, ^, m. Measure, extent, 
quantity ; limit, moderation ; manner, 
way, style, mode, kind. 

moenia, mm, n. pi. Defensiye 
walls, the walls of a town ; a city. 

moles, is, f. A huge, massiye 
structure; mass, burden. 

moleste, ady. {molestus). With 
trouble or difficulty ; moleste ferre, to 
take it ill, be annoyed, be yexed. 

molestia, ae, f. {molestus) . Trou- 
ble, annoyance, vexation. 

miolestus, a, um, adj. Trouble- 
some, disagreeable, annoying, objec- 
tionable. 



molior, m, itus sum, v. dep. 
{moles). To endeavor, attempt, un- 
dertake ; to contrive, plot, devise. 

mollis, e, adj. {moi-eo). Gentle, 
lenient, easy; weak, feeble. 

moneo, ere, ui, itum, y. tr. To 
admonish, advise, warn ; to instruct, 
counsel. 

monstrum, i, n. {moneo). An 
omen, an evil portent; a monster, 
ii. C. 1. 

monumentum, i, n. {moneo). A 
monument, memorial ; record. 

mora, ae, f. A delay, hindrance, 
obstacle. 

morbus, i, m. Sickness, disease, 
illness. 

morior, i, moHuus sum, v. dep. 
To die. 

va.or^, mortis, i. {morior). Death. 

mortalis, is, m. {mors). A mor- 
tal, a human being. 

mortuus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{morior). Dead, i. C. 13. 

raiOS, moris, m. Manner, custom, 
usage, practice ; j9/.,character,morals. 

motus, us, m. {mdveo). A move- 
ment, action; a political movement, 
tumult, commotion, excitement, dis- 
turbance. 

moveo, e7'e, movi, motum, v. tr. 
To move, .^et in motion, actuate ; to 
dislodge ; to excite, affect, influence. 

mucro, onis, m. A dagger, 
sword, ii. C. 1. 

mtilier, eris, f. A woman. 

muliercuia, ae, f. G. 315, 4. 
{mulier) . A little woman, a woman. 

multa, ae, f. A fine, penalty, pun- 
ishment, loss, D. 13. 

multitudo, inis, f. {midtus). A 
great number, multitude, crowd, 
number. 

multo, adv. {muUus). By far, 
much. 

multo, are, dvi, atuniy v. tr. {mul- 
ta) . To fine, punish. 

multum, plus, plurXmum, adv. 
{multus). Much, very, greatly. 

multus, a, umjplusyplunmuSf adj. 



354 



MULVIUS — NECESSE 



G. 105, 1. Mucli, many, numerous, 
ficqticat; ita muUif so many, in such 
numbers. 

Mulvius, a, ?mi, adj. Mulvian; 
po)is Hhflrms, the bridfcc above Komc 
by which the Fhiminian Way crossed 
the Til)er, iii. C. 2. 

Munutius, n, m. Munatius, a 
comi)aniori of Catih'ne, ii. C. 2. 

iiiunero, are, dviy dttmif v. tr. 
(mumis). To present, D. 6. 

iiiuiiiceps, rpisy m. andf. {mimia^ 
duties, cdpio). A citizen of a muni- 
cipiuni or free town, citizen. 

inuiiicipium, u, n. {rnwiXceps) , 
A free town, municipality, ii. C. 11. 

inuiiio, ircy ivi or r/, itumy v. tr. 
( moenia) . To defend, protect, cover, 
secure. 

muiiitus, o.y urriy part, and adj. 
{munio), Fortilied, protected, secure, 
defended. 

muniis, SHsy-n. Service, ofTice, 
function ; favor, present, <iift. '^^:::iilow- 
ment; mundraf pL, festivals, ♦j^amcs, 
M. 0. 

Murnna, «, m. L. Li(;iniusMu- 
retia, lioman commander in the Sec- 
oikI Mithridatic War from 83 to 81 
B.C., M. L. 3. 

murus, t, m. A wall, rampart. 

Musa, afj i\ A muse, one of the 
nine goddesses who presided over the 
liberal arts, A. 9. 

mutatio, 07z?*5, f. (tnuto). Change, 
alteration, P. 13. 

iniito, «rc, avi^ dtum, v. tr. {)nd- 
vco). To cban;j^e, alter. 

mfitiis, a, imiy adj. Mute, speech- 
less, dumb, iii. C. 5. 



N. 

iiactuis, a, WHy part, from nancis- 
cor, 

nam, conj. For; now. 

iiaiiciscor, i, mictus siiniy v. dep. 
To get, obtain, acquire ; to meet with, 
find. 



nascor, ^, ndtus surrty v. dep. To 
be born, arise, proceed, rise. 

natio, dniSy f. {^nascor). A race, 
nation, people. 

natura, ae, f. {nascor). Nature; 
natural disposition, character, incli- 
nation. 

liatus, a, iiniy part, and adj. {nas- 
cor). Born ; destined, constituted by 
nature, L. 7. 

iiaufrai^iuiYi, iiy n. {ndvisy fran- 
co). Sbipwreck, D. 9. 

naulragus, a, wm, adj. {ndviSy 
frango). Shipwrecked; ruined. 

nauticus, a, z«m, adj. Of or be- 
longing to sailors, nautical, naval. 

navalis, Cy adj. {ndvis). Of or 
belonging to ships, naval ; navale bel- 
lurriy the war against the pirates, G7 
B.C., M. L. 10. 

navicQIarius, u, m. {ndnis). A 
shipmaster, ship-owner, M. L. 5. 

navij^atio, o^i/s, f. {navlgo). Sail- 
ing, navigation; commerce. 

11 a Vigo, drCy dviy dturriy v. intr. 
{ndviSy dgo). To sail, go by ship, 
navigate ; to set sail. 

navis, is, f. A ship, vessel. 

lie, adv; and conj. Not, so that 
not, lest, in order that not; «e , . . 
quideniy not even. 

ii6, inter, particle, enclitic. G. 
34G, II. 1, 1). Whether. 

ne, interj. Indeed, truly, ii. C. 3. 

Neapolitan!, druniy m. pi. {Ne- 
apdlis). The inhabitants of Neapolis 
or Naples. 

ii6c, conj. See nSqrie. 

n^cessario, adv. {neccssarms) . 
By necessity, of necessity, necessa- 
rily. 

ngcessarius, a, uniy adj. {necessn). 
Necessary, neetlful, inilispensable ; 
unavoidable ; critical, pressing ; nH-es- 
sdriusy iiy m., a relative, kinsman, 
friend. 

iiScesse, adj., used only in nom. 
and ace. n. sing, (ne, not, cedo). 
Necessary, unavoidable, indispensa- 
ble. 



NECESSITAS — NOCENS 



355 



necessitas, atiSjL {necesse), Ne- 
cessity, need. 

ijecessitudo, tniSf f. (necesse). 
- Relationship, intimacy, alliance, con- 
nection. 

iiec-ne, adv. Or not. 

neco, drct avi^ atum^ v. tr. To 
kill, put to death. 

ne-fandiis, a, muj adj. (ne, not, 
fdri, to speak). Wicked, heinous, 
abominable, execrable, iv. C. 6. 

nelarie, adv. (jiefarius). Wick- 
edly, execrably, abominably, hei- 
nously, ii. C. 1. 

nefarius, «, wm, adj. (n<?, not, 
fas). Impious, abominable, wicked. 

iiegligenter,adv. {negligens^ from 
negllgo).. Negligently, carelessly. 

iiegligo, Sre, lexi, lectumy v. tr. 
(wee, lego) . Not to heed ; to neglect, 
disregard, slight. 

lie go, dre^ dvij dtum, v. tr. To 
refuse, deny, decline ; to say no or 
not, declare not. 

iiegotior, art, dfus sum, v. dep. 
{negotiwn) . To trade, traffic, cany 
on business. 

iiegotium, ii, n. {nee, otium). 
Business, occupation, affair ; difficulty, 
trouble, labor. 

nemo, inis, m. and f. G. 457, 2. 
{jie, not, homo). No one, nobody. 

nempe, conj. {nam). Forsooth, 
namel3% L. 3. 

nepos, otis, m. A gi*andson; a 
spendthrift, prodigal, ii. C. 4. 

iiequani, adj. indecl. G. 159, 1. ; 
165, 2, (jie, griis). Worthless, vile. 

iie-quaquam, adv. {quisquam). 
By no means, not at all. 

ne-que or nee, conj. and adv. {ne, 
not) . And not, also not, but not, nor ; 
neque . . . ncque, nee , . . nee, neither 
. . . nor. 

iiequitia, ae, f. {nequam). Re- 
missness, negligence; worthlessness, 
vileness, viilany, ii. 0. 5. 

nervns, i, m. A nei-ve, sinew; 
force, power, strength. 

ne-scio, ^re, ivi or ii, Uu?n, v. tr. 



{ne, not). Not to know, to be igno- 
rant; nescio an (lit., I know not 
whether), perhaps, I am inclined to 
think ; nescio quis or qui, quae, quid 
or quod, some one, somebody, some- 
thing; nescio quo modo, somehow 
or other, in some way. 

nescius, a, um, adj. {ne, not, scio). 
Ignorant, unaware, D. 3. 

ne-ve, conj. {ne, not, ve, or). And 
not, nor. 

nex, necis, f. G. 133, 4. {neco), A 
violent death, murder, slaughter, 
death. 

Nicaea, ae, f. A city in Bithyn- 
ia, Nice, D. 9. 

nihil, n. indecl., and nihilum, ^, 
n. Nothing ; not, in no respect, not 
at all. 

nihil-d um, adv. Not at all as yet, 
not yet, as yet not, iii. C. 3, 

nihilum, i, n. See nihil. 

Nilus, i, m. The river Nile, M. 9, 

ni-mirum, adv. {ni = ne, not). 
W^ithout doubt, indisputably, doubt- 
less, M, 6. 

nimis, adv. Too much, too. 

ilimium, adv. {nimius). Too, 
too much. 

nimius, a, um^ adj. Beyond meas- 
ure, excessive, too great, too much. 

ni-si, conj. (ni=ne, not). Knot, 
unless, except. 

nisus, a, um, part, from nitor. 

niteo, ere, ui, v. intr. To shine, 
be brilliant, ii. C. 3. 

nitidus, a, um, adj. {ntteo). Sleeky 
neat, spruce, ii. C. 10. 

nitor, i, nisus or nixtis sum, v. dep. 
To rest upon, rely upon. 

nix, nivis, f. Snow. 

nixus, a, um, part, from nztor. 

nobiiis, e, adj. {nosco). Known, 
distinguished, noted; high-born, of 
noble birth, noble. 

ndbilitas, dtis, f. {nobtlis). Ce- 
lebrity, renown. 

nocens, entis, part, and adj. {?id' 
ceo). Injuring, guilty; subs., an of- 
fender, evil-doer. 



356 



NOCEO — OBIRE 



noceo, ere^ ui^ ituniy v. intr. To 
harm, liurt, injure. 

nocturiius, «, um, adj. {nox). By 
night, nightly, in the night, nocturnal. 

nolo, nolle y nolid, v. tr. and intr. 
G. 293. (ne, not, volo). To he unwill- 
ing ; not to wish ; to refuse, ohject. 

iiomen, tms^ n. {7iosco). A name, 
title, designation ; suo nomine^ on his 
own account, in his own name ; sine 
nomine, without signature. 

nominatim, adv. {nomXno), By 
name, expressly. 

iiomino, are, avi, dtu7n, v. tr. 
(nomen). To name, call, call by 
name, mention. 

lion, adv. Not, no; non nemo, 
some one. 

non-dum, adv. Not yet. 

noii-ne, inter, particle. G. 346, 
11.1,2). Not? 

non-nihil, adv. Somewhat. 

non -null us, a, urn, adj. Some, a 
few, several. 

non-nunqnam, adv. Sometimes, 
at times. 

nosco, Sre, novi, notum, v. tr. G. 
297, I. 2. To know, learn, under- 
stand, become acquainted with. 

noster, tra, tnim, poss. pron. 
{7ios). Our, ours. 

nota, ae, f. (nosco), A mark, 
brand, stamp; reproach, disgrace. 

noto, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. {ndta). 
To mark, designate, note, i. C. 1. 

notus, a, u?n, part, and adj. (nos- 
co). Known, familiar, manifest. 

iiovem, num. adj. indecl. Nine 

November, bris, adj. (novem). 
Of November. 

novi. See nosco. 

novus, a, um., adj. New, strange, 
ilncommon; novae res, a revolution, 
i. C. 1. 

nox, noctis, f. Night. 

nudiiis tertius, adv. {nunc dies). 
Day before yesterday. 

nijdus, a, um, adj. Naked, un- 
covered, bare ; unprotected, exposed ; 
without an outer garment. 



null US, a, um, adj. G. 151. {ne, 
not, ullus) . Not any, no, none, with- 
out any. 

niini, inter, particle. G. 346, !!► 
1, 3). Whether. 

Niimantia, ae, f. A city in Spain 
captured by the younger Scipio Afri- 
canus, M. L. 20. 

numeii, inis, n. {nuo, to nod). 
The divine will, power. 

numero, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{7iume?'us). To count, reckon,, num- 
ber, account, recount. 

nunlerus,^, m. A number; rank^ 
position ; enumeration. 

Niiniidicus, i, m. {Numida, a; 
Numidian). A cognomen of Q. Cae- 
cilius Metellus, given him for victo- 
ries over the Numidians, A. 3. 

nunc, adv. Now, at present. 

nunquam, adv.(?ie, not, t^n^wam). 
Never, at no time. 

nuiitio, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. (nwn- 
tins). To announce, report, make 
known. 

nuntius, ii,. m. A messenger,, 
courier; message, news, tidings ; an 
order. 

niiper, adv. (ndvus). Newly, re~ 
cently, not long ago. 

nuptiae, drum, f. pi. (nubo, to 
marry). Marriage, wedding, nup- 
tials, i. C. 6. 

iiutus, us, m. (nwo, to nod). A 
nod, willj pleasure^ command. 



o. 

O, interj. O! ohJ 

6b, prep, with ace. On account of, 
in consideration of, for. 

6b-edio, i7-e, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr. 
{audio). To obey, M. L. 16. 

ob-eo, ire, ii, Utmi, v. intr. To go 
to or around; to attend to; to per- 
form, execute, do, accomplish. 

ob-fundo, ^re, fudi, fusum, v. tr. 
To overspread, floods iill, M. 4. 

dbire. See dbeo^ 



OBJICIO— OCCIDO 



357 



ob-jicio, ere^ jeciy jectum^ v. tr. 
{Jdcio). To throw, place, or set 
against; to place in the way, offer, 
present. 

oblatus, a, um^ part, from offero, 

ob-lecto, arey avi^ atiim, v. tr. 
{lactOf to entice). To delight, please. 

ob-ligo, are, aviy dtum, v. tr. {li^Of 
to bind). To oblige, place under ob- 
ligation ; to pledge, mortgage, ii. C. 5. 

ob-lino, ere, levi, lituniy v. tr. {li- 
no, to smear) . To besmear, bedaub, 
cover, ii. C. 5. 

oblitus, a, um, part, from ohlino. 

oblitus,a,?«m, part.from ohliviscor. 

oblivio, bnis, f.{oblivisco7'). For- 
getfulness, oblivion. 

obliviscor, i, ohllfus siwi, v. dep. 
To forget, lose all recollection of. 

6b-orior, iri, ortus sum, v. dep. 
G. 288, 2. {orior, to rise) . To arise, 
spring up, appear, fall or shine upon. 

ob-rogo, are, avi, dtum, v. intr. 
To change, annul, invalidate, P. 9. 

ob-ruo, ere, rui, rutum, v. tr. To 
overwhelm, bury, hide, A. 10 ; se oh- 
ruere, to surfeit one's self, D. 9. 

obscure, adv. {ohscurus). Ob- 
scurely, indistinctly, i. C. 4. 

obscuritas, dtis, f. {ohscurus)* 
Uncertainty, obscurity. 

obscuro, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
{obscurus). To hide, conceal, ob- 
scure, cover. 

obscurus, a, urn, adj. Obscure, 
unknown, secret, not generally 
known. 

ob-secro, are, avi, dtuniy v. tr. 
{sacra, to devote). To implore, be- 
seech ; to entreat, conjure, supplicate. 

ob-secundo, are, avi, dtum, v. 
intr. {secundo, from secundus). To 
comply with, M. L. 16. 

obses, idis, m. and f. {ohsideo). A 
hostage, surety, pledge. 

ob-sideo, ere, sedi,'sessum, v. tr. 
{sedeo, to sit). To. sit down before, 
besiege, invest, blockade, beset; to 
watch for an opportunity, i. C. 10; 
to acquire. 



obsidio, dnis, f. {ohsXdeo). A 
siege, investment, blockade. 

ob-sisto, ere, stUi, stitum, v. intr. 
{sisto, to place, stand). To set one's 
self against ; to oppose, resist, with- 
stand ; to defeat. 

obsolesco, ere, olevi, dietum, v. 
intr. incep. {obsoleo, to grow old) . To 
wear out, decay, grow obsolete, lose 
force, M. L. 17. 

ob-sto, are, stUi, stdtmn, v. intr. 
To withstand, thwart, hinder, op- 
pose, check. 

ob-strepo, ere, ui, Uum, v. tr. 
{strcpo, to rattle). To resound 
against, (of sounds) to drown, M. 3. 

obstupefacio, ere, feci, factum, 
v. ti'. {obstupesco,fdcio). To stupefy, 
overpower, astound, amaze. 

ob-stiipesco, ere, stupui, v. intr. 
{stupesco, to become astonished) . To 
be or become stupefied, amazed, over- 
powered. 

obrSiira, esse, fui, v. intr. To be 
prejudicial; to injure, iii. C. 12. 

ob-tempero, dre, dvi, dtum, v. 
intr. To comply w^ith, conform to, 
submit to, obey. 

ob-tiiieo, ere, id, tentum, v. tr. 
{teneo) . To hold, possess, retain ; to 
maintain, show ; to gain, acquire, ob- 
tain. 

ob-tingo, ere, tigi, v. intr. (^a??_^o) . 
To fall to one's lot, befall, happen, 
take place, occur, iv. C. 2. 

ob-trecto, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 
{tracto) . To oppose, decry, M. L. 8. 

obtuli. See offero. 

occasio, dnis, f. {occido). An 
occasion, opportunity, favorable mo- 
ment. 

occasus, us, m, {occido). A fall, 
downfall. 

occidens, entis, m. (part, from 
occXdo, sc. sol) . The west. 

occido, ere, cidi, cisum, v. tr. {oh, 
caedo, to cut) . To cut down, kill, slay. 

occido, ere, cidi, cdsum, v. intr. 
{oh, cddo). To fall or go down; to 
perish, die, be lost. 



358 



OCCLUDO — OPPUGNO 



occludo, erey si, sum, v. tr. (ob, 
claudo) . To close, shut, iv. C. 8. 

occulte, 2i^N .{pccultus) . Secretly, 
privately. 

occulto, are^ avi, dtum, v. tr. freq. 
{occuloy to liide). To hide, conceal, 
secrete. 

occultus, a, um, adj. {occiZlo, to 
hide). Hidden, concealed, secret, 

occupo, are, avi, dtiim, v. tr. 
(o&, cdpio). To take possession of, 
seize, occupy ; to invade, invest. 

occurro, ere, C2i7'ri, cursum,Y.mtr, 
{oh, curro, to run) . To run to meet ; 
to meet, come to, go to, arrive ; to 
engage in ; to oppose, counteract ; to 
occur, present itself. 

Oceanus, i, m. The ocean. 

Octaviiis, n', m. The name of a 
distinguished Roman family, A. 3; 
Cn. Octavius, consul 87 b. c, iii. C.IO. 

ociilus, i, m. An eye. 

odi, odisse, v. tr. G. 297, I. To 
hate, detest. 

odiosus, a, lun, adj. {odium). 
Odious, unjDleasant, vexatious, trou- 
blesome, P. 11. 

odium, a, n. {odi). Hatred, an- 
imosity, enmity, displeasure. 

offendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. and 
intr. To oifend, err, give offence ; to 
hurt, harm, wound. 

offeiisio, onis, f. {offendo). An 
offence; displeasure, aversion; dis- 
aster. 

offeiisus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{agendo). Offended, displeased, P. 
12; offensive, displeasing, odious, 
i. C. 7. 

off ero, ferre, ohtiili, ohldtum, v. tr. 
{ob, fero) . To bring before, present, 
offer. 

officium, ii, n. A service, kind- 
ness, favor ; office, employment, bus- 
iness, duty, obligation. 

olim, adv. Formerly, long ago, 
ah-eady for a long time, A. 9. 

omen, inis, n. An omen, i. C. 13. 

omitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
{ob,mitto). To let go, let faU; to 



lay aside, not to use ; to neglect, dis- 
regard. 

omiiino, adv. {omnis). Altogeth- 
er, at all, entirely, wholly, utterly. 

Omiiis, e, adj. All, every, the 
whole, complete. 

onus, ■ eris, n. A load, burden, 
freight, cargo. 

opera, ae, f. {opus, eris). Pains, 
exertion, labor; operae pretium est, 
it is worth while ; care, attention ; aid, 
service, means, agency; operae, pi., 
workmen, P. 5. 

Opimius, ii, m. L. Opimius, con- 
sul and dictator, 121 B.C., i. C. 2. 

opimus, a, ?wi, adj. (ops). Kich, 
fruitful, fertile, M. L. 6. 

opinio, onis, f. {opinor). Opinion, 
supposition, belief, conjecture ; expec- 
tation. 

opinor, dri, dtus siim, v. dep. To 
think, suppose, imagine, conjecture. 

opititlor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{ops, tulo = fero) . To aid, help, as- 
sist, succor, A. 1. 

oportet, ere, uit, v. impers. It is 
necessary, needful, proper, becom- 
ing ; one must, ought. 

oppeto, ere, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
{oh, peto). To meet, encounter. 

oppidum, i, n. A town, walled 
town. 

oppono, ere, pdsui, pdsUum, v. tr. 
{oh, X)ono) . To set or place against ; 
to oppose, place opposite; to present. 

opportunitas, dtis, f. {opportu- 
nus). Fitness, convenience ; favora- 
ble situation, fortunate circumstance, 
advantage. 

opportiinus, a, uin, adj. Fit, suit- 
able. 

oppositus, us, m. {oppono). A 
placing before, opposing, interposi- 
tion, protection, M. 10; 

opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. 
tr. {oh, premo). To press against, 
press down; to oppress, overpower, 
crush, distress ; to surprise, fall upon, 
seize, overtake. 
. oppugno, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 



OPS— PACO 



359 



{ohy pugno). To fight against, op- 
pose, resist; to attack, assault, be- 
siege, storm. 

ops, opiSf f. G. 133, 1. Power, 
strength, aid, assistance, help; opes^ 
pi., means, wealth, resources, sup- 
ports, interests ; authority, influence. 

Ops, Opis, f. (ops). The goddess 
■of riches, P, 7. 

optatus, a, Mm, part, and adj. 
{opto). "Wished, desired, agreeable, 
pleasant, dear, desirable. 

optlmas, atisy m. and f. {opti- 
7nns). One of the best men, an aris- 
tocrat; pl.y the chief men, the aris- 
tocracy, i. C. 3, 

optime, adv., sup. o^hene. Best, 
most excellently, in the best manner, 
very well. 

optimus, a, iimj adj., sup. of hd7ms. 
Very good, best, most excellent. 

opto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To se- 
lect, choose; to desire, hope, wish. 

opus, erisy n. "Work, labor; ail; 
a military work or structure ; a deed, 
action, performance; magno opere^ 
greatly ; quanta opere^ hoAV gi'eatly, 
how much; tanto opere, so greatly. 

opus, n. indeci. Need, necessity ; 
opus esty it is necessary. 

ora, ae, f. The margin, coast, 
border ; ora maritimay the sea-coast. 

oratio, dnisy f. {dro) . A speaking, 
speech, language, harangue, oi-ation, 
words. 

orator, dris,in. {dro). A speaker, 
orator. 

orbis, is, m, A circle^ orbis ter- 
7'ae or terrartnn, the world, the earth, 
i. C. 1. 

ordior, iriy orsus sum, v. dep. To 
begin, set about, commence, ]M. 11. 

ordo, inisy m. A row or series, 
order; rank, class, degree, body. 

oriens, entis, m. (part. fromoWo?', 
to rise, sc. sol) . The quarter where 
the sun rises, the east, iii. C. 8. 

oniainentum, i, n. {or^io). An 
ornament, decoration, distinction, 
honor ; equipment. 



ornate, adv. (or7iattis). Grace- 
fully, elegantly, M. L. 17. 

ornatns, a, nm, part, and adj. 
{o7mo). Furnished, equipped, fitted 
out, possessed of, provided with; 
honorable. 

orno, are, avi, atuTTi, v. tr. To fit 
out, furnish, equip ; to adorn, honor, 
distinguish, celebrate. 

oro, drCy aviy atumyVAv. (os). To 
speak, beseech, entreat, implore, pray, 
beg. 

orsus, a, urn, part, from ordior, 

ortus, usy m. {drior, to rise). The 
rising. 

OS, oris, n. The mouth ; the face, 
countenance, feature. 

ostendo, ere, di, stim and turn, 
V. tr. {oby te7ido). To show, disclose, 
exhibit, manifest, prove ; to teU, de- 
clare, make known, say. 

ostento, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. freq. 
{ostendo). To show frequently, ex- 
hibit, show, display, make a show or 
demonstration of. 

Ostiensis, e, adj. {Ostia), Of or 
at Ostia, the port of Pome at the 
mouth of the Tiber, IsL L. 12. 

ostium, iiy n. {os). A mouth, en- 
trance ; Oceani ostiimt. the Straits of 
Gibraltar, M. L. 12. 

otiosns, a, urn, adj, (otiwn). At 
peace, quiet, peaceful, peaceable, off 
one''s guard, i, C. 10. 

otium, iiy n. Leisure, rest, repose, 
tranquillity, quiet, retired life. 



P. Abbr. for Publius. 

pacatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{pdco). Pacified, peaceful, subdued, 
reduced to subjection, quiet, calm. 

paciscor, i, pactus- su77iy v. dep. 
To covenant, agree upon, appoint. 

paco, a?-e, dviy aturriy v. tr. [pax). 
To bring into a state of peace and 
tranquillity, tranquillize ; to pacify ; 
to subdue, subjugate. 



360 



PACTUM — PATIOR 



pactum, i, n. {I'xlciscor) . An 
agreement, compact ; manner, way. 

pactus, a, uniy part, from pango ; 
also from pdcisco7\ 

paene, adv. Almost, nearly, 

paenitet, ere, uit, v, impers. (pu- 
nio). It causes regret, makes repent ; 
me paenitet. I repent. 

pa! am, adv. Openly, publicly. 

Palatium, n, n. The Palatiura, 
or Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills 
of Rome, i. C. 1. 

palm a, ae, f. The palm, token 
of victory or superiority ; glory, hon- 
or, P. 15. 

Pamphylia, ae, f. Pamphylia, a 
country of Asia Minor north of the 
Mediterranean, M. L. 12. 

pango, ere, peptgi, pactwn, v. tr. 
To fix, determine, agree upon, i. C. 9. 

Pansa, ae, m. C. Vibius Pansa, 
consul 43 B. c, L. 1. 

Papius, a,wm,adj. (Paphis). Of 
or belonging to a Papius, Papian; 
lex Pnpia, the law oiiginated oy trio 
tribune C. Papius, wliich required 
the removal of all forrii^iicrs IVoni 
Rome, A. T). 

par, j9«;-/s, adj. Equals like, sim- 
ilar. 

paratus, a, um, part, and adj. 
(pdro). Prepared, equipped, pro- 
vided, furnished; ready, winVag. 

parco, ere, peperci or parsi, par- 
€itu7n or parsum, v. intr. {parcus, 
sparing) . To spare, not to injure ; to 
preserve. 

parens, entis, m. and f. (pdrio), 
A father or a mother, parent. 

parentalia, ium, n. pi. {parens). 
Festivals in honor of deceased rela- 
tives, P. 6. 

parento, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
{jidrens}. To make offerings in honor 
of the dead; impers. pass., P. 6. 

pareo, ere, ui, Xtum, v. intr. To 
obey, comply with, submit to. 

paries, pclrietis, m. A wall, wall 
of a house, house-wall. 

pario, ere, peperi, partum^ v. tr. 



To bring forth, bear ; to gain, acquire, 
procure ; to accomplish, occasion. 

paro, are, avi, dtum, v. tv. Ta 
prepare, provide, furnish. 

parricida, ae, m. and f. A parri- 
cide, murderer, assassin, i. C. 12. 

parricidium, ii, n. (parricida). 
Murder, destruction ; treason, rebel- 
lion. 

pars, partis, f. A part, portion, 
share ; place, direction, region ; party, 
side. 

particeps, ipis, m. and f. {pars, 
cdpio). A participant, sharer. 

partim, adv. {pars.) Partly, in 
part ; pai'tim . , . partim, either . . , 
or, some . . . others. 

partus, a, um, part, from pdrio. 

parum, mi7ius, minXme, adv. Lit* 
tie, too little, not enough. 

parviiius, a, um, adj. G. 327» 
{parvus). Small, slight, unimi^or- 
tant, little, young. 

parvus, a, um, minor, minimus, 
adj. Small, slight, insignificant, un- 
important, narrow. 

passus, a, um, part, from pdtior, 

passus, us, m. {pando, io spread)* 
A step, pace. 

pastio, onis, f. (pasco, to feed). 
Pasture, pasturage, M. L. 6. 

pastor, drisyin. {pasco, to feed), 
A shepherd, iii. C. 6. 

pate-f acio, ere, feci, factum, y, 
tr. {pateo). To throw open, open; 
to make known, disclose, bring to 
light. 

pateo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be 
open, e>^posed. 

pater, tris, m. A father; pater 
familiasy G. 126, the father of a ftim- 
ily, i^tYiGYj pdtres, pi., fathers, fore- 
fathers, ancestors; patres conscripti, 
conscript fathers, the customary ap- 
pellation of the senators. 

patiens, entis, adj. {patior). Pa- 
tient, L. 8. 

patientia, ae, f. {patior). Pa- 
tience, endurance. 

patior, i, passus sum^ v. dep. To 



PATRIA — PERCUTIO 



361 



suffer, support, bear, endure ; to al- 
low, permit. 

patria, ae, f. {patrius). Native 
country, country, one's country, i.C.7. 

patricius, a, iim, adj. {patres). 
Pertaining to the patres or senators, 
patrician; patricius^ iiy m., a patri- 
cian, a person of senatorial rank, one 
of the Roman nobility, ii. C. 12. 

patrimonium, n, n. {pater). 
Patrimony, ancestral estate, inher- 
itance, ii. C. 5. 

patrius, a, «m, adj. (pater). 
Fatherly, ancestral, paternal. 

pauci, ae, a, adj. Few, not many. 

paulisper, adv. {pauhis, little, 
pe?^) . For a little while, for a short 
time. 

Paullus, I, m. L. Aemilius Paul- 
lus, who conquered, 168 B.C., Perses, 
King of Macedonia, iv. C. 10. 

paulo, adv. {paidus, little). A 
little, somewhat. 

paululum, iy n. {paululus, little). 
A little, a very little. 

paulum, adv. {patilus, little). A 
little, somewhat. 

pax,/7am, f. G. 133, 4. Peace, 
tranquillity, quiet; pace tua, with 
your permission. 

pecco, avCy avi, atimiy v. intr. To 
transgress, err, offend, do injustice. 

pecto, ere^ pexi, pej;ii?n,Y. tr. To 
comb, ii. C. 10. 

pectus, oris, n. The breast; the 
mind. 

pecu, dat. pecni, n. {gen. sing. 
not used). G. 117, 1. Cattle; cat- 
tle raising or breeding, M. L. 6. 

pecuarius, li, m. {pecic). A 
breeder of cattle, grazier, D. 9. 

pecunia, ae, f. ( peciis) . Property, 
riches; money, a sum of money; 
banking, M. L. 7. 

pecus, iidis, f. A single head of 
cattle ; a brute. 

pedester, tris, tre, adj. {pes). On 
foot ; pedestres coj^^'ae, infantry ,iii.C.4. 

Peium, ii, n. The name of a cas- 
tle of Deiotarus, D. 6. 



pejor, us, adj., comp. of mdlus. 
Worse. 

pejus, adv., comp. of male. 
Worse. 

pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, v. tr. 
To drive out or away, expel ; to rout, 
drive back, discomfit ; to overpower, 
conquer. 

Penates, ium, m. pi. The Pena- 
tes, guardian deities of the household 
and of the state, iv. C. 9 ; dii penatesj 
the Penates, household gods, D. 3. 

pendeo, ere, pependi, v. intr. To 
hang, rest, or depend upon, M. 7. 

penetro, are, avi, atum, v. ti*. and 
intr. To enter, penetrate, reach. 

penitus, adv. Deeply, far within, 
inmost ; exclusively. 

pensito, are, dviydtum, v. tr. freq. 
{penso, to weigh). To pay, M. L. 6. 

pependi. See pendeo. 

peperci. See parco. 

peperi. See pcirio. 

pepuli. See pello. 

J>er, prep, with ace. Through. 
I. Of space : through, over, through 
the midst of. II. Of time : during, 
through, throughout, for the space of. 
III. Of other relations : through, 
by means of, by, through the agency 
of; per me, by my own efforts, i. C. 5 ; 
so far as I am concerned, L. 8 ; in 
impreco^tofis, by; per decs, by the 
gods ! ^?? compositio7i, frequently, 
very, exceedingly. 

per-adoiescens, entis, adj. Very 
young. 

per-agro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{dger) . To go through, travel through, 
M. 2. 

per-brevis, e, adj. Very brief, 
very short, M. L. 6. 

per-cello, ere, cilU, culsum, v. tr. 
(cello, to impel). To smite, cast 
down, overthrow, ruin, destroy. 

per-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
{cdpio). To take fully, receive, ac- 
quire, obtain; to perceive, learn, 
hear, hear of, comprehend. 

per-cutio, ere, cussi, cussum, v. 



I 



362 



PEBDITUS — PEKNICIOSUS 



tr. {quatioy to shake). To strike 
through, strike. 

perditus, «, um^ adj. (perdo). 
Lost, abandoned, bad, ruined; per^ 
ditae reSy criminal enterprises, iii. 
C. 7. 

perdo, ere, didi^ dltum^ v. tr. To 
destroy, ruin ; to lose. 

per-duco, ^re, diixi,, ductum^Y.tv* 
To lead, bring, or conduct through; 
to convey, lead, bring. 

perduiiit, pres. subj. 3 pi. from 
perdo, G. 239, 3 ; D. 7. 

peregrinor, an, atiis sum, v. dep. 
i^peregrlnus) . To go abroad, trav-el. 

peregriuus, a, wm, adj. (pereger, 
abroad). Foreign, provincial, A. 10. 

per-eo, ire, ii, Uum^ v. intr. To 
pass away, perish, be destroyed or 
lost. 

perfectio, onis^ f. {perficio). A 
completion, perfecting, accomplish- 
ment, M. 8. 

perfectus, a, um, part, and adj. 
(perftcio). Finished, perfect, com- 
plete, excellent, M. JL. 13. 

per-fero, /erre, tUliy latum, v. tr. 
tFo bear or carry through ; to bring, 
convey; to endure, suffer, undergo, 
bear. 

per-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
{fdcio). To finish, execute, achieve, 
complete, perfect; to bring to pass, 
accomplish, cause, effect. 

per-friiigo, ere, fregi, fr actum, 
V. tr. {^frango). To break through, 
burst through, force one's way 
through. 

per-fruor, ^, fructus sum, v. dep. 
To enjo}', enjoy fuU}'. 

perfugium, ii, n. {per-fugio). A 
place of refuge, shelter, refuge, re- 
sort. 

per-fungor, i, functus sum, v. 
dep. To fulfil, perform ; to endure, 
go through with, reach the close of, 
M. 10. 

per-go, ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
V. intr. (rego). To go on, continue, 
proceed, advance. 



per-horresco, ^re, horrui, v. tr. 
{horresco, to shudder). To shudder 
at, contemplate with horror, iv. C. 6. 

periclitor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{periculum). To make a trial of; to 
be in peril, be exposed to danger. 

periciilosus, a, um, adj. (peric- 
ulum). Full of danger, dangerous, 
perilous, hazardous. 

periculum, i, n. A trial, attempt, 
experiment; risk, danger, peril, haz- 
ard ; a case, trial in court, suit, law- 
suit. 

per-inde, adv. Exactly, in the 
same manner, just as, M. 4. 

per-iniquus, a, um, adj. Yery 
unfair, very unjust, M. L. 22. 

peritUvS, a, 7im, adj. Experienced^ 
skilled, acquainted with. 

per-magnus, a, um, adj. Very 
great. 

per-maneo, ere^ mansi, mansum, 
V. intr. To remain, stay, continue, 
endure, persist. 

per-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. 
tr. To send through, cast, hurl ; to 
give up, concede, surrender; to in- 
trust, commit; to allow, suffer, per- 
mit. 

per-modestus, a, um, adj. Yeiy 
modest, ii. C. 6. 

permoleste, adv. (pe^'-molestus) . 
With much trouble or difficulty ; per* 
moleste ferre, to be much vexed or 
disturbed at, P. 15. 

per-moveo, ere, mdvi, mdtum, v. 
tr. To move deeply, stir up, excite ; 
to induce, influence, persuade, prevail 
upon ; to arouse, affect. 

permultum, adv. {permuUus), 
Very much, M. L. 18. 

per-multus, a, um, adj. Very 
much, very many, in great numbers, 
ii. C. 10. 

pernicies, ei, f. (per-neco). De- 
struction, ruin, disaster, calamity, 
mischief. 

perniciosus, a, um, adj. (per- 
nicies). Dangerous, traitorous; de- 
structive, ruinous, baneful. 



Efifi^QCjCQ— SgKffiS 



Wc 



per-nocto, are, dvi, atum, v. intr. 

{jiox) . To pass the night, A. 7. 

per-parvus, a, z/m, adj. Teiy 
small, slight, D. 3. 

perpetuus, a, «m, aclj. Constant, 
uninterrupted, perpetual, continual, 
continuous; in 2jerpettnfm,foYeyei\ 

per-saepe, adv. Very often, yery 
frequently, i. C. 7. 

per-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, y. tr. 
To write out, record, desciibe, report. 

per-seqiior, /, secidiis sum, v. dep. 
To follow perseveringly, follow up; 
to pursue, press upon; to proceed 
against, prosecute,punish ; to avenge ; 
to perform, execute, accomplish. 

Perses, ae (ace. Persem,^!. L.18), 
m. The last king of Macedonia, iy. 
CIO; M. L. 18. 

perseverantia, ae, f. (persevero, 
to persevere). Perseverance, stead- 
fastness, constancy, M. L. 24. 

persona, ae, f. A person, char- 
acter, A. 2. 

per-spicio, ere, spexi, spectum, 
v. tr. {specio, to look). To see or 
look through; to examine, inspect; 
to perceive, observe, behold, ascer- 
tain. 

per-siiadeo, ere^ si, sum, v. tr. 
To convince, persuade, prevail upon. 

per-terreo, ere, id, itum, v. tr. 
{terreo, to frighten). To frighten 
greatly, terrify. 

pertimesco, ere, tljnui, v. intr. 
YnQeY)'{per-timeo) . To become great- 
ly alai-med, to fear greatly. 

pertiuaci'^i, ae,f, {pertinax). Ob- 
stinacy, pertinacity. 

per-tinax, acts, adj. {teneo). Ob- 
stinate, pertinacious, stubborn, L. 6. 

per-tiueo, ere, ui, tentum, y. intr. 
{teneo). To stretch out; to extend 
to, reach ; to aim at, tend ; to peitain 
to, concern, relate, belong to. 

perturbatio, dms, f. {peHurho). 
Confusion, embarrassment, disturb- 
ance. 

per-turbo, are, aii, dtion, v. ti*. 
{turbo, to disturb). To throw into 



confusion or disorder, agitate ; to con- 
fuse, mislead, disturb, discompose, 
embaiTass. 

per-vado, ere, si, sum, v. tr. and 
intr. {vado, to go). To spread 
through, penetrate, pervade ; to reach, 
arrive at. 

perA^agatiis, a, um, adj. [per-va- 
gor). "Wide-spread, well-known. 

per-venio, ire, veni, venttim, v. 
inti\ To come to, arrive at, reach, 
attain. 

pes, pedis, m. The foot ; a foot 
(as a measure) ; a pedihus, from the 
seiwice of, D. 1. 

pessime. See male, 

pessimus, a, um. See mains. 

pestis, is, f. Destruction, ruin, 
death ; a pest, curse, bane. 

petitio, onis, f. {peto). A thrust, 
blow, attack, i. C. 6. 

peto, ere, ivi or ii, itum,, v. tr. To 
repair to, go to, direct one's course 
to ; to attack, assail ; to aim at, ask, 
j>eek, demand, solicit ; to seek to ob- 
tain, strive after. 

petulantia, ae, f. {petula7is, wan- 
ton) . Wantonness, boldness, vicious- 
ness, ii. C. 11. 
• pexus, a, um, part, from pecto. 

Pharnaces, is, m. The son of 
Mithridcites, and King of the Bospo* 
rus, D>5. 

Phar.alicus, a, um, adj. {Phar- 
salus). Of Pharsalus, a city of Thes- 
saly where Caesar defeated Pompey, 
Pharsalian, L. 3. 

Phidippus, i, m. Phidippus, a 
slave, physician of Deiotarus, D. 6. 

Philippicus, a, um, adj. {Philip- 
pus). Of or belonging to Philip, 
Philippic ; oratio Philippica, see foot- 
note, p. 292. 

Philippus, i, m. Philip Y., King 
of Macedonia, conquered by the Po- 
mans 196 b. c, M. L. 6; L. Marcms 
Philippus, consul 91 B. c, M. L. 21. 

philosophus, i, m. A philoso- 
pher, A. 11. 

Piceuus, a, um, adj. {Picenum)* 



364 



PIE — PORKO 



Picene, of Picenura, a district in the 
eastern part of Italy, ii. C. 3. 

pie, adv. (puis, dutiful). Duti- 
fully, loyally, affcctionatel}^, L. 11. 

pietas, dtis, f. {plus, dutiful). 
Dutiful conduct, piety, devotion ; loy- 
alty; fraternal affection, M. 4. 

pignus, oris, n. A pledge, P. 2. 

pila, ae, f. A ball; ball-playing, 
the game of ball, A. 6. 

piiiguis, e, adj. Pat; rude, dull, 
gross, A. 10. 

Piso, d)iis, m. L. Calpurnius Piso, 
father-in-law of Caesar, P. 4. 

Pius, ii, m. The surname of 
Q. Caecilius Metellus, the son of Q. 
Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, A. 3. 

placeo, ere^ id, Uuiriy v. intr. To 
please, be acceptable to, satisfy; to 
seem good, be resolved on, be ordered, 
be decided. 

placo, are, aii, atum, v. tr. To 
appease, reconcile, propitiate, please. 

plane, adv. ( planus, plain) . Plain- 
ly, clearly, distinctly, undisgiiiscdT) ; 
entirely, completely. 

plaudo, ere, si, sujyi, v. intr. To 
applaud, greet with applause, D. 12. 

plausus, us, m. {plaudo). Ap- 
plause, D. 12. 

plebs, plebis, L The commons or 
common people, as distinguished from 
the patricinns, those of scitatorial 
rank, and from the knight-. 

plenus, a, um, adj. {pleo, to fill). 
Full, entire, complete, whole. 

plerumque, 2i(\.y.{plerusque). For 
the most part, mostly, commonly, 
very often. 

plerusque, clque, umque, adj., rare 
in sing, {plerus, very many). The 
most, ver}^ many, a great part. 

Piotius, ii, m. L. Plotius, a Ro- 
man orator and. rhetorician, A. 9. 

pliiriiniim, adv., sup. of multum. 
Very much, especially, exceedingly. 

plurimus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
multus, rare in sing. The most, the 
greatest number, very many ; quarn 
plurimif as njany as possible, i. C. 5. 



"plus, pluris, adj., comp. o^ multus. 
G. 165, 1. More; several. 

plus, adv., comp. of multum. 
More. 

poena, ae, f. A fine, punishment, 
penalty, satisfaction, expiation. 

Poeni, drum, m. pi. The Cartha- 
ginians, M. L. 6. 

poeta, ae, m. (a Greek word). A 
poet. 

polio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
To polish, finish nicely, A. 12. 

politus, a, um, part, from polio, 

polliceor, eri, Uus sum, v. dep. 
To promise, offer. 

Pompeius, ii, m. Cn. Pompeius 
Magnus, the celebrated Roman gen- 
eral and statesman ; Pompey. 

Pompeius, a, um, adj. {Pompo- 
ms), Of Pompey, Pompeian ; leges 
Pompeiae, laws proposed by Pompey. 

Pomptinus, i, m. C. Pomptinus, 
a praetor under Cicero, iii. C. 2. 

pondus, eris, n. {pendo, to weigh). 
Weight, burden. 

pono, ere, posid, positum, v. tr. 
To put, place, set, lay, repose ; castra 
ponere, to pitch a camp, encamp ; to 
take off, lay aside, la}^ down. 

pons, pontis, m. A bridge. 

pontifex, icis, m. A high priest, 
pontiff; their chief or president was 
called pontifex maxiinus, i. C. 1. 

Pontus, i, m. An important 
country in Asia Minor, south of the 
Euxine Sea. 

popina, ae, f. An eating-house, 
cook-shop, ii. C. 2. 

popiilaris, e, adj. {populus). Pop- 
ular, devoted to the people, acceptable 
to the people ; belonging or pertain- 
ing to the popidares or democratic 
pai-ty ; see note on p. 41, 1. 7. 

popiilus, i, m. A people, nation ; 
the common people, A. 10. 

porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
{pro, rego). To stretch out, reach 
out, extend ; to offer. 

porro, adv. Furthermore, more- 
over. 



PORTA — PEAECUEEO 



365 



porta, ae^ f. A gate, entrance, 
passage. 

portus, w.s, m. A harbor, port; 
the place at which import duties are 
paid; heiice, im^iort duties, M. L. 6. 

positus, a, um, part, and adj. 
(pono). Situated, placed, lying. 

possessio, ofiis, f. {posslcleo^ to 
possess). A possessing', possession; 
property, estate. 

possum, posse, potid, v. intr. G. 
290, n. {potis, able, sum). To be 
able, can ; to have influence or power ; 
to avail, be able to accomplish ; plu- 
Hmum posse, to be very powerful, 
have very great influence, M. L. 15. 

post, adv. After, afterwards ; -post 
quam, after that, after. 

post, prep, with ace. After, both 
of space and time \ behind; since. 

post-ea, adv. (z-' Afterwards, 
after this, later, subsequv atly ; postea 
qua.yn, after that, after. 

postea-quam, adv. After that, 
after. 

posteritas, atis, f. {posterns). 
Posterity, futurity, the future ; in 
posteritatem, for the future, i. C. 9. 

posterus, a, um, adj. G. 163, 3. 
{post). Coming after, following, 
next ensuing ; jjosterum, i, n., the 
future ; in pjosterum, for the future, 
into the future; posteri, drum, m. 
pL, coming generations, descendants, 
posterity. 

post-hac, adv. {hie). Hereafter, 
after this, in futtire. 

postremo, adv. {postremus). At 
last, finally. 

postremns, a, urn, adj., sup. of 
posterus. The last, in the rear, hind- 
most. 

postridie, adv. { = postero die). 
On the following day, the day after, 
the next day. 

postulatio, bnis, f. {poatulo). A 
demand, request, L. 6. 

postulo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
demand, ask, request. 

posui. See pdno. 



potens, e7itis, 9.(\y{ possum). Able, 
powerful, influential, might}', strong. 

poteutia, fi-e, f. {potens). Power, 
ability, might, infltience, authority, 
political power. 

potestas, dtis,f. {possum). Abil- 
ity, power, legal power, right ; leave, 
permission. 

p5tio, onis, f. {poto, to drink). 
Drink, dratight, D. 6. 

potior, iri, itus sum, v. dep. ( jod^/^, 
able) . To become master of, acqtiire, 
gain, get, obtain. 

potius, comp., sup. pdtissXme and 
potissimum, adv. {potis, able). Bath- 
er, in preference, sooner. 

potui. See possum. 

prae, prep, with abl. Before; 
pirae seferre, to acknowledge openly; 
in comparison with ; for, on accottnt 
I of, because of, by reason of. 

prae-l>eo, ere, id, itum, v. tr. 
{/iclbeo). To hold forth, reach out; 
to ofl>r, extend, present; to show, 
exhibit ; to give, furnish, supply, af- 
ford. 

prae-ceps, cipUis, adj. {caput). 
Head foremost, headlong, hasty, 
precipitate ; headstrong, obstinate. 

praeceptiim, i, n. {praecrpio). 
An order, direction, command; ad- 
; vice, cor.nsel, precept. 
I prae-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptutn, v. tr. 
{ccipio). To take beforehand; to 
give orders, prescribe, admonish, ad- 
: vise, direct, instruct. 
I praecipue, adv. {praecipuvs). 
Especially, principally, chiefly. 
i praecipuus, a, um, adj. {prae- 
\ cipio). Particular, especial, extraor- 
dinary, pectiliar. 

prae-clarus, a, um, adj. Eemark- 
able, extraordinary, excellent, distin- 
guished. 

praeco, onis, m. A herald. 

praeconium, ii, n. {praeco). A 
heralding, publishing, proclaiming, 
celebrating, A. 9. 

prae-ciirro, ere, cucurri or curri, 
cursum, y. intr. {curro, to run). To 



366 



PRAED A - PRAETEREO 



run before, hasten ; to surpass, excel, 
outstrip. 

praeda, ae, f. Property taken in 
war, booty, plunder, spoil. 

praedator, ons, m, (praeda), A 
robber, plunderer, ii. C. 9. 

praedicatio, dnisj f. {praeMco). 
Mention, assertion, statement ; praise, 
commendation. 

prae-dico, arcy dviy atum, v. tr. 
{dico, to proclaim) . To make known, 
proclaim, declare, sa}^ tell, affirm, 
report, protest ; to call ; to celebrate, 
speak of; to vaunt, boast. 

prae-dico, ere^ dixi, dictum^ v. tr. 
To say or state first or beforehand, to 
premise, iv. C. 3 ; to foretell, predict, 
i. C. 4. 

prae-ditus, a, «<m, adj. {do) . En- 
dowed, gifted, or provided with, pos- 
sessed of, A. 5. 

praedium, u, n. An estate, ii.C.8. 

praedo, dnis, m. {j^raeda). A 
robber; a pirate, corsair, M. L . 11. 

praefectiira, ae^ f. i^ praef edits ). 
An Italian city governed by a Ivoman 
prefect {praefectus)y a prefecture, 
iii. C. 2. 

praefectus, ?', m. {praeficio) . An 
overseer, leader, commander, prefect. 

prae-fero, ferre^ tilli, Idtum^ v. 
tr. To bear before ; to prefer, choose 
rather, esteem more. 

prae-ficio, ere^ feci^ fectumy v. 
tr. (fdcio). To set over; to place in 
authority over, appoint to the com- 
mand of. 

prae-fiiiio, irej ivi or u*, Uiiniy 
V. tr. {Jinis). To determine, fix, ap- 
point, prescribe, P. 8. 

prae-mitto, ere, misiy 7nissum, v. 
tr. To send before, send ahead or in 
advance. 

praemium, ii, n. (prae, emo, to 
take). Profit, advantage; reward, 
distinction. 

Praeiieste, is, n. and f. Prae- 
neste, a town in Latium south-east 
of Rome, now Palestrina. 

prae-pono, erej posui, positiim, 



V. tr. To put or set before ; to place 
in command of, appoint over. 

prae-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
To write before, place before in writ- 
ing; to direct, order, appoint, com- 
mand, prescribe. 

praesens, entis, adj. (praesum). 
Present, in person. 

praesentia, ae, f. (praesens). 
The present ; presence. 

prae-sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, 
V. tr. To feel or perceive before- 
hand, foresee, observe, look forward. 

praesertim, adv. (prae, sero, 
to join). Especially, particularly, 
chiefly. 

prae-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. 
intr. {sedeo, to sit). To preside over; 
to guard, protect, defend, iv. C. 2. 

praesidium, ii, n. (praesideo), 
A defence, protection, help, assist- 
ance, support, aid, security ; a guard, 
garrison, force. 

praestans, antis, part, and adj. 
(praesto, are). Standing before, ex- 
celling; eminent, conspicuous,. pre- 
eminent, superior, excellent, distin- 
guished, extraordinary. 

praesto, adv. Present, at hand, 
ready. 

prae-sto, are, stUi, stitum and 
stdtiim, V. tr. and intr. To" stand 
before, surpass, excel, be superior to ; 
to discharge, accomplish, perform, 
carry into effect; to show, exhibit, 
evince, manifest ; to keep, preserve ; 
to guarantee, vouch for. 

praestolor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{praesto, adv.) To await, wait for. 

prae-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To 
be before, be in command of, have 
the charge of, preside over. 

praeter, prep, with ace. {prae). 
Past, by, beyond; except, beside; 
contrary to, against. 

praetej--ea, adv. {is). Besides, 
beyond this, moreover. 

praeter-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. 
To go or pass by, omit, pass over, 
neglect. 



PRAETERITUS — PROBITAS 



367 



r 



praeteritus, «, um^ adj. {prae- 
tereo) . Past, gone by, departed. 

praeter-mitto, ercy misi, missian, 
V. tr. To let go, pass over, omit, 
make no mention of, pass by, over- 
look. 

praeter-quam, adv. Beyond, be- 
sides, except. 

praetexta, ae, f. {praetexOf to 
border). The toga praetexta or toga 
bordered with purple, the garment 
worn by children j in praetexta, in 
boyhood, ii. C. 2. 

praetextatus, a, «w, adj. {prae- 
texta). Clad in the toga praetexta; 
a youth, A. 3. 

praetor, oris, m. {prae,eo). A 
praetor, a magistrate next in rank to 
the consul. 

praetorius, a, um, adj. (praeto?^). 
Relating to the praetor, praetorian; 
praetoria provlncia, a province gov- 
erned by a praetor, P. 8. 

praetura, ae, f. {praetor). The 
ofiice of praetor, praetorsliip, iii. C. 6. 

pravitas, atis, f. {prdvtis, per- 
verse) . Depravity, perverseness. 

preces, urn, €. pL, rare in sing. 
Requests, prayers, entreaties, impre- 
cations. 

precor, an, ahis sum, v. dep. 
• {preces). To ask, beg, pray, be- 
seech, entreat, supplicate, invoke. 

prehendo, ere, cli, sum, v. tr* To 
seize, lay hold of, grasp. 

premo, ere, press i, pressum, v. tr. 
To press, press hard upon, press 
down; to burden, load; to harass, 
annoy, disti'ess ; to overpower. 

pretium, ii, n. Worth, value, 
price ; operae pretium est, it is worth 
while. 

prex. See preces. 

pridem, adv. A long time ago, 
long since, long ago. 

pridie, adv. On the day before. 

primo, adv. {primu^). At first, 
in the first place. 

prim urn, adv. {pri?nus). First, 
at first, in the first place, in the be- 



ginning; td or qimm primuin, as 
soon as; quam primum, as soon as 
possible. 

primus, a, um, adj., sup. of prior. 
The first, the first part of, the begin- 
ning of; the foremost, principal, most 
influential ; in primis, especiall3^ 

prill ceps, ipis, adj. and substan- 
tive, m. and f. {primus, cdpio). The 
first in order or rank, foremost, chief, 
most eminent ; a leading man, leader, 
chief, head, author. 

principio, adv. {priiicipium) . In 
the first place, at first, at the begin- 
ning, iii. C. 1. 

principium, ii, n. {princeps). 
The beginning, commencement, or- 
igin. 

prior, us, comp., sup. primus, adj. 
G. 166. Former, previous; prior 
nox, last night, iii. C. 12. 

pristiiius, a, um, adj. Former, 
early, primitive, pristine. 

jii'ius, comp., sup. primum, adv. 
Before, sooner, previously. 

prius-quam, adv. Before, sooner 
than. 

privatus, a, um, adj. {privo) . Be- 
longing to an individual, private, per- 
sonal; res privatae, private affairs, 
private life, i. C. 6; privatus, i, m., a 
private citizen, one who holds no 
public ofiice. 

privo, are, avi, atztm, v. tr. {pi'i- 
vus, separate) . To deprive, iv. C. 4. 

pr5, prep, with abl. Before, in 
front of; for, for the advantage of, 
for the protection of, in behalf of; in 
proportion to, in comparison with, 
according to ; as, for ; pro consule, as 
proconsul. 

pro, interj. O ! Ah ! M. L. 12. 

pro-avus, ^, m. A great-grand- 
father, A. 9. . 

probatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{probo). Tried, tested, proved; good, 
excellent. 

probitas, afis, f. {prdhtts, up- 
right). Integrity, uprightness, good- 
ness, worth, M, 1. 



368 



PP.OBO~PP.OPE 



probo, are, aviy atum, v. tr. (pro- 
bus^ upright) . To test, examine ; to 
approve, be satisfied with ; to prove, 
show, demonstrate. 

procella, ae, i.{procello^ to drive 
forth). A storm, tempest, iv. C. 2, 

processio, onisy f. {pro-cedo). 
An advance, M. L. 9. 

procul, adv. {procello, to drive 
forth). Afar off, far, in the distance, 
at a distance, from afar. 

procuratio, dnis^ f. {pro-euro). 
The care, charge, superintendence. 

prodigium, iiy n. A prodigy", a 
monster, ii. C. 1. 

pro(iig"US, a, wm, adj. Prodigal, 
lavish, profuse, iv. C. 5. 

pr5-do, ere, didif dztum, v. tr. 
(doy to place, found only in com- 
pounds). To give foilh, publish, 
make known ; to hand down, trans- 
mit, bequeath; to give up, betray, 
surrender, abandon. 

pro-duco, ere, duxiyductimi.yj^. 
To lead forth, bring out, bring forth. 

proelium, n, n. A battle, com- 
bat, engagement. 

profectio, oniSy f. {proficiscor). 
A going away, departure. 

profecto, ad^'. [=zpro facto). 
Actually, certainly, in truth, assur- 
edly, doubtless. 

profectus, a, um, part, from pro- 
ficiscor. 

pro-fero, ferre, tUlly iMumy v. tr. 
To bear forth, bring out, produce, 
bring forward. 

pr ofessio, oms, f.(/?rq/V^eor). A 
public declaration, registration, A. 4. 

pro-ficio, ere y feci y fectiimy v. tr. 
and intr. {fdcio) . To make progress, 
advance ; to accomplish, effect, ob- 
tain. 

proficiscor, iyfectus sumy v. dep. 
( proy facio) . To put one's self for- 
ward ; to set out, go, march, travel, 
depart, proceed. 

pro-fiteor, eri,fessus sum^Y. dep. 
{fdteor). To declare publicly, con- 
fess openly, acknowledge, avow; to 



enter one's name, A. 4 ; to profess ; 
to offer freely, propose, promise. 

profligatus, a, urny part, and adj. 
{profligo). Vile, abandoned, profli- 
gate, A. 6. 

pro-iligo, arcy avi, atuniy v. ti% 
{fligoy to strike). To strike to the 
ground, overthrow, conquer, defeat, 
overcome, rout, destroy. 

pro-f iigio, ercy fugiy fUgUumy v. 
intr. To flee before or from, flee, 
escape ; to take refuge, flee for ref- 
uge. 

pro-fundo, ere, fudiy fusicniy v. 
tr. To pour forth, sacrifice ; to squan- 
der, lavish, dissipate. 

pro-gredior, e, gressus suniy v. 
dep. ( grddiory to step) . To go for- 
Avard, advance, proceed. 

pro-hibeo, ere, uiy Xtumy v. tr. 
{hdbeo). To hold back, check, re- 
strain, prevent, debar, keep from ; to 
save from, protect, preserve. 

pro-inde, adv. Hence, therefore, 
accordingly. 

pro-jicio, ere, jeciy jectumy v. tr. 
{jdcio) . To throw forth, cast away, 
cast out; to give up, renounce, re- 
ject, fling away, lay down. 

prolate, are, dviy atuniy v. tr. freq. 
{profero). To delay, put off, defer. 

prolatus, a, um, part, from pro- 
fero. 

promissum, ^, n. {promitto), A 
promise, D. 3. 

pro-mitto, ere, misiy missuniy v« 
tr. To promise. 

pro-montdriiim, ^^, n. {monsy a 
mountain) . A headland, promontoiy, 

promulgatio, dnisy f. {promul- 
go). A publishing, promulgation. 

promulgo, are, aviy atumy v. tr. 
To publish, promulgate ; to propose. 

pro-nuntio, are, avi, atuniy v. tr. 
To make known, proclaim, announce, 
tell, narrate, pronounce, report. 

propago, drCy dvi, dtnniy v. tr. 
To extend, enlarge, increase, add to ; 
to prolong, continue. 

prope, propiusy proxime, adv. 



PROPENSUS — PUBLICE 



569 



Xear, close to; nearly, almost, well- 
nigh. 

propensus, a, um, adj. {pro-pen- 
deo). Inclined, disposed, prone, fa- 
vorable, D. 3. 

propero, are, dvij atum, v. intr. 
{properuSf quick). To hasten, make 
haste. 

propinquus, «, t«??i, adj. {prdpe). 
Near, neighboring; nearly related, 
akin ; as substantive, a relative, kins- 
man. 

propior, us, comp., sup. proxXmiis, 
adj. Nearer. 

pro-pono, ere, pdsui, posUiim, v. 
tr. To set before; to set forth, ex- 
pose to view, present, display; to 
propose, purpose, design, resolve, de- 
termine. 

proprie, adv. {propmus). Prop- 
erly, appropriately, peculiarly, P. 7. 

proprius, a, ^im, adj. Peculiar, 
one's own, specially characteristic, 
in accordance with. 

propter, adv. (prdpe). Near, at 
hand, near by, M. L. 5. 

propter, prep, with ace. {p'ope). 
Near, near by; on account of, by 
reason of. 

propter-ea, adv. {is). There- 
fore, for that reason, on that account. 

propugnaculum, 2, n. {pro-pug- 
no). A bulwark, protection, de- 
fence, M. L. 12. 

propulso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
freq. {pro-pello). To drive back, 
keep off, ward off, repulse. 

proscriptio, bnis, f. {pi^o-scribo) . 
A proscription, confiscation, ii. C. 9. 

pro-sequor, i, secutus swn,Y. dep. 
To follow, accompany, attend, escort ; 
to pursue. 

pro-sper or pro-sperus, a, um, 
adj. {spes). Favorable, fortunate, 
prosperous ; res pjrosperae, prosperi- 
ty, P. U. 

prospere, adv. {prosper). Pros- 
perously, successfully, fortunately. 

pro-spicio, ere, spexi, spectum, 
V. tr. {specio, to look). To look for- 



ward; to provide for, take care of, 
consult for. 

pro-stern o, ere, stravi, sty^atum, 
V. tr. To prostrate, overthrow, de- 
stroy. 

pro-sum, prodesse, prof id, v. intr. 
G. 290, III. To be useful, be of ser- 
vice, benefit, profit ; to avail, conduce. 

pro-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, v. 
tr. To drag forth, P. 9. 

pro-veho, ere, vexi, vectum, v. tr. 
{veho, to carry). To cany, bear, or 
drive forw^ard. 

providentia, ae, f. {pi'ovXdeo). 
Foresight, forethought, iii. C. 6. 

pr5-video, ere, vldi, visum, v. tr. 
To foresee ; to discern ; to make pro- 
vision for, provide for, take care of, 
look out for. 

proviiicia, ae, f. A province, a 
conquered territoiy under a mihtaiy 
governor. 

provincialis, e, adj. (provincia). 
Pelating to a province, provincial. 

provoeatio, d7its, f, {provdco). 
An appeal, P. 9. 

pro-voco, dy'e, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
To call forth or out, provoke, incite, 
M. L. 6 ; to appeal, P. 9. 

proxime, adv., sup. of prdpe. 
Very near, veiy recently, last. 

proximus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
propior. Nearest, ne':t, adjacent; 
most familiar, most intimate ; follow- 
ing, ensuing ; previous, last, i. C. 1. 

prudens, entis, adj. {provideo). 
Foreseeing, foreknowing, with one's 
eyes open, M. 5 ; prudent, sagacious, 
discreet, judicious. 

prudentia, ae, f. {prudens). Sa- 
gacity, foresight, wisdom, prudence, 
discretion, philosophy. 

pruina, ae, f. Hoar-frost, frost. 

publicanus, i, m. {publicus). A 
farmer of the pubhc revenue. 

piiblicatio, mis, f. {publico). 
Confiscation. 

publice, adv. {publicus). Pub- 
licly; b}^ public authority; at the 
public expense, P. 5. 



370 



PUBLICIUS — QUANTUM 



Publicius, tz, m. Publicius, a 
companion of Catiline, ii. C. 2. 

publico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{publlcus) . To make public property ; 
to confiscate. 

publicus, a, um, adj. (popUlus). 
Of or belonging to the state, public, 
common; official, legal; Judicium 
publicum, a state trial. 

Publius, iiy m. A Roman prae- 
nomen. 

pudet, ere, iiit or pUclUum est, v. 
impers. To be ashamed. 

pudicitia, aa, f.(pudictcsy modest). 
Modesty, chastit\", vh-tue. 

piidor, oris, m. (piidet). The 
feeling of shame, respect, regard, 
decency; modest worth, A. 12; a 
cause for shame, disgrace, ignominy. 

piier, en, m. A boy, lad, child ; 
ez puero, from boyhood. 

puerilis, e, adj. {puer). Boyish, 
childish, youthful. 

pueritia, oe, f. {puer). Boyhood. 

pagna, ae, f. A battle, comDat, 
contest, action, engagement. 

piigno, drSf dvi, atujn^ v. intr. 
(pagna). To fight, contend, give 
battle, engage. 

pule her, chra, chrum, adj. Beau- 
tiful, noble, excellent, glorious, hon- 
orable. 

pnlsns, r, 7/w, part, from pcllo. 

pnlvinar, dris, n. {pulvlnus, a 
cusViion). A couch or seat of the 
gods, altar, iii. C. 10. 

punctum, i, n. {pungOy to prick). 
A point, moment, iv. C. 4. ^ 

Puiiicus, a, tim, adj. (Poeni). 
Punic, Carthaginian; bellum Puni- 
cum, Punic War, war against Car- 
thage, M. L. 20. 

punio, ire, Ivi. or ii, Uum, v. ti\ 
(poena). To punish, iii. C. 6. 

purgo, are, art, dtum,\. tr. [puruSj 
pure, df/o). To cleanse, purge. 

purpura, ae, f. Pui^jle ; the pur- 
ple badge of senatorial or equestrian 
rank, ii, C. 3. 

purpuratus, i, m. (purpura). 



One clad in purple, a high officer at 
court, prime minister, iv. C. 6. 

puto, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
reckon, consider, esteem, account; 
to think, believe ; to decide, judge. 

Py^rrhus, i, m. A king of Epirus 
who invaded Italy 280 b. c, P. 5. 



Q. 

Q. Abbr. for Quintus. 

qua, adv. {qui). In which place, 
where. 

quaere, ere, sivi or sii^ situm, v. 
tr. To seek, search for, procure, 
obtain; to ask, inquire, demand; to 
examine into, investigate. 

quaesitor, oris, m. (quaero). An 
investigator, investigating officer. 

quaeso, ere, ivi or ii, v. tr. (old 
form for quaero) . To ask, beg. 

quaestio, onis, f. (quaero). An 
investigation, prosecution, i. C. 7. 

quaestor, oris, m. (quaero). 
Quaestor, an officer intrusted with 
the care of the public money, a pay- 
master, treasurer. 

quaestorius, a, um, adj. (quaes- 
tor), Quaestorian, pertaining to the 
office of quaestor, L. 12. 

quaestas, u^, m. (quaero). A 
gaining, gain, acquisition ; in quaestu, 
at interest, M. L. 13. 

qualis, c, adj. (quis). Of what 
sort or kind, of what nature ; as, such 
as. 

qnam, adv. and conj. (qtd). In 
what manner, how; as, than; with 
superlatives, possible, as possible; 
qitam plurimi, as many as possible. 

quam-vis, adv. (volo). As much 
as you wish, however much, however. 

quando, adv. 'WYiqh', si quando, 
if ever. 

quanquam, conj. (quam, quam). 
Although, though, albeit; and yet, 
however. 

quantum, adv. {qua7itus). How 
much ? M. L. 14 ; as much as, A. 1. 



QUANTUS — QUISQUIS 



371 



quantus, a, wm, adj. (qtcam). How 
great, how much, how important; 
with or without tantus, as, such as, 
as great as, as much as. 

quantus-cuinque,^a<?t«mjwe,^wm- 
cunque^ adj. {cumquey however). Of 
what extent soever, however great, 
however little. 

qua-propter, adv. {qui) . Where- 
fore, on which account, why. 

qua-re, adv. {res). From what 
cause, wherefore, why; for which rea- 
son, therefore. 

quartus, a, wm, num. adj. {quat- 
tuor) . Fom-th. 

quasi, adv. As if, just as if, as it 
were, as though. 

quassatus, a, um, part, from 
quasso. 

quasso, arcy dvi, aturrty v. tr.freq. 
{qudtio, to shake). To shake, M. 8. 

quattuor, num. adj. indecl. Four. 

que, conj. enclitic. And. 

querela, ae, f. {queror). A com- 
plaint, M. 7. 

querimonia, ae, f. {qiceror), A 
complaint. 

queror, «, qiiestus suniy v. dep. To 
complain, lament, bewail. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. Who, 
which, what, that ; idem . . . q%iif the 
same ... as. 

qui, quae, quod, inten-og. pron. 
adj. Who ? which ? what ? what 
sort or kind of a ? 

qui, quae or qua, quod, indef. 
pron. adj. G. 190, 1. Any, any one. 

qui, adv. interrog.((^wi). How ? in. 
what way ? D. 9. 

quia, conj. {qtd). Because. 

qui-cumque, quaecumqiWy quod- 
ciimquey indef. pron. {cum que, how- 
ever). Whoever, whichever, what- 
ever, whatsoever, eveiy possible, all. 

quidam, quaedam,, quoddam or 
quiddam, indef. pron. G. 191, 1. 
{qui). Certain, a certain one, some 
one, somebody, something; some- 
what ; a sort of, a kind of, as it were. 
G. 456, 1 and 2. 



qnidem, adv. Indeed, truly, at 
least, certainly ; ne . . . quidem, not 
even. 

quies, etis, f. Eest, quiet, repose. 

quiesco, ei'e, quievi, quietum, v. 
intr. {quies). To keep quiet or still, 
be silent. 

qniete, adv. {quietus). Quietly. 

quietus, a, tim,, adj. {quiesco). At 
rest, calm, quiet, peaceful, undis- 
turbed. 

quin, conj. {qui, ne, not). That 
not, that; quin etiam, nay even, 
moreover. 

qai-nam, quaenam, quodnam, in- 
ten'og. pron. adj. Who, which, or 
what, pray ? 

quingentesimus, a, urn, num. 
adj. {quingenti, five hundred). Five 
hundredth, P^ 6. 

quintus, a, urn., num. adj. {quin- 
que, five) . The fifth. 

Quintus, i, m. A Roman prae- 
nomen. 

"^uirites, ium> or um, m. pi. Qui- 
rites, Romans, Roman citizens, ii. C.l. 

qais, quae, quid, interrog. pron. 
Who ? which ? what ? — quid (in ex- 
clamations), what ! how ! — (in ques- 
tions), why ? 

quis, quae or qua, quid, indef. 
pron. G. 190, 1. Any, some, any 
one, some one, ami:hing, something. 

quis-nam, quaenam, quidnam, in- 
ten-og. pron. Who, which, or what, 
pray ? 

quispiam, quaejnam, quodpiam 
or quippiam, indef. pron. G. 191, 1. 
{quis or qui) . Any, some, any one, 
some one, anything, something. 

quis-quam, quaequam, quidquam 
or quicquam, indef. pron. Any, some, 
any one, anything. 

quis- que, quaeque, qxiodque or 
quidque, indef. pron. G. 191, 1. 
Whatever it be, each, eveiy, what- 
ever, any, all. 

quis-quis, quaequae, quidquidy 
quicquid or qicodquod, indef. pron. 
G. 191, 1. Whoever, whosoever, 



372 



QUIVIS — RECOKCILIO 



whatever, whatsoever, every one, 
each, every, all. 

qui-vis, quaevis, quidvis or quod- 
vis, indef. pron. G. 191, 1. (volo). 
Who or what you please, any what- 
ever, any one, anything, every one, 
everything. 

quo, adv. {qui) . Where, wherein ; 
to which, whither; wherefore, why, 
on which account. 

quo, conj. {qui). That, in order 
that, that by this means ; qtco minus, 
that not, from. 

quo-ad, adv. So long as, as far 
as ; until, till. 

quo-circa, conj. {circa, about). 
Wherefore, for which reason, D. 15. 
quo-cumque, adv. {cumque, how- 
ever). Whithersoever, in what way 
soever, iv. C. 3. 

quod, conj. {qui). That, in that; 

because; in so far as, as touching 

that, as to this ; now ; qziod si, but if. 

quondam, adv. {quuni). Once, 

formerly, i. C. 1. 

quoniam, conj. {quum, Jam). 
Since now, because, whereas, since. 
quoque, conj. Also, likewise. 
quot, indecl. adj. How many, as 
many, as. 

quot-annis, adv. {annus) . Every 
year, yearly. 

quotidian us-, a, um, acij. {quo- 
tidie). Daily, eveiy day. 

quotidie, adv. {quot, dies) . Daily, 
every day. 

quoties, adv. {quot). How often, 
how many times, as often as. 

quoties-cumque, adv. {cumque, 
however). As often soever as, as 
often as, i. C. 5. 

quot us, a, um, adj. {qtiot). Which 
or what in number or order ? how 
many ? quotus quisque, how many ? 
L. 9. 

quo-usque, adv. Until what 

time ? till when ? how long ? i. C. 1. 

quum, conj. G. 518. {qui). When, 

as, after, as soon as, while ; because, 

since ; although ; qmim . . . turn, 



while ... at the same time, so also ; 
not only . . . but also ; quum primum, 

as soon as. 

K. 

rapina, ae, f. {rapio). Robbery, 
plundering, pillage. 

rapio, Sre, ui, ptum, v. tr. To 
carry or hurry away, lead on in haste. 
ratio, onis, f. {reor, to think). A 
reckoning, account, calculation, com- 
putation ; transaction, affair ; respect, 
regard, concern, consideration, care, 
view ; judgment, understanding, rea- 
son ; plan, method, system, course, 
way, direction, conduct; manner, 
nature, sort, kind, character, condi- 
tion, relation; science, knowledge, 
theoretical knowledge; rdtid?ies, pL, 
plans for business, business ; interests. 
re or red, insep. prep. G. 307. 
Reatinus, a, um, adj. {Redte). Of 
Reate, a town of the Sabines, iii. C. 2. 
recens, e?itis, adj. New, recent, 
fresh. 

recessus, us, m. {re-cedo). A re- 
treat, recess. 

re-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
{cdpio). To take back, get back, re- 
gain, recover ; to receive, accept, ad- 
mit, allow ; to undertake, promise ; 
se recipere, to betake one's self, with- 
draw, retire ; to recover, collect one's 
self. 

re-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cito, 
to name) . To read aloud. 

re-clamo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
To cry out or exclaim against. 

re-cognosco, ere, novi, nitum, v. 
tr. To review, recognize, consider, 
recollect, recall to mind. 

re-colo, ere, colui, cultum, v. tr. 
To exercise or practise again, resume, 
renew, review, A. 6. 

reconciliatio, onis, f. {recon- 
cilio). A restoration, renewal, re- 
establishment, iii. C. 10. 

re-concilio, are, avi, atum,N. tr. 
To reunite, reconcile, D. 13. 






RECONDO — KEGEEDIOE 



373 



srS-COiido, ^re, condidiy condXtum, 
V. tr. To put away ; to hide, conceal. 

re-cordor, an, atus sum, v. dep. 
{cor^ heart) . To call to mind, recall, 
recollect, remember, iii. C. 10. 

re-creo, are, aoi, atum, v. tr. 
{creo, to produce). To refresh, rein- 
vigorate, recover, recruit, ii. C. 4. 

recta, adv. (re^o). Straightway, 
directly, i. C. 9. 

recte, adv. (rego). In a straight 
line; rightly, correctly, well, duly, 
properly. 

recumbo, ere, cUbui, v. intr. To 
lie down, go to bed, D. 15. 

re-cupero, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
(cdpio) . To regain, recover. 

reciisatio, d7iis, f. {recuse)^ An 
objection, iii. C. 2. 

re-cuso, are, dvi, dtum, v. ti\ 
{causa). To refuse, reject, decline, 
object. 

red-arguo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
To disprove, refute, confute, L. 5. 

red-do, ere, didi, ditum, v. tr. 
To give back, restore, return. 

red-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. ihtr. To 
go or turn back, return. 

red-i§^o, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
{ago). To drive or bring back; to 
reduce, render, make. 

redimio, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. To 
wreathe, encircle, crown, ii. C. 5. 

r6d-imo, ere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
{e7no, to buy). To buy back; to 
ransom, release, redeem ; to buy up, 
undertake by contract, contract for, 
farm. 

reditus, tis, m. {redeo). A return. 

re-duco, ere, dxixi, ductum, v. tr. 
To lead, conduct, bring, or convey 
back. 

red-undo, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. 
{undo, to surge). To overllow, be 
full of; to redound, accrue. 

re-fello, ere, felli, v. tr. {/alio}. 
To refute, disprove, rebut, L. 5. 

re-fercio, ire, fersi, fertum, v. tr. 
{farcio, to stuff). To lill, stuff, 
crowd. 

17 



rS-f §ro, r^ferre, retUli or rettUli, 
reldtum, v. tr. To bear or bring 
back ; to bring, convey, cany ; to re- 
store, return, pay back; to report, 
announce, refer, present; to note 
down, enter, inscribe, P. 8 ; gratiam 
referre, to show gratitude, recom- 
pense a favor. 

refert, referre, retulit, v. impers. 
{res, fero). It is for one's advan- 
tage, it profits, avails; parvi refert^ 
it avails little. G. 408, 3. 

refertus, a, urn, part, from re- 
fercio. 

re-ficio, ^re, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
{fdcio). To make again or anew; 
to restore, repair, rebuild ; to invig- 
orate, refresh, cause to rest. 

re-formido, are, dtum, v. tr. {for- 
mido, to fear). To dread, fear. 

r^-fugio, ere, fugi, fUgltum, v. 
intr. To ffee back, run away, go 
back. 

re|iito, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
refute, confute, rebut, disprove. 

regalis, e, adj. {rex). Kingly, 
regal, royal, M. L. 9. 

regie, adv. {regius). Tyrannically, 
despotically, i. C. 12. 

Regmus, a, um, adj. {Regiutn), 
Of or belonging to liegium, a town 
in southern Italy, P. 3 ; Regini, drum^ 
m. pi., "the inliabitants of Begium, 
A. 3. _ 

regio, dnis, f. {rego). Direction, 
line; a boundary, limit; a region, 
district, territoiy, country. 

regius, a, um, adj. {rex). Royal, 
regal, kingly, of a king or kings. 

regno, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr, and 
intr. {regnum) . To have royal power, 
rule, reign, govern, be king. 

regnum, i, n. {i^ego). Kingly 
government, royal power; kingdom, 
dominion, sovereignty. 

rego, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. To 
keep straight ; to guide, conduct, di- 
rect, sway, control, govern.' 

re-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. dep. 
{grddior, to step) , To go back, return. 



374 



REJICIO— RES 



re-jicio, ^5, jeci^ Jectum, v. ti\ 
{jdcio) . To throw back or away ; to 
drive back, reject, cast off. 

relatus, a, ^^m, part, from rSfSro. 

re-laxo, drey dvif dturrty v. tr. 
{laxo, to unloose) . To unbend, relax. 

re-levo, are, a^;^, dtuMy v. tr. To 
relieve, ease, deliver, i. C. 13. 

religio, omsy f. Reverence for 
the gods, piety, religion; scruple; 
conscientiousness, scrupulousness ; 
testimony; rtllgiones, pL, religious 
obsei'vances, rites. 

religiosus, a, wm, adj. {religid). 
Religious, sacred, holy, M. L. 9. 

re-linquo, Broj liquid Uctunif v. tr. 
{linquOf to leave). To leave behind, 
abandon ; to omit, leave. 

reliquiae, arwm, f. pi. {relinquo). 
The remains, remnant, rest. 

reliquus, a, ww, adj. {reli7iqu6). 
Remaining, the rest; future, subse- 
quent; the remainder of, the rest of; 
reliquum facere^ to leave, >i^^3; 
reltquum^ i, n., the remainder, the 
rest. 

re-man eo, ere, mansij mansuniy 
V. intr. To remain behind, stay. 

remaiisio, mis, f. {remaned), A 
stay, remaiuinir, L. 2. 

remex, igis, m. {remus, dgo), A 
rower. 

remiiiiscor, ^, v. dep. To recall 
to mind, recollect, remember. 

remissio, onis, f. {remitto). Re- 
laxation, recreation ; remissness, 
slackness, laxness, iv. C. 6. 

remissus, a, um, part, and adj. 
(remitto). Relaxed, not rigid or 
hard, gentle, mild. 

re-mitto, ere, mlsi, missum, v. tr. 
To send back ; to slacken, relax, re- 
lieve, abate; to remit; to give up, 
surrender, sacrifice, resign. 

re-iiidror, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
{moror, to tarry). To detain, cause 
to wait, delay, retard. 

re-moveo, ere, movi, mdtum,Y. tr. 
To move back, remove, reject, with- 
draw, take away. 



remns, i, m. An oar. 

re-novo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
(ndvus) . To renew, revive. 

re-nuiitio, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
To bring or carry back word, repoi-t, 
announce, declare, proclaim; to de- 
clare elected, return. 

re-pello, ere, re-pUli or reppUli,, 
repulsum, v. tr. To drive back, repel, 
repulse, remove. 

repente, adv. {ripens, sudden). 
Suddenly, unexpectedly. 

repentinus, a, um, adj. {ripens, 
sudden). Sudden, unexpected, un- 
locked for. 

re-perio, ire, reperi or repp^i, 
repertum, v. ti*. {pd7io). To procure 
or find again ; to find, meet with ; to 
discover, ascertain, learn, perceive; 
to obtain, find out, invent, devise. 

re-peto, ere, ivi or ii, Uum, v. tr. 
To demand back, ask again, demand ; 
to claim in return ; to recall. 

re-porto, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{ porta ^ to carry). To bring or con- 
vey back ; to bring off, win. 

reppiili. See repello. 

re-pi'ehendo, ere, di, sum,, v. tr. 
To check,, restrain ; to blame, censure, 
reprove, rebuke, find fault with. 

re-primo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. 
tr. (premo). To press back, keep 
back, check, restrain, hinder, prevent, 
repress. 

repudio, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
{repudiiim, repudiation). To reject, 
refuse, decline, disregard. 

re-pugno, dre, dvi, dtum, v. inti*. 
To fig:ht or contend against, oppose. 

re-piito, dre, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
think over, ponder, reflect upon, con- 
sider, D. 13. 

re-quies,6{f25,f. G. 137, 1. Rest, 
repose, A. 6. 

re-qniro, ^re, sivi or sii, situm, v. 
tr. (quaero) . To seek again ; to look 
after, search for, ask for ; to require, 
demand, ask; to miss, look for in 
vain ; to seek with hostile intent. 

res, rei, f. A thing, object, sub- 



BESCIXDO— B03£A 



375 



jed, mailer; affinr, event, oecDr-| re-sto^ iw^ jftfry t. intr. To le- 
lence; cause, leasm, groond; ben- 1 nam, be lefi^ sb^ lidhmd, m. C 9. 
c£l^]iraiit,adranlage; aei^messiiie;|: re-tard«,«T,«P^aelai^T.tE^ Tb 
propertr; naauja^arUy mifitaijmafc-|ietBid, deia^, ddtam, A-6. 
ters, tfaeart of war&re; iiet^H&fiai,) te-£lceo, ^e, to, t. intr. and fc 
the comnan weal, die stafe^F^oidic, I (l&co). To be aflenf, keep sflence, 
pohfietn^; wwmma ret ^«Mni,liie;; n. C.6; to keqi aeac^caonrcai.lcaTe 
higbfgt vi^&ve of Ae alate; ret oil- nmnesiiaQed, pass over in sStemt^^ 
r^mr, a dve r atj ; ret feitee, dee^ P. 12L 

expfeits, addevemeiMts; bmiiiIimiil ^ le-CDKO, fire, m, iembam, ▼. tr, 
ret, naval lesooroea, M. I*. 18; ter ; (iemeo). To bold back, delaiii, bin- 
nofo^ a lemintioii; privaiaig wm^ • dcr, prevent;; to idam, kee^ pre- 
private a&dis, ptivate life^ L C 6; serve; to —""*"«, hoid. 
pn^perat res. Teg weaatdme^ pras- r i<&4iMrfpe9^ ere, ioniT, imimw^ T- 
pentjr. Ij fr. To turn back, fiiiB,S.C. 1. 

TeHJ c iad a , fire, aeid^ a n" ■■■■ i, t- | leCtOL Seen^^rou 
tr. (jeoHfe, to csei). To dealniy, ie-| le^Hnte, ere^ riSaiiK or nUSM, 
sdmSL, aamd. j rSSmm, t." tr. (tewfe, to beat). To 

ie-sec«, cne, aScid; aeeteM, t. tr ! sfi&e or dirast badk, cbeck, in. C 1. 
(•ocD, to CBtt). To cntoil^ciiifaiL j levs, t, m. (ret). Anaecosed pep- 

re-«err€ft, an^ o^ ofaM, t. tr. ^ son, dpffiidail, cnj^it, iv. C 3. 
Toke^back,Te9erve; to preserve. \ i^versio, ams, £. (retxrt^}. A 

re \aiicm, ere, mdi, a giwi,v, intr. tomii^ back, letnm, P. 1« 
(jedSflo, to ait). To be le^ torgnaiB. ^ ,> » v ^rte, qne, li, tw, t. intr. and 

ra bUo, Srw^ 9eM, aBmoa, t. iMr. ver^'tior, i, terns jhr, t. dep^ O. 
(tufe, to aetlie). To seOOe dovn, 2«3, HL To tora back, come back. 



ie4igB«» are, met, wimmL, t. tr. |, ie-vmc«>, firc^ lia, cKOa^^. tr. 
(s^mMi). To ananl, des&ogr, A. a. ^ To couticf, A. 3l 

le-eisto, £re, aOei, jOIbbr, ▼. iolr. I le- vo c ^ , Ire, «% agw,v. tr. To 
(jij«9,toptee). To irmiin bAind; call bat^ lecaH; to ir calftbitfib, re- 
to widislaad, resiat, oppose, bold out soxe; Jo witbdixv. 
agarast, m. C. 9L I rex, ng/is, m. {r^^^ A ktcLT. 

l'<D-flpMS0^ ^f^ tpfXif tpecbotLf T. 2C>tc?t:-'^2. tHj^oaicn. 
tr. (^pftM^ to look). To look back, I' is. TbeziverSbiBe. 

i'Doknpon; to faavea care fir; tore- K /ii,i!i.pL Tbeinfaab- 

gaid, oonader; to review. I._ tE aa i^bnd in flie 

If irp<«dle>, ere, ^ taai, t. tr. 
fiynwrffu, to prooDae). To promi^ rl ;'. (ri&o, to 

in retom; to replf, answer; to be a lac. :r^. A. i>. - 

match for, rel oa d. \ T<: ;:wa-. 

reayoas— i, t, n- {^r^mmdeoX. An ;■ re 5!-??^. 

aiKwer, rqilj, response. Sir: 

re-«tiBSV», ere, urt, iieteH, t. tr. ro ; ' 
(jitayao, to qnendi). To extii^iis^ {jrc 7, 2tL I« 2i. 

pot ooft, q^neack. f ic. v. o^ To 

ge^ ata — , ere, ta, wtmmt, v- tr. a^ "i'-^r-, :il; to 

(sAitaD). To place bai^repfaee; to inquire; tega/: _ : alaw, 

bnild agiain, repaii; renew; to give | L C 11. 



376 



ROMAXUS — SAPIENS 



Romauus, «, wyi, adj. (Roma). 
Eoman. 

Rdnmlus, i, m. The legendary 
founder and first king of Rome, i. 
C. 13. 

Roscius, ii, m. Q. Eoscius, a 
celebrated actor, A. 8. 

rostrum, z, n. {rddot to gnaw). 
The beak of a ship ; rostra^ pi., the 
rostra from which the oi-atoi^s spoke 
in the Forum, D. 12. It was adorned 
with the beaks of captured ships. 

Rudinus, a, 'nm, adj. {Rudiae). 
Belonging to Rudiae, a town in Cala- 
bria, A. 10. 

riidis, e, adj. Unskilled, igno- 
rant, unacquainted with, inexperi- 
enced in, M. 7. 

niina, ae^ f. {ruo). Downfall, 
fall, ruin, OTerthrow, destruction. 

rumor, orls^ m. A%mior, report, 
common talk, hearsay. 

rumpo, ere^ iHpiy ruptumy v. tr. 
To break, burst, tear, rend, iv. ■^^T=b 

ruo, ere, rui, rutumy v. intr. To 
iall, fall down, M. L. 7; to rush, 
dash, huny, hasten, M. 5. 

rupi. See rumpo. 

ruptus, «, wm, part, from rumpo. 

rursns, adv. yreverto). Tmned 
back; again, anew, in turn. 

rnsticor, aW, atus sum.^v. dep. 
{rusticus). To stay in the country. 

rusticus, a, um, adj. {rusy the 
country). Belonging to the country, 
rustic, countiy, ii. C. 3 ; uncultivated, 
A. 10. 



S. 

Sabini, drum,m.. pi. The Sabines, 
a people of Central Italy, L. 11. 

Sabinus, a, ziniy adj. (Sabmi). Of 
the Sabines, Sabine, L. 11. 

sacrarium, ii, n. {sacrum y a holy 
thing). A sanctuaiy, shrine, i. C. 9. 

sacrdsanctus, a, um, adj. {sa- 
crum, a rite, sancio). Sacred, invio- 
late, inviolable, ii. C. 8. 



saeciilum, i, n. {secus, sex). An 
age, ii. C. 5. 

saepe, adv. {saepis, frequent). 
Often, frequently, many times. 

saepio, ire, psi, ptu?n, v. tr. (sae- 
pes, a hedge). To inclose, surround, 
encompass. 

sa^ax, aciSy adj. {sagio, to per- 
ceive). Sagacious, shrewd, i. C. S. 

Salamiuii, drum, m. pi. {Said- 
mis). The citizens of Salamis, an 
island in the Saronic gulf with a city 
of the same name, A. 8. 

saltator,or/s,m. (salto) . A dancer. 

saltern, adv. {salius). At least, 
at all events, anyhow, P. 10. 

salto, are, dvi, dtum, v. intr. freq. 
{sdh'o, to leap) . To dance, ii. C. 10. 

saltus, us, m. Pasture-gix)und. 

salus, utis, f. {salvus). Safet}', 
security, health, welfare, prosperiti^^, 
presei-vatiou, deliverance. 

salutaris, e, adj. {sdlzis). Salu- 
tary, beneficial, P. 9. 

saluto, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. {sa- 
lus). To salute, gi'eet, i. C. 4. 

salvus, a, um, adj. Safe, saved, 
presen'ed, unharmed, ii. C 8. 

Samus, i, f. A city on the island 
of Samus on the coast of Asia Minor, 
M. L. 12. 

sancio, Ire, nxi, nctumy\.\x. To 
render sacred or inviolable ; to sanc- 
tion, ordain, enact. 

sanctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
{sancio). Sacred, holy, inviolable; 
pious, just, conscientious, scrupulous. 

saae, adv. (sdnus). By all means, 
surely, certainly, ii. C. 7 ; verj', quite, 
well, right, indeed. 

sanguis, inis, m. Blood. 

sauitas, dtis, f. {sdnus). Sound- 
\ ness, good sense, reason, discretion, 
sanity. 

i sauo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. (sdnus). 
' To heal, cure, restore, remedy ; to 
I repair. 

I sanns, a, um, adj. Sound, sensi- 
ble, discreet, reasonable. 
! sapiens, entis, adj. {sapioy to be 



S APIENTER — SECUEIS 



377 



wise). Wise, sensible, judicious ; as 
substantive^ a wise man, philosopher, 
sage, iv. C. 2. 

sapienter, adv. {sapiens) . Wise- 
ly, with wisdom, sensibly, judiciously. 

sapientia, cie, f. (sapiens). Wis- 
dom, good sense, discretion, M. L. 7. 

Sardinia, ae, f. A large island 
west of Italy. 

sateiles, itisy m. and f. An at- 
tendant, accomplice, partner, i. C. 3. 

satietas, a^is, f. (satis). Satiety, 
sufficiency, M. 9. 

satio, dre^ dvi, dtum, v. tr. (satis) . 
To fill, satisfy, satiate, M. 6. 

satis, adv. Enough, sufficiently, 
quite, pretty, somewhat; with parti- 
tive gen., sufficient; satis praesidii, 
sufficient force ; satis facere^ to give 
satisfaction, to do enough for, to 
satisfy. 

Saturnalia, ium^ n. pi. {SaturnuSf 
Satm*n). A festival in honor of 
Saturn, beginning on the 17th of De- 
cember; the SaturnaKa, iii. C. 4. 

Saturninus, t, m. L. Appuleius 
Saturninus, tribune of the people 100 
B.C., i. C. 2; i. C. 12. 

saacius, a, wm, adj. Wounded. 

saxum, if n. A rock. 

scaena, ae, f. The stage (of a 
theatre), ii. C. 5. 

scaenicus, o, tim, adj. Belonging 
to the stage ; stage ; scaenici artifices, 
players, actors, A. 5. 

Scaarus, i, m. M. Scaurus Ae- 
milius, consul 96 b. c, D. 11. 

soelerate, adv. (scelerdtus) , 
Wickedly, impiously, i. C. 10. 

sceleratus, «, urn, adj. (sceliis). 
Bad, impious, wicked, accursed, in- 
famous, vicious, flagitious; scelerd- 
tics, ^^ m., a wretch, miscreant. 

scelus, eris, n. An evil deed, 
wicked or heinous action, crime, 
enormity, villany, guilt. 

sciens, e7itis, adj. (scio). Know- 
ingly, wittingly, purposely, inten- 
tionally, M. 5; skilful, skilled, ex- 
pert, M. L. 10. 



scientia, ae, f. (sciejis). Knowl- 
edge, skill, expertness, science. 

sciMcet, adv. (= scire licet). In- 
deed, forsooth, of course, evidently, 
undoubtedly. 

scio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. To 
know, understand. 

Scipio, d?iis, m. The name of a 
celebrated Roman family ; P. Corne- 
lius Scipio Africanus Major, who 
ended the second Punic War by the 
victory at Zama, 202 b. c, iv. C. 10; 
L. Scipio, his brother, D. 13 ; P. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus 
Minor, who ended the thu'd Punic 
War by the destruction of Carthage, 
146 B.C., M. L. 20; P. Scipio Na- 
sica Serapio, consul 138 b. c, i. C. 1. 

scisco, erCf scivi, scitum, v. tr. 
incept, (scio). To seek to know; to 
accept, approve, assent to ; to appoint, 
enact, decree, ordain, P. 10. 

scortum, i, n. A harlot, prosti- 
t^:^-.\ debauchery, licentiousness, ii. 
C. 5. 

scriba, ae,VQ.. (scribo). A public 
clerk, secretary, iv. C. 7. 

scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. To 
wi'ite, write down ; to enroll ; to com- 
municate by wi'itinr; to compose. 

scriptor, dm, m. (scribo). A 
writer author, A. 6. 

scriptura, ae, f. (scribo). A tax 
on public pastures; the public pas- 
tures, registered pasturage, M. L. 6. 

se, sed, insep, prep. G. 307. 

se-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. intr. 
To withdraw, go away, i. C. 13. 

se-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v. tr. 
To set apart, separate, i. C. 9. 

secessio, onis,f. (secedo). A sep- 
aration, secession, L. 6. 

secundus, a, U7n, adj. (sBquor^), 
Following, next; the second; favor- 
able, successful, fortunate, prosper- 
ous ; secnndae res, prosperity. 

securis, is, f. (seco, to cut). A 
hatchet, axe ; the axe in the fasces 
was the symbol of power borne before 
magistrates ; a praetor in the provin- 



378 



SECUTUS - SEETORIANUS 



ces was entitled to six, hence, duode- 
cim secures^ two praetors, M. L. 12. 

seciitus, «, wm, part, from sequor, 

sed, conj. But, but yet, neverthe- 
less ; now, I say ; iio?i solum . . . sed 
etiam^ not only . . . but also. 

sedes, is, f. {sSdeOy to sit) . A seat, 
dwelling-place, residence, habitation, 
abode, home. 

seditio, oniSy f. A going aside ; 
an insurrection, dissension, civil dis- 
•Qord, strife, sedition. 

seditiosus, a, wm, adj. (seditio). 
Full of discord, factious, turbulent, 
seditious, treasonable. 

sedo, arey dvi, atuniy v. tr. To set- 
tle, quiet, end, stop. 

sedulitas, atiSy f. (sednlus, offi- 
cious). OfBciousness, attention. 

se-grego, are, dvi, dtunty v. tr. 
igrex). To set aside, put away, re- 
move, separate, A. 2. 

se-jungo, erey nxi, nctuniy v. tr. 
To separate, sever, part, i. C. 9. .^^ 
' sella, ae, f. {sSdeOy to sit). A 
work-stool, work-bench, iv. C. 8. 
' semel, adv. Once, once for all. 

semen, fms, n. (seroy to sow). 
Seed; origin, occasion, ground, 
cause. 

semiiiarium, iiy n. (semen). A 
nurseiy, seminary, ii. G. 10. 

semper, adv. Always, contThuaily. 

sempiternus, a, wm, adj. (sem- 
per) . Everlasting, perpetual, contin- 
ual, eternal ; vincula sempiternay im- 
prisonment for life, iv, C. 4. 

Semproiiius, a, urn, adj. (Sem- 
projiiiis). Of a Sempronius, Sem- 
pronian ; lex Sem,proniay a law carried 
by C. Sempronius Gracchus, forbid- 
ding capital punishment of a Roman 
citizen without the order of the peo- 
ple, iv. C. 5 ; leges Seniproniaey laws 
in the interest of the people carried 
by the same, P. 7. 

senator, orisy m. (senex), A sen- 
ator. 

senatorias, a, i^w,adj. (se^iator). 
Of a senator, senatorial, M. L. 21. 



senatus, usy m. (senex). The 
senate, the Roman senate. 

senectus, utisy f. (senex), Old 
age. 

senex, smisy adj. G. 168, 4. 
(seneoy to be old). Old, aged; as 
substantivey an old man. 

sensus, ws, m. (sentio). Feeling, 
sense, understanding, sentiment, 
consciousness. 

sententia, ae, f. (sentio). An 
opinion, thought ; purpose, intention, 
determination, design, purport; de- 
cision, judgment, resolution. 

sentina, ae, i. Dregs, refuse, 
rabble, i. C. 5. 

sentio, ire, nsiy nsumy v. tr. To 
discern by the senses; to perceive, 
feel, observe, notice, hear, find out, 
ascertain, learn ; to think, judge, sup- 
pose, imagine, believe. - 

sepelio, irey Ivi or iiy sepultum, 
v. tr. To bury, inter ; to put an end 
to, suppress, put out of sight. 

sepulcrum, i, n. (sepelio). A 
sepulchre, tomb, A. 9. 

sepultura, ae, f. (sepelio). Burial, 
interment. 

sepultus, a, W7W, part, from sepelio. 

sequor, e, secutus suniy v. dep. To 
follow, accompany, attend ; to pursue, 
seek to gain, follow up, aim at, at- 
tain ; to second, support, P. 4, 

Ser. Abbr. for Servius. 

sermo, onisy m. (sSrOy to join). 
Discourse, speech, conversation, talk, 
remark. 

sermunciilus, i, m. G. 315, 4. 
(serm,o). Common talk, report. 

sero, seriuSy serissimey adv. (serusy 
late). Late, too late. 

serpo, ere, psiy ptumyY. intr. To 
creep, glide; to spread, increase, 
iv. C. 3. 

serta, drumy n. pi. (s^roy to join). 
Garlands, wi-eaths of flowers, ii. C. 5. 

Sertorianus, a, ww, adj. (Serto- 
rius). Sertorian, pertaining to Ser- 
torius, a Roman general under Ma- 
rius, who, after the death of Marius, 



SERVILIS — SIMULTAS 



379 



I 



continued the war in Spain against 
Sulla. 

senvilis, c, adj. {servus). Of or 
pertaining to a slave, servile ; servile 
bellumy the war against Spartacus, 71 
B. c, M. L. 10. 

Servilius, n, m. C. Servilius 
Ahala, master of the horse 439 b. c, 
i. C. 1 ; C. Servilius Glaucia, praetor 
100 B.C., i. C. 2; P. Servilius Vatia 
Isauricus, consul 79 B. c, M. L. 23. 

servio, ire^ ivi or iiy itum, v. intr. 
{servus) . To serve, be or become a 
slave to, be subservient to, subserve, 
regard, pay attention to, give heed to, 
busy one's self with. 

servitium, n, n. {serviis), Sla- 
veiy ; slaves, iv. C. 2. 

servitus, utis, f. (servt/^). Slavery, 
bondage, servitude. 

Servins, ^^, m. A Roman prae- 
nomen. 

servo, arCf avi^ atuntf v. tr. To 
save, keep, preserve, maintain. 

servus, t, m. A slave, bondman, 
servant. 

Sestius, iiy m. P. Sestius, a 
quaestor, a friend of Cicero, i. C. 8. 

severe, adv. {severus). Severely, 
gravely, seriously, austerely. 

severitas, atis, f. \severus). 
Harshness, rigor, severity, sternness, 
strictness. 

severus, a, urn, adj. Severe, 
strict, stern, serious. 

sexa^esimus, «, wm, adj. {sexa- 
gi7ita). Sixtieth, P. 15. 

sexaginta, num. adj. indecl. 
Sixty. 

Sextilis, e, adj. {seodus). Of Au- 
gust, P. 3. 

sextus, a, urriy num. adj. {seXy sLx). 
The sixth. 

si, conj. If; whether; si mimiSy 
if not. 

Sibylliuus, a, um, adj. {Sibylla^ 
a Sibyl). Sibylline, iii. C. 4. 

sic, adv. So, thus, in such a man- 
ner ; sic . . . uty so . . . that. 

sica, ae, f. A dagger^ poniard. 



sicarius, iiy m. (sica). An assas- 
sin, murderer, ii. C. 4. 

Sicilia, acy f. The island of Sicily. 

sic-ut, adv. Just as, as. 

Sigeum, e, n. A promontory on 
the coast of Troy, A. 10. 

significatio, dnisy f. (significo). 
Intimation, declaration, notice, to- 
ken; import. 

significo, arcy dvi, atunty v. tr. 
{sigjiuniy fdcio). To give or convey 
an intimation; to signify, indicate, 
show, declare. 

signum, e, n. A sign, mark, to- 
ken; a standard, ensign; a statue, 
image ; a seal, signet. 

Silanus, ^, m. D. Junius Silanus, 
consul 62 B. c, iv. C. 4. 

silentium, n, n. {stleo). Stillness, 
silence, quiet. 

sileo, ersy ui, v. intr. and tr. To 
be still or silent, keep silence ; not to 
speak of, to keep silent respecting, 
p;?.?? over in silence, leave unmen- 
tioned, i. C. 6. 

Silvanus, ^, m. M.Plautius Sil- 
vanus, tribune of the people 89 b. c.^ 
A. 4. 

silvestris, e, adj. (silvay a wood). 
Woody, overgrov^n with woods, 
wooded. 

similis, e, adj. Resembling, like, 
similar ; veri similiSy likely, probable. 

similiter, adv. (similis) . In like 
manner, similarly. 

simpliciter, adv. (simplexy sim- 
ple). Simply, plainly, straightfor- 
wardly, A. 12. 

simul, adv. Together, at once, at 
the same time. 

simulacrum, ?*, n. (simiilo). An 
image, likeness, figure, eMgjy statue. 

simulatio, otiisy f. (simUlo). An 
assmned appearance, a false show; 
pretence, deceit, disguise, seeming. 

simiilo, ar^, aviy otuniyY. tr. (sim- 
ilis) . To feign, pretend, assume the 
appearance of, counterfeit. 

simultas, dtisy f. (simul). En- 
mity, resentment, hatred, animosity. 



380 



Sm — SPECTACULUM 



sin, coDJ. ( = si-ne). But if, if 
however. 

sine, prep, with abl. Without. 

siiiguiaris, e, adj. {siiigiZU). One 
only, unique, singular, matchless, 
extraordinary, remarkable, unparal- 
leled, remarkably strong. 

siiigali, ae, a, num. adj. One 
each, separate, single, individual, 
one by one, each, every. 

Siiio, ere, sivi^ sUum^ v. tr. To 
place ; to let, permit, allow, suifer. 

Sinope, es and ae^ f. Sinope, a 
city on the Euxine, M. L. 8. 

sinus, us^ m. The bosom, ii. C. 
10 ; a bay, gulf. 

sitis, Z5, f. Thirst, ii. C. 5. 

situs, a, um, part, and adj. {sino). 
Placed, situated ; situm esse in ali- 
quO) to rest with, depend upon, be in 
one's power, A. 1. 

si-ve, conj. (re, or). Or if, a,nd if, 
or ; whether ; sive . . . sive, if ... or 
if, whether ... or. —. 

Smyrnaei, orww,m. ifl.{S?nyr7ia). 
The citizens of Smyrna, a city in 
Ionia, A. 8. 

sobrius, a, unif adj. (se, ebrius). 
Sober, tempei'ate, ii. C. 5. 

socer, en, m. , A father-in-law. 

societas, atis, f. (socucs). Fel- 
lowship, union, communion, sopiety; 
league, alliance, confederacy ; a share. 

socius, ii, m. An ally, c«.nfeder- 
ate; companion, associate. 

socius, a, wm, adj. (socius). Par- 
ticipating in, sharing, joining ; united, 
joined, associated, friendly. 

sodalis, is, m. and f. A boon 
companion, comrade. 

sol, solis, m. G. 133, 4. The sun. 

soiacium, ii, n. (sdlor, to con- 
sole) . Comfort, rehef, solace, conso- 
"'ation. 

soleo, e7'e, solUus sum, v. semi- 
liep. To be accustomed, be wont. 

sdlitudo, mis, f. (solus). Lone- 
liness, solitude ; a lonely place, desert, 
wilderness. 

sollicitatio, o^iis, f. (sollicUo). 



Solicitation, tampering with, instiga- 
tion, iii. C. 6. 

sollicito, are, avi, atutriy v. tr. 
(sollicttus) . To move, stir up, rouse, 
instigate, incite, provoke, tempt, tam- 
per with; to urge to rebellion; to 
induce, persuade. 

sollicitudo, inis, f. (solUcUus). 
Disquiet, anxiety, care, concern, so- 
licitude. 

sollicitus, a,um, adj. Anxious^ 
solicitous, iv. C. 1. 

solum, i, n. The ground, bottom, 
base ; soil, land, country, region. . 

solum, adv. (solus). Only. 

solus, a, um, adj. G. 151. Only, 
alone, single, sole, merely. 

solutio, om5, f. (solvo). Payment. 

solutus, a, tim, part, and adj. (sol- 
vo). Unrestricted, lax, heedless, re- 
miss, slack, ii. C. 12; voluntarily, 
free, without compulsion, D. 1. 

solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, v. tr. 
To lose, untie, unbind ; to release ; to 
pay. 

somnus, i, m. Sleep ; drowsiness. 

sono, are, sdnui, sonXtum, v. tr. To 
utter, give utterance to, A. 10. 

sonas, i, m. (sono). A noise, 
sound. 

sordes, is, f. (sordeo, to be base). 
Low birth, meanness of rank or con- 
dition, P. 8. 

sordidus, a, um, adj. (sordeo, to 
be base) . Base, low-born, P. 8. 

soror, oris, f. A sister. 

sors, sortis, f. A lot, fate, destiny, 
fortune, chance. 

Sp. Abbr. for SpHrius. 

spargo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. To 
scatter, spread ; to report. 

spatium, ii, n. Space, distance, 
extent ; a space of time, period. 

species, ei, f. (specio, to look). A 
seeing, look, sight; the external ap- 
pearance, appearance, shape, form, 
figure; show, semblance, pretence, 
cloak. 

spectaculum, i, n. (specto). A 
public show, spectaclcj P. 15« 




SPECTO — SUBEO 



381 



specto, are^ avij atum, v. tr. freq. 
{specio, to look). To look or gaze 
at, watch, observe ; to look ; to regard, 
respect, care for, have in view. 

specula, ae,f. {specio^ to look.) A 
look-out, watch-tower; ^?^ speciilis, 
on the watch, D. 8. 

speculator, orw, m. (specillor). 
A spy. 

speculor, ari^ atus sumy v. dep. 
(^specula). To spy out, watch, ex- 
plore, observe. 

spero, are^ dvi, atuniy v. tr. To 
hope, trust, expect, look for, long for. 

spes, speiy f. Hope, expectation. 

spiritus, us, m. {splro, to breathe). 
A breath; spu'it, soul; haughtiness, 
pride, arrogance. 

splendor, oris, m. (splendeo, to 
shine). Splendor, brilliancy, mag- 
niHcence, honor, dignity, M. L. 14. 

spolio, are, avi, ahim, v. tr. {spo- 
lium) . To strip, rob, plunder, pillage ; 
to deprive, despoil. 

spoliuHi, ii, n. Spoil, plunder. 

spoiite, abl., spontis, gen., f., other 
cases wanting (spondeo, to promise) . 
Of free will, of one's own accord, 
voluntarily, ^villingly, freely ; by one's 
self, without the aid of others. 

Spurius, iif m. A Eoman prae- 
nomen. 

squalor, oris, m. {sqitdleo, to be 
in mourning). Mourning garb. 

stabilio, ire, Ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(stabilis). To make firm, fix, make 
steadfast, establish. 

stabilis, e, adj. {sto), Finn, 'sta- 
ble, steadfast, enduring, M. 9. 

stabiiitas, dtis, f.{stdbtlis). Firm- 
ness, stability, steadfastness, strength. 

Statilius, iiy m. L. Statilius, a 
fellow-conspirator with Catiline, iii. 
C. 3 and 6. 

statim, adv. (5^0). On the spot, 
forthwith, straightway, immediately, 
at once. 

stator, o?Y5, m. (sto). Stay, de- 
fender; one of the appellations of 
Jupiter, i. C. 5. 



statua, ae, f. {stdtuo). A statue, 
image, iii."C. 8. 

statuo, ere, ui, utum, v. \x, {status) . 
To put, x^lace, set, set up, establish; 
to fix, decide, determine, conclude. 

status, us, m. {sto'). Standing, 
position; condition, situation, state, 
posture. 

stern o, ere, strdvi, stratum, v. tr. 
To prostrate, cast down, throw down, 
overthrow. 

stimulus, i, m. A goad, spiu*, 
incentive, stimulus. 

stipendium, ii, n. {stips, a contri- 
bution, pendo, to pay). A tribute, 
pay ; paid service, service, campaign. 

stirps, stirpis, f. The trunk of a 
tree ; a stem, stock. 

sto, are, sfeti, station, v. intr. To 
stand. 

stratus, a, um, part, from sterno. 

strepitns, us, m. {strepo, to make 
I a noise). A noise, din, confusion, 
|j-<'>jiult. 

studeo, ere, id, v. intr. To be 
eager or zealous, apply one's self to, 
attend to, cultivate ; to devote one's 
self to, pay particular attention to ; to 
be eager for, desire, wish, strive for. 

studiose, niW.'studiosus). Eager- 
ly, zealously, carefully, attentively. 

stiidiosus, a, tirn, adj. {studium). 
Fonu of, devoted to. 

studium, a, n. (stiideo). Assidu- 
ity*, zeal, eagerness ; fondness, taste, 
j inclination, desire ; attachment, de- 
I votion, good will ; exertion, pursuit, 
: endeavor; party strife, M. L. 8. 

stultus, a, um, adj. FooUsh, sim- 
ple, silly, i. C. 12. 

stuprutn, i, n. Debauchery. 

suadeo, ere, S2iasi, siiasum, v. tr. 
and intr. To advise, recommend, 
persuade. 

suasor, oris, m. {suadeo). An 
adviser, counsellor, advocate, D. 10. 

sub, prep, with ace. and abl. G. 
435, 1. Under. 

sub-eo, ire, ii, itmn, v. intr. and 
ti". To go or come under ; to under- 



382 



SUBIGO — SUPERIOB 



go, submit to, sustain, endure, suffer, 
encounter. 

sub-igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
{dgo). To drive under; to put 
down, conquer, subjugate, subdue, 
compel, constrain, reduce. 

subito, adv. {suhltus). Quickly, 
suddenly, unexpectedly, speedily, on 
a sudden. 

subitns, a, wm, adj. {sUheo), Sud- 
den, unexpected. 

subjector, oris, m. {suhjXcio) . One 
who substitutes, a forger, ii, C. 4. 

sub-jicio, ere, jeci, Jectum, v. tr. 
(jdcio). To throw or cast from be- 
neath ; to place under ; to present. 

sublatus, rt, um, part, from suf- 
fer o ; also from toUo. 

sub-miiiistro, are, avi, atur/i, v. 
tr. {ministro, to furnish) . To furnish, 
supply, afford, give. 

siib-oles, is, f. {olesco, to grow). 
Offspring; population, M. 8. 

siib-oriio, are, dvi, atum, v. . 
To suborn, bribe, D, 6. 

sub-sellium, ii, n. (sella). A 
bench, seat, i. C. 7. 

sub-sequor, i, secutus sum, v. dep. 
To follow. 

sub-sidimn, ii, n. {sedeo, to sit). 
Support, aid, assistance; suhsidia 
belli, the sinews of war. 

sub-sum, esse, fid, v. intr. To be 
under, be concealed; to be near at 
hand, be close to; to approach. • 

succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
intr. and tr. {sub, cedo). To go un- 
der; to go towards, approach; to 
follow, follow or come after, take the 
place of, succeed, 

succenseo, ere, sui, sum, v. intr. 
{s^^b, ce7iseo) . To be angry, irritated, 
indignant, A. C. 

succumbo, ere, ciibui, cubitum, 
V. intr. To lie down or sink down 
under; to yield, succumb, be over- 
come. 

suffero, ferre, sustiZli, sublatum, 
V. tr. {sub, fero). To sutFer, bear, 
endure. 



suffragium, u, n. Voting; a vote, 
voice, sufii-age. 

sui, pers. pron. Of himself, her- 
self, itself, themselves. 

Sulla, ae, m. L. Cornelius Sulla, 
the Dictator and the opponent of Ma- 
rius. 

Sulpicius, ii, m. P. Sulpicius, 
tribune 88 B.C., iii. C. 10; C. Sul- 
picius, praetor 63 b. C, iii. C. 3 ; Ser. 
Sulpicius Rufus, a learned jurist con- 
temporary with Cicero, D. 11. 

sum, esse, fid, v. intr. To be, ex- 
ist, be present, stay, abide ; with pred- 
icate gen., to pertain, belong, be the 
part, property, nature, mark, sign, 
duty, custom of; with two datives, to 
serve, afford, contribute ; with dat. of 
possessor, to have ; with abl. of char- 
acteristic, to possess, be of, have, iv. 
C. 10. 

summa, ae, f. { = summa res). 
The principal point ; precedence, pre- 
eminence ; the sum, aggregate, whole. 

sumtmas, a, um, sup. of sUpertts, 
adj. The highest, greatest, very 
gi'eat, supreme, chief; most impor- 
tant, consummate, most eminent, of 
the highest order ; the top or summit 
of; summa hiems, midwinter. 

sumo, ere, sump si, sumptum, v. tr. 
To take, take away ; to take to one's 
self, assume, arrogate ; supplicium 
sumere, to inflict punishment. 

sumptuose, adv. {sumptus). Ex- 
travagantly, expensively, ii. C. 9. 

sumptus, w5,m.(swmo). Expense, 
cost, charge; expenditure; extrava- 
gance. 

super, prep, with ace. and abl. G. 
435, 2. Upon, above, over. 

superbe, adv. {sUperbus). Proud- 
ly, haughtily, an-ogantly, insolently. 

siiperbus, a, um, adj. {super). 
Proud, haughty, aiTogant, insolent; 

superior, us, comp. of sUperus, 
adj. 1. Of space: higher, upper, 
above. 2. Op time : previous, ear- 
lier, former, past, elder, of past times, 
preceding; superior nox, the night 



SUPEEO— TAETER 



383 



before last, i. C. 1. 3. Of other re- 
lations ; more distinguished, great- 
er, superior, stronger, more powerful. 

supero, drey dvi, dtu7n, v. tr. 
{super). To go over, overtop; to 
surpass, excel, exceed, outstrip; to 
overcome, conquer, subdue ; to pre- 
vail. 

super-sum, esse, fid, v. intr. To 
be over and above, be left, remain ; 
to survive. 

siiperus, «, ^^m, adj. G. 163, 3. 
{supey). Above, over; upper. 

suppedito, are, ore, dtum^ v. tr. 
To furnish, supply, ii. C. 11. 

suppeto, ere, ivi or ii, itum,Y. intr. 
{sub, peto). To be at hand, be pres- 
ent, be in stoi*e. 

supplex, Xcis, adj. Beseeching, 
entreating, imploring; suppliant. 

supplicatio, dyiis, f. {suppllco) . A 
religious solemnity, festival or re- 
joicing; a thanksgivlng.^^ 

supplicium, u, M. {supplex). Pun- 
ishment, torture, penalty, torment, 
pain, distress. 

supplico, are, avi, dtum, v. intr. 
{supplex). To address prayer, offer 
worship, P. 6. 

suppono, ere, pdsui, pdsUum, v. 
tr. {sub, pond). To place, set, sub- 
stitute, D. 15. 

• supremus, a, urn, adj., sup. of 
siiperus. Last, latest, extreme, final, 
closing, dying, P. 14. 

surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, v. 
intr. {sub, rego). To rise, arise. 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
{sub, cdplo). To take or lift up, sus- 
tain; to undertake, take upon one's 
self, receive, incur; to enter upon, 
engage in ; to conceive. 

suspectus, a, u?n, adj. {suspXcio, 
to suspect). Distrusted, suspected; 
an object) of suspicion. 

suspicio, onis, f. Suspicion. 

suspiciose, adv. {suspicidsus , sus- 
picious). Suspiciously, in a manner 
to awaken suspicion, D. 6. 

suspicor, dri, dtiis sivm, v. dep. 



{suspicio, to suspect). To suspect, 
distrust, mistrust ; to surmise, appre- 
hend, believe, 

sustento, are, dvi, dtum,Y, tr. freq. 
{sustineo). To hold up, sustain, 
support, maintain; to endure, suffer, 
forbear. 

sustineo, ere, m, tentum, v. tr. 
{sub, teneo). To hold up, sustain, 
support; to hold out against, check, 
retard, withstand. 

sustuli, perf. from suffero\ also 
from tollo, 

suus, a, um, poss. pron. {sui) , His, 
her, its, their ; one's own. 

Syracusae, drum, f. pi. Syracuse, 
an important city in Sicily, P. 3. 

Syria, ae, f. A countiy of Asia, 
on the eastern coast of tliQ Mediter- 
ranean, M. L. 22, 



T. Abbr. for Titus, 

tabella, ae, f. {tabula), A wilting, 
document, iii. C. 5. 

taberna, ae, f. A shop, stall, 
workshop, iv. C. 8. 

tabesco, ere,tdbui, v. intr. incep. 
(fdbeo, to waste away). To pine or 
wasty away ; to languish, pine, ii. 0. 4. 

tabula, ae, f. A board ; writing- 
tablet; record, document, account, 
table ; a painting, picture, M. L. 14. 

tabularium, ii, n. {tabula), A 
record-office, A. 4. 

taceo, ere, m, Uum, v. in*r. and tr. 
To keep silent, be silent, say nothing ; 
to pass over in silence. 

tacite, adv. {tacitus). Silently, 
in silence, M. L. 5. 

taciturnitas, dtis, f. {tacitus). 
Silence, i. C. 7. 

tacitus, a, um, adj. {taceo). Silent, 
mute, saying nothing. 

tactus, a, um, part, from tango. 

taeter, tra, trum, adj. Disgrace- 
ful, shameful, foul, shocking, horrid, 
hideous, abominable. 



t>b- 



TALABIS — TENEDUS 



talaris, e, adj. {talus, the ankle). 
Eeachiiig to the ankles, long, ii. C.IO. 

talis, e, adj. Such, of such a kind, 
nature, quality, character; like. 

tarn, adv. So, so far, so very, to 
such a degree ; non tarn . . . quam^ 
not so much ... as, i. C. 3. 

tain en, conj. Notwithstanding, 
nevertheless, however ; yet, still. 

tametsi, conj. {tdmen, etsi). Not- 
withstanding, although, though ; with 
tamcn following', M. L. 5. 

tam-quam, adv. As if, as it 
were, so to speak. 

tandem, adv. (tarn). At last, at 
lengtli, finally ; pray, pray now, then ; 
quoiisque tandem, how long, pra}^ ? 

tang'O, ere, tetlgi, tactum^ v. tr. 
To touch ; 'to strike. 

tan turn, adv. {fantus). So far, 
niucli, or greatly ; onl}^ so much, only 
so far, only, merely;' tantum modo, 
only, but, merely. 

tantum-niodo, adv. Only, h^:..- 
merely. 

tantus, «, icm, adj. (ta7n) . Of such 
size or measure, so great, so large, 
so numerous; so mighty, so power- 
ful; such, so small, so trivial, so 
slight; taiiti esse, to be of so great 
value, worth so much; tayito, n. abl., 
with comiyaratives, G. 418, b^ so 
much, so much the, the ; tanto ante, 
so long in advance, iii. C. 7. 

tarda, Sidi\, {tardus, slow). Slowly, 
tardily, late. 

tarditas, atis, f. {tardus, slow). 
Slowness^ delay, iii. C. 8. 

tardo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {tar- 
dus, sloAv). To delay, check, stop, 
hinder, retard, impede. 

Tarentini, drum, m. pi. ( Tdren- 
tiwi) . The inhabitants of Tarentum, 
a town of southern Italy, the Taren- 
tines, A. 3. 

Tarraco, diiis, f. Tarraco, a town 
in Spain, D. 14. 

Taurus, i, m. A moimtain range 
in the south-eastern part of A.'sia 
INLinor, D. 13. 



tectJlm, i, n. {tego). A roof^ 
house, dwelling, abode. 

tectus, a, um, part, and adj. {tego). 
Cautious, guarded, D. 6. 

tego, ere, texi, tectum, v. tr. To 
cover, hide, conceal; to defend, pro- 
tect. 

tell us, uris, f. The earth, globe ; 
earth, land. 

Tellus, uris, f. Tellus, Earth, a 
divinity, P. 1. 

telum, i, n. A dart, spear, jave- 
lin ; a weapon. 

temerarius, a, um, adj. {temere). 
Rash, thoughtless, headstrong, incon- 
siderate, imprudent. 

temere, adv. Rashly, inconsid- 
erately, heedlessly, thoughtlessly^ 
without reason. 

temeritas, atis, f. {temere) . Rash- 
ness, heedlessness, indiscretion, fool- 
hardiness, temerity. 

temperantia, ac, f. {tempera). 
Moderation, sobriety, self-control, 
discreetness. 

tempero, are, avi, atum, v.tr. and 
intr. {te7npiis). To temper, moder- 
ate, restrain. 

tempestas, atis, f. {tempus). A 
space of time, period, season ; weath- 
er, state of the weather ; a storm. 

tempestivus, a, um, adj. {tempes- 
tas). Seasonable, fitting, suitable, 
M. L. 12; early, protracted, A. 6. 

templum, i, n. A consecrated 
place, sanctuary, temple. 

tempus, oris, n. A portion or 
period of time, time; ex tempore, 
extemporaneousl}^ ; exigency, peril, a 
critical moment, condition, circum- 
stances ; the fitting time, proper pe- 
riod ; tempore., pL, the times, circum- 
stances, i. C. 1. 

tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum, and 
tentum, v. tr. To stretchy stretch 
out, extend ; to travel, march. 

tenebrae, arum, f. pi. Darkness, 
obscurity. 

Tenedus, ^, f. Tenedus, an island 
on the coast of Asia INIinor, A. 9. 



TENEO — TORQU ATUS 



385 



teneo, ere, tdy turn, t. ti'. To 
hold, occupy, have, possess, pre- 
serve, keep, retain ; to hold firm ; se 
tenere^ to keep one's self, remain. 

tento, are, dvi, atum^ v. tr. freq. 
{tendoy. To tiy, attempt, prove, put 
to the test ; to tiy to gain, tamper with ; 
to make an attack upon, make an at- 
tempt against, disturb. 

tenuis, e, adj. Thin, slender, 
sliglit ; humble, of slender means. 

teiius, prep, with abl. G. 434, 4. 
{tenus, a cord) . As far as, up to, to. 

ter, num. adv. {ires). Three 
times, thrice. 

termino, a?'e, avi, atum, v. tr. 
{terminus) . To set bounds to, bound, 
Innit, circumscribe ; to close, finish, 
end, terminate. 

terminus, i, m. A limit, boun- 
dary, bound, iv. C. 10. 

terra, ae, f. The earth ; orbis ter- 
rae or t err arum, the globe, the world, 
i.e. 1 ; the land ; country, region, 
district. 

terror, oris, m. {terreo, to fright- 
en). Fear, terror, alarm, dread, ap- 
prehension. 

tertio, adv. (tertius). For the 
third time. 

tertius, a, um, num. adj. {ter). 
The third. 

testamentum, /, n. {testor). A 
will. 

testimonium, M, n. {tester). Wit- 
ness, evidence, testimony, proof. 

testis, is, m. and f. A witness. 

testor, art, atus su7n, v. dep. {tes- 
tis). To call or invoke to witness. 

tetendi. See tetido. 

tetigi. See tango. 

tetrarches, ae, m.(a Greek word). 
A subordinate ruler, tetrarch, D. 9. 

tetrarchia, ae,L (a Greek word). 
The realms of a tetrarch, a tetrarchy. 

Teutoni, drum, m. pi. A Ger- 
manic people on the shores of the 
Baltic, M. L. 20. 

theatruni, i, n. (a Greek Avord). 
A theatre, P. 12. 
2.^ 



Themistocles, ^ and is, m. (r. 
68, 1. The celebrated Athenian 
statesman and general, A. 9. 

Theophanes, is, m. A learned 
Greek of Mitjdene on the island of 
Lesbos, historian of the campaigns 
of Pompey, A. 10. 

Ti. Abbr. for Tiberius. 

Tiberinus", a, urn, adj. {Tiberis). 
Of the Tiber, M. L. 12. 

Tiberis, is, m. The river Tiber, 
on which Pome is situated, iii. C. 2. 

Tiberius, ii, m. A Poman prae- 
nomen. 

Tigranes, is, m. A king of Ar- 
menia, son-in-law of Mithridates, M. 
L. 2. 

timeo, ere, id, v. tr. and intr. To 
fear, be afraid of, dread ; to be afraid, 
be in fear, be anxious or apprehen- 
sive. 

timide, adv. {timidus). Fea^rfuUy, 
timidly, cautiously. 
- "timidus, a, um, adj. {ttmeo). 
Fearful, timid, afraid, cowardl}^ 

timor, oris, m. {ttmeo). Fear, 
timidity, dread, alarm, anxiety, ap- 
prehension. 

Titus, ^, m. APoman praenomen. 

toga, ae, f. {te-io). The toga, the 
ordinary outer garment of a Poman 
in tii^ie of peace, ii. C. 10. 

toriitas, a, tim, cdj. {toga). Clad 
in the toga ; in the garb of peace, in 
civil life. 

toierabilis, e, adj. {tolero). Tol- 
erable, supportable, endurable. 

tolero, are, avi, atiun, v. tr. To 
bear, endure. 

tollo, ere, sustiili, subldtum, v. tr. 
To lift up, raise ; to exalt ; to take 
away, remove, convey away, 

Tongilius, ii, m. A companion 
of Catiline, ii. C. 2. 

tormentum, ?*, n. {torqueo). Suf- 
fering, pain, torture. 

Torquatus, i, m. L. Manlius 
Torquatus, consul 65 B.C., iii. C. 8; 
T. Torquatus, a contemporary of 
Cicero, D. 11. 






586 



TOKQUEO — TUNC 



torqueo, ere, torsiy tortum, v. tr. 
To twist, turn. 

tot, adj. inclecl. So many. 

toties, adv. {tot). So often, so 
many times. 

totus, a, tim, adj. G. 151. The 
whole, all, entire ; the whole of. 

tracto, «re, dvi, atwmy v. tr. freq. 
(traho). To draw forward, present, 

A. 2; to treat, use; se tractarey to 
conduct one's self, iii. C. 12. 

trado, erOy didiy dituniy v. tr. 
{iransy do). To give up, surrender, 
deliver, hand over. 

traho, ere, xiy ctuniy v. tr. To 
draw, drag, lead, influence. 

trail quillitas, atisy f. {tranquil- 
lus) . Quiet, stillness, rest, calmness, 
ti^anquillity. 

trail quillus, a, z«m, adj. Calm, 
tranquil, quiet, A. 12. 

trans, prep, with ace. Across, 
ovei", beyond, on the farther side of. 

Traiis-alpiiius, a, u/riy adj. Sit?- 
ated or l^'ing beyond or north of the 
Alps, Transalpine; Trmisalpinum 
helium y the war wa,£]:ed by Pompey 
against the Transalpine Gauls, 76 

B. c, M. L. 10. 

traiiscendo, ere.y diy swriy v. tr. 
{transy scandoy to climb). To climb, 
pass over, cross. 

traiis-fero, f^rrey tuUy Idtuviy v. 
tr. To bear or carry over or across ; 
to transfer, carry. 

traiis-igo, ercy egiy actuniy v. tr. 
{ago). To carry through, finish, 
complete, conclude, perform, accom- 
plish, transact, dispatch. 

trans-mariiius, a, t/w, adj. 
• {7ndre). Beyond the sea, foreign, 
transmarine. 

transmissio, onisy f. {transmitto). 
A passage, crossing, P. 3. 

trans-mitto, ere, misiy missurriy v. 
tr.' and intr. To send over or across ; 
to entrust ; to give over, devote ; to 
. ross, P. 3. 

trepidatio, dnis, f. {trepidoy to be 
! a confusion) . Confusion, agitation. 



tres, triay num. adj. Three. 

tribunal, dlis, n. {trihunus). A 
judgment-seat, tribunal, i. C. 13. 

tribunicius, a, uniy adj. {trihu- 
nus). Of the tribune or tribunes. 

tribunus, ^, m. {trtbusy a tribe). 
A tribune ; tribunus plehisy a tribune 
of the people. 

tribuo, ere, m, uturriy v. tr. To 
impart, assign, give, distribute, pre- 
sent ; to show, render, pay, manifest ; 
to grant, concede, allow; to ascribe, 
attribute. 

triduum, ^, n. {treSy dies). The 
space of three days, three days. 

tritus, a, urn, adj. {terOy to fre- 
quent) . Frequented, common, usual, 
P. 3. 

triumpho, are, dviy dtuniy v. intr. 
{triumphus). To enjoy the honor 
of a triumphal pageant, to triumph, 
M. L. 3 ; to be exultant or triumphant. 

triumphus, t, m. A triumphal 
procession, triumph, iii. C. U. 

tropaeum, z, n. (a Greek word). 
A trophy, A. 9. 

trucido, drCy dviy dtuniy v. tr. 
{truXy fierce, caedoy to kill). To 
slaughter, butcher, massacre. 

tu, tuiy pers. pron. Thou, you. 

tiiba, ae, f. A trumpet. ♦ 

Tuber o, onlSy m. Q. Aelius 
Tubero, the accuser of Ligarius, L. 1. 

tueor, eriy tiiitus or tutu^ surriy v. 
dep. To see, look at, gaze at; to 
care for, maintain, preserve, defend, 
protect. 

tiili. See fero. 

Tullius, iiy m. See Cicero. 

Tullus, iy m. L. Volcatius TuUus, 
consul 66 B.C., i. C. 6. 

turn, adv. Then, at that time. 

tumultus, W5, m. {tumeOy to swell). 
An uproar, bustle, disturbance, com- 
motion ; a revolt, war. 

tumulus, iy m. {tumeOy to swell). 
A heap of earth, mound, hillock, 
height ; a tomb. 

tunc, adv. {turn). Then, at that 
time. 



TUNICA — USQU AM 



387 



tunica, ae, f. An under-garment 
worn by the Romans, tunic, ii. C. 10. 

turbiilentus, a, uniy adj. {turba^ 
turmoil). Turbulent, restless', con- 
fused; miscellaneous; troublesome, 
factious, seditious, P. 9. 

turma, ae, f. A division, squad- 
ron, or troop of horsemen. 

turpis, e, adj. Unseemly, shame- 
ful, base, disgraceful, infamous, dis- 
honorable. 

turpiter, adv. {turpis). In an 
unseemly manner, shamefully, base- 
ly, dishonorably, disgracefully. 

turpitudo, inis^ f. {turpis). Dis- 
grace, shame. 

tuto, adv. {tutus) , Safely, securely, 
without danger, in safety. 

tutor, ari^ atus surriy v. dep. {tutus). 
To guard, keep, protect, defend. 

tutus, «, uniy adj. {tueor). Safe, 
secure, free from danger, protected. 

tuus, a, wm, poss. pron. {tu) , Thy, 
thine, your, yours. 

tyrannus, e, m. (a Greek word). 
A tyrant, despot, ii. C. 7. 



u. 

uber, Srisy n. A teat, dug, udder. 

uber, eris, adj. Fruitful. 

ubertas, atis^ f. {uber), Fruitful- 
ness, productiveness, fertility, M.L.6. 

ubi, adv. Where, in which place ; 
when. 

Qbinam, adv. {iibi). Where? 
ubinam gentium, where in the world ? 
1. C. 4. 

iibi-que, adv. Anywhere, every- 
where. 

ulciscor, iy ultus sum, v. dep. To 
avenge one's self upon, take ven- 
geance on; to avenge; to punish, 
chastise. 

ullus, a, uniy adj. G. 151. {unus). 
Any, any one. 

ulterior, us, adj., comp. G. 166. 
{ulsy beyond). Farther, on the far- 
ther side, beyond ; the more remote. 



ultimus, a, urriy adj., sup. of ulte- 
rior. The farthest, resnaotest, most 
distant; the earliest. 

ultra, adv. and prep, with ace. 
Beyond, farther, on the farther side 
of, past. 

ultro, adv. Of one's own accord, 
voluntarily, spontaneously, unpro- 
voked. 

ultus, a, um, part, from ulciscor. 

Umbrenus, i, m. P. Umbrenus, 
a freedman, an associate of Catiline, 
iii. C. 6. 

una, adv. {unus) . At the same 
time, together with. 

uncus, i, m. (a Greek word). A 
hook, P. 2. 

unde, adv. From which place, 
whence. 

undequinquagesimus, a, urn, 
num. adj. {unus, de, qulnquaginta). 
The forty-ninth. 

undique, adv. {unde, que). From 
.1^1 parts, on all sides, everywhere. 

unguentum, i, n. {unguento, to 
anoint) . An ointment, unguent, per- 
fume, ii. C. 3. 

tin ice, adv. {unus). In an un- 
precedented, unparalleled, or extraor- 
dinary degree, iii. C. 5. 

universus, a, U7n, adj. {unus, ver- 
to). All, all collectively, whole, en- 
tu-e. ^ 

unquam, adv. {Unus, quam). At 
any time, ever. 

unus, a, um, num. adj. G. 175. 
One; one and the same, common; 
only, alone, merely; the same; with 
superlatives, without exception ; unus 
maxi?nus, without exception the 
greatest ; units quisque, each one, 

urbanus, a, um, adj. {urbs). Of 
or relating to the city, in the city. 

urbs, urbis, f. A city; the city of 
Rome, i. C. 1. 

urgeo, ere, ursi, v. tr. To press 
upon, oppress; to drive, push back, 
press hard. 

usquam, adv. At or in any place, 
anywhere, M. L. 15. 



388 



USQUE — VEHEMENTER 



usque, adv. Even, as far as; us- 
que eo, so much, A. 10. 

usura, ae, f. (utor). Use, enjoy- 
ment; interest (on money lent). 

usurpo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
{usus, rdpio) . To make use of, use, 
employ, iv. C. 4. 

usus, a, um, part, from utor. 

usus, usy m. {utor). Use, practice, 
skill, experience. 

ut or uti, adv. and conj. As, just 
as, like, -how ; when, as, after, ever 
since, as soon as; that, in order that; 
so that, so as to ; though, although, 
even if; after verbs of fearing, that 
not. G. 492, 4, 1). 

uter-que, traque, trumque, adj. 
G. 151. {uter, which of the two). 
Each one of the two, both, each. 

Utica, ae, f. A town in the Ro- 
man province of Africa, L. 1. 

utilis, e, adj. {utor). Useful, ben- 
eficial, atlvantageous, sei'viceable, 
profitable. -— - 

utilitas, atis, f. {iitllis). Useful- 
ness, profit, advantage, seiTice, in- 
tci-est, benefit, expediency. 

iiti-nain, interj. O, that! would 
that ! i. C. 9. 

utor, i, usas st'n, v. dcp. To use, 
make use of, avail one's self of, em- 
ploy, exercise, manage; to jn-'ictise, 
adopt, have, ob-ervc. 

utrum, adv. {titer, which of the 
two). Whether; in double questions 
followed by an, or necne. G. 346, II. 2. 

uxor, oris, f. A wife. 



V. 

vacillo, are, avi, atwn, v. intr. 
To stagger, totter, ii. C. 10. 

vaco, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
be unoccupied ; to be free from. 

vacuefacio, ere, feci, factum, 
V. tr. {vacuus, fa.cio). To make 
empty or vacant, to clear, i. C. 6. 

vacuus, a, um, adj. {vdco). Emp- 
ty, free from, stripped of, destitute 



of, vacant, wanting ; vagina vacuus, 
unsheathed, M. 6. 

vadimoniunfi, n, n. {vas, bail). 
Bail, security, recognizance, ii. C. 3. 

vagina, ae, f. A scabbard, sheath. 

vagor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. {va- 
gus, roaming). To wander, roam, 
range. 

vaide, adv. {v&leo). Veiy, veiy 
much, exceedingly, completely. 

valens, entis, pait. and adj.(raZeo). 
Strong, powerful, active, ii. C. 2. 

valeo, ere, ui. Hum, v. intr. To 
be well, be in good health, P. 7 ; to 
be strong or powerful, have strength 
or force ; to avail, be able, have 
weight or influence, be effectual, re- 
dound. 

Valerius, ii, m. L. Valerius Flac- 
cus, consul 100 B.C., i. C. 2; P. Va- 
lerius, a friend of Cicero, P. 3. 

valetudo, inis, f. {valeo). The 
state or condition of the body, health 
(good or bad). 

vallo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {val- 
lum, a wall) . To wall in, intrench, 
fortify, defend, protect, A. 9. 

varietas, atis, f. {varius). Di- 
versity,variety, difference,vicissitude. 

varius, a, um, adj. Diverse, man- 
ifold, various, changing, varying. 

Varus, ^, m. P. Attius Varus, a 
prominent partisan of Pompey, L. 1. 

vastatio, miis, f. {vasto). Devas- 
tation, ravaging, ii. C. 8. 

vastitas, atis, f. {vastus, waste). 
Devastation, desolation, i. C. 5. 

vasto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {vq^- 
tits, waste). To lay waste, devastate, 
ravage, destroy. 

vates, is, m. and f. A soothsayer. 

veetigal, dlis, n. {veho, to carry). 
A tax, toll, impost, tribute ; revenue, 
income. 

vecti!^alis,c, adj. {vectlgal). Tax- 
alilc, tributary. 

veliemens, entis, adj. Eager, 
violent, impetuous, vehement; forci- 
ble, strong, exciting. 

veheinenter, adv. {vehemens). 



VEL — VICESBnJS 



389 



Violently, forcibly, exceedino^ly, 
greatly, very much, strongly, ex- 
tremely. 

vel, conj. Or, or indeed; even; 
vel . . . vel, either . . . or. 

Velia, ae, f. A town in Lucania 
in southern Italy, P. 4. 
, velle. See volo, 

veium, iy n. A veil. 

vena, ae, f. A vein, i. C. 13. 

vendo, ere, dtdi, dUum, v. tr. 
(venum, sale, do). To sell, expose 
for sale. 

veneficns, e, m. {vene7ium,fdcio) . 
A poisoner ; a sorcerer, wizard. 

venenum, i, n. Poison, ii. C. 10. 

veneo, ire, ivi or n', iturn, v. intr. 
{vhium, sale, eo). To be sold. 

veueror, dri, atus sum, v. dep. To 
worship, adore, i. C. 9 ; to snpjplicate, 
beseech, imjJlore, entreat. 

venia, ae, f. Indulgence, favor, 
forbearance, kindness, forgiveness, 
pardon. 

veiiio, ire, veni, ventum, v. intr. 
To come, arrive at; in the passive 
impersonally, veiitum est, M. L. 13. 

veiitus, i, m. The wind. 

Venus, eriSj f. The goddess Ve- 
nus. 

venustas, a^w, f. {Venus), Grace, 
gracefulness, A. 8. 

ver, veris, n. The spring. 

verber, eris, n., rare in sing. A 
lashing, scourging, M. L. 5. 

verbero, are, dvi, dtum., v. tr. 
{yerhcr). To scourge, flog, beat. 

verbum, i, n. A word. 

vere, adv. {verus). Truly, in 
truth, with good reason, really, in 
fact, i. C. 13. 

verecnndia, ae, f. {vereor). Ke- 
spect, a sense of propriety, M. 1. 

vereor, eri, veritus sum, v. dep. 
To stand in awe of; to respect; to 
fear, dread, be afraid of. 

Veritas, dtis, f. {verus). Tlic 
truth, reahty, M. L. 17. 

vero, adv. and conj. {verus). In 
truth, truly, assuredly, in fact ; but. 



verso, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. freq. 
{verto) . To turn, put in motion ; to 
carry on; in passive with reflexive 
force, to move about, conduct one's 
self; to frequent, dwell, live, be; to 
be prevalent; to occupy one's self 
with, be engaged in, be busy, be 
versed in, be possessed of; to insist 
upon, iv. C. 4. 

versus, us, in. {verto). A verse, 
line. 

verto, ere, ti, sum, v. tr. To turn. 

verum, i, n. {verus). The truth, 
reality, fact, iii. C. 9. 

verum, conj. {verus). But. 

verus, a, um, adj. True, actual, 
real, weU grounded ; right, reasona- 
ble, consistent. 

vespera, ae, f. The evening. 

Vesta, ae, f. Vesta, the goddess 
of the household. 

Vestalis, e, adj. ( Vesta) . Pertain- 
ing to Vesta, sacred to Vesta ; ri>- 
'ylnes Vestales, Vestal virgins, priest- 
esses of Vesta. 

vester, tra, truin, poss. pron. 
{vos). Your, yours. 

vestigium, ii, n.{;vestigo, to track). 
A footstep, footprint, track, ti-ace; 
vestigia, pi., the traces, remains, 
ruins. 

YQ^Xi^. is, f. Clothing, garments, 
garb. 

veteranus, a, um, adj. {vetus). 
Old, tried, practised, veteran. 

vetus, eris, adj. G. 167, 2. Old, 
long-standing, ancient. 

vetustas, dtis, f. {vetus). Anti- 
quity, age, long continuance or dura- 
tion. 

vexatio, dnis, f. {vexo). Harass- 
ing, outrage. 

vexo, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. frcq. 
{vcJio, to cany). To disturb, annoy, 
vex, trouble, molest, harass. 

via, ae, f. A way, road, passage. 

vibro, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
brandisli, ii. C. 10. 

vicesinius, a, um, num. adj. {vi- 
gintiy twenty) . The twentieth. 



390 



VICI— YIXDUM 



vici. See vinco. 

vicinus, t, m. (vicus), A neigh- 
bor, ii. C. 10. 

victor, oris, m. (vinco). A con- 
queror, victor; as adj., victorious. 

victoria, ae, f. {victor). Victory, 

SUCCQSS. 

victus, a, urn, part, from vinco. 

vicus, ^, m. A village, hamlet. 

videlicet, adv. (= videre licet). 
Manifestly, clearly, plainly, evident- 
ly ; of course, forsooth, with ironical 
sense, i. C. 8. 

video, ere, vldi, visum, v. tr. To 
see, behold, observe, look at, per- 
ceive; to understand, comprehend, 
learn ; to take care, see to it, provide, 
i. C. 2; in passive as dep., to seem, 
appear ; to seem to one's self, think, 
imagine, i. C. 1 ; impersonal, it seems 
good or proper, M. L. 20. 

vigeo, ere, v. intr. To thrive, 
flourish, be in repute or esteem, M.9. 

vigilans, antis, part, and adj.- 
(vigilo). Vigilant, watchful, atten- 
tive, carcfiii. 

vljrilia, ae, f. {vigilo) . A keeping 
awake, wakefulness, sleeplessness ; a 
watching, watch, guard; a watch, 
one of the four divisions of the 
night, G. 711, 1. 

vigilo, are, avi^ alum, v.^hitr. 
(vigil, awake). To watci), neep 
awake, resist sleep, i. C. 10 ; to be 
watchful or vigilant. 

vilis, e, adj. Cheap, of trifling 
value, worthless, i. C. 8. 

vilitas, a^/5, f. {vilis). Cheapness, 
M. L. 15. 

villa, ae, f. A farm, countiy-seat, 
villa, iii. C. 2. 

vincio, ere, vinxi, vinctum, v. tr. 
To bind, secure ; to recover. 

vinco, ere, vici, vicium, v. tr. To 
conquer, be superior to, subdue, van- 
qidsh, overcome. 

vinciilum, 2*, n. {vincio). Abend, 
chain, fetters ; imprisonment.. 

vindex, icis, m. and f. {vindico). 
A punisher, avenger, ii. C. 12. 



vindico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
claim, lay claim to ; to free, liberate, 
deliver, rescue ; to avenge, revenge, 
punish. 

vinum, i, n. Wine ; drunkenness, 
revelry. 

violentus, a, um, adj. {vis). Ac- 
quired by violence, P. 12. 

violo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {vis). 
To treat with violence ; to injure, do 
violence to, harm; to infringe. 

vir, viri, m. A man ; husband. 

vires, ium. See vis. 

Virgo, iiiis, f. {vireo, to be fresh). 
A maid, maiden, virgin; virgines 
Vestales, the Vestal virgins, priest- 
esses of Vesta. 

virtus, utis, f. {vir). Manliness; 
strength, power, principle; courage, 
valor, bravery; virtue, goodness, 
worth, merit, qualification ; ability, 
excellence; energy, vigor, fortitude. 

vis, vis, f. G. Q^. Violence, 
strength, force, power, vigor, energy ; 
effect, influence, pui*pose ; multitude, 
quantity, amount; vires, pi., power, 
sti'cngth, might. 

viscus, eris, n., rare in sing. ; pL 
viscera, um. The vitals, i. C. 13. 

viso, ere, visi, visum, v. tr. freq. 
{rideo). To view, behold, look at; 
to go to see, visit, M. L. 14. 

visus, a, um, part, from video, 

vita, ae, f. {vivo). Life. 

Vitium, ii, n. A vice, fault, of- 
fence, crime, i. C 6. 

vito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
shun, avoid, seek to escape; to es- 
cape, evade. 

vituperatio, otiis, f. {vitupero, to 
blame). A charge, accusation, cen- 
sure, iv. C. 6. 

vivo, ere, vixi, victum, v. intr. To 
live. 

vivus, a, um, adj. {vivo). Living, 
alive. 

vix, adv. With diinculty, hardly, 
scarcely, barely. 

vix-dum, adv. Hardly then, 
scarcelv yet, scarcely. 



VIXI— VXJLTUS 



391 



vixi. See vivo, 

voco, dre^ 'dvi, dtum, v. tr. To 
call, summon, call upon ; to convoke, 
invite, incite, summon, demand; to 
doom, expose. 

volito, are, art, atxim, v. intr. freq. 
{ydlo, to fly). To flit about, ii. C. 3. 

volo, velle, volui, v. tr. G. 293. 
To \vish, desire, choose ; to purpose, 
intend, be disposed; to show one's 
desire ; to assume. 

Volturciiis, u, m. T. Yolturcius, 
a partisan of Catiline, iii. C. 2. 

voluiitarius, a, wm, adj. {volim- 
tas). Voluntary, wiUing; voluntd- 
rius, it, m., a volunteer. 

voluntas, dtis, f. (volo). Will, 
wish, choice, desire, inclination, feel- 
ing; consent, concurrence, approba- 
tion ; good will, favor, affection, kind 
solicitude. 



voluptas, dfzs, f. (volo). Satis- 
faction, pleasure, joy, delight. 

vomo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
vomit, D. 7. 

votum, i, n. (voveo, to vow). A 
vow ; a prayer, ii. C. 8. 

vox, vocis, f. A voice, sound, call, 
ciy; a word; voces, ^\., expressions, 
reports, sayings, language, words, 
precepts. 

vulgaris, e, adj. (vulgus, the peo- 
ple). Ordinar}^, common, D. 12. 

vul§^o, adv. (vulgus, the people). 
Generally, everywhere, universally, 
commonly. 

vulnero, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
(viilnus). To wound, hurt, injure. 

vulnus, eris, n. A wound, injury. 

vultus, us, m. The expression of 
the countenance, looks, air, mien, 
aspect, featui'es ; the face. 



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